摘要:目的 通過觀察脂質(zhì)相關(guān)指數(shù)在不同分期糖尿病腎?。―KD)的表達(dá)來(lái)探討其與DKD的相關(guān)性。方法 將265例2型糖尿?。═2DM)患者分為T2DM組106例和DKD組159例。根據(jù)估算腎小球?yàn)V過率(eGFR)水平將DKD組分DKD-G2組(59例)DKD-G3組(59例)、DKD-G4組(41例)。收集患者甘油三酯(TG)、總膽固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、載脂蛋白(Apo)A、Apo B、尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(UACR)等,計(jì)算eGFR,計(jì)算甘油三酯-葡萄糖指數(shù)(TyG)、內(nèi)臟脂肪指數(shù)(VAI)、血漿致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化指數(shù)(AIP)、分析TyG、VAI、AIP不同組間差異及與eGFR、UACR的相關(guān)性;多重線性回歸分析DKD腎損傷的影響因素,繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評(píng)估TyG、VAI、AIP預(yù)測(cè)效能。結(jié)果 不同分期DKD組患者TyG、VAI、AIP高于T2DM組,隨病程進(jìn)展,各指數(shù)呈升高趨勢(shì)(P<0.05)。DKD患者的TyG、VAI、AIP與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r分別為-0.396、-0.425、-0.519,P<0.01),與UACR呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.482、0.479、0.583,P<0.01)。多重線性回歸結(jié)果顯示VAI、AIP為eGFR的影響因素,TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo B、VAI、AIP為UACR的影響因素(P<0.01)。ROC曲線顯示TyG、VAI、AIP曲線下面積為0.902(0.866~0.937)、0.969(0.953~0.986)、0.958(0.937~0.979)。結(jié)論 TyG、VAI、AIP與DKD進(jìn)展相關(guān),對(duì)DKD有一定預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,可作為DKD發(fā)生發(fā)展評(píng)估的生物學(xué)指標(biāo)。
關(guān)鍵詞:糖尿病腎??;甘油三酯類;葡萄糖;腹內(nèi)脂肪;動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;危險(xiǎn)因素
中圖分類號(hào):R587.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20241059
Correlation between lipid correlation index and diabetic kidney disease
GU Wei, ZHANG Huina, HOU Liping, YU Min, CHENG Lirong
Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui 053000, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the correlation between lipid-related index and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) by observing the expression levels of lipid-related index in different stages of DKD. Methods A total of 265 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were divided into the T2DM group (n=106) and the DKD group (n=159). According to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level, the DKD group was sub-divided into the DKD-G2 group (n=59), the DKD-G3 group (n=59) and the DKD-G4 group (n=41). Data of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A (Apo A), Apo B and urinary albumin/urinary creatinine ratio (UACR) were collected. Gomerular filtration rate (eGFR), triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated. The differences of TyG, VAI and AIP between different groups and their correlation with eGFR and UACR were analyzed. Multiple linear regression analysis of DKD renal injury factors was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the predictive efficiency of TyG, VAI, and AIP. Results The levels of TyG, VAI and AIP were significantly higher in the DKD group compared to the T2DM group, and these indices exhibited an increasing trend with disease progression (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between TyG, VAI, AIP and eGFR (r=-0.396, -0.425, -0.519, P<0.01), and a positive correlation between UACR and eGFR (r=0.482, 0.479 and 0.583, P<0.01) in DKD patients. Multiple linear regression results showed that VAI and AIP were" independent risk factors for eGFR, and TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo B and VAI were influencing factors of UACR (P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curves for TyG, VAI and AIP were 0.902 (0.866-0.937), 0.969 (0.953-0.986) and 0.958 (0.937-0.979) respectively. Conclusion The levels of TyG, VAI and AIP are correlated with the progression of DKD, and have predictive value for the occurrence and development of DKD. These biomarkers can be used as a biological indicator to evaluate the occurrence and development of DKD.
Key words: diabetic kidney diseases; triglycerides; glucose; intra-abdominal fat; atherosclerosis; risk factors
糖尿病腎病(diabetic kidney diseases,DKD)是糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥之一,主要表現(xiàn)為腎小球?yàn)V過率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)下降和(或)尿蛋白升高。全球約3%的新診斷2型糖尿?。╰ype 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者在確診時(shí)已經(jīng)患有DKD,剩余患者中有20%~30%最終也會(huì)發(fā)展為DKD[1]。血脂異常是心血管疾病的常見危險(xiǎn)因素,也是慢性腎臟疾?。╟hronic kidney disease,CKD)和T2DM患者病死率升高的主要原因[2]。同時(shí),肥胖和代謝綜合征也與DKD的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[3]。脂質(zhì)代謝失調(diào)可使多個(gè)器官出現(xiàn)異位脂質(zhì)積累,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)脂毒性損傷[4]。脂質(zhì)相關(guān)指數(shù),如甘油三酯-葡萄糖指數(shù)(triglyceride glucose index,TyG)[5]、內(nèi)臟脂肪指數(shù)(visceral adiposity index,VAI)[6]、血漿致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化指數(shù)(atherogenic index of plasma,AIP)[7]較血脂生化指標(biāo)更好地反映代謝異常及其帶來(lái)相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前關(guān)于上述3個(gè)脂質(zhì)相關(guān)指數(shù)與DKD相關(guān)性的研究相對(duì)較少,尤其在不同分期DKD患者中的臨床觀察尚無(wú)相關(guān)報(bào)道。因此,本研究旨在觀察脂質(zhì)相關(guān)指數(shù)在不同分期DKD患者中的水平及其與DKD的相關(guān)性,以期為DKD的早期評(píng)估提供參考。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選擇2022年12月—2023年12月哈勵(lì)遜國(guó)際和平醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科、腎內(nèi)科住院的T2DM患者265例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡18~75歲,男女不限。(2)符合診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的T2DM(無(wú)并發(fā)癥)、DKD患者(初診)。T2DM診斷參照《中國(guó)2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)》[8]。DKD診斷參照《中國(guó)糖尿病腎臟病防治指南(2021年版)》[9]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并糖尿病急性并發(fā)癥。(2)T2DM合并嚴(yán)重心功能不全、腦血管事件、肝功能不全、應(yīng)激狀態(tài)(感染、外傷、休克)、惡性腫瘤、急慢性胰腺炎。(3)疑似家族性高甘油三酯血癥或3個(gè)月內(nèi)服用過降脂藥物。(4)臨床資料不完整。本研究已通過哈勵(lì)遜國(guó)際和平醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):2023125)。265例中DKD組159例,其中男84例,女75例,平均年齡(59.24±12.10)歲,根據(jù)估算腎小球?yàn)V過率(eGFR)水平分為:DKD-G2組59例[eGFR 60~89 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1],DKD-G3組59例[eGFR 30~59 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1],DKD-G4組41例[eGFR 15~29 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1];T2DM組106例,其中男60例,女46例,平均年齡(53.79±12.50)歲。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 臨床資料收集 收集所有患者的性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、身高、腰圍(WC)、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、病程等基本信息。
1.2.2 指標(biāo)檢測(cè) 收集所有患者入院后次日清晨空腹8 h以上靜脈血,使用美國(guó)BIO-RAD VARIAN II糖化血紅蛋白儀檢測(cè)糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c);使用美國(guó)貝克曼AU-5800全自動(dòng)生化分析儀測(cè)定空腹葡萄糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)、總膽固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、載脂蛋白(Apo)A、Apo B、尿素(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)水平。留取清晨尿液標(biāo)本(中段尿)2次(不同日),使用美國(guó)SYSMEX UF-1000i全自動(dòng)尿液分析儀測(cè)定尿沉渣;使用國(guó)賽全自動(dòng)特定蛋白儀測(cè)定尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(UACR)。使用CKD-EPI公式計(jì)算eGFR,具體為女性:若SCr≤7 mg/L,eGFR=151×(SCr/0.7)?0.328×0.993年齡;若SCr>7 mg/L,eGFR=151×(SCr/0.7)?1.210×0.993年齡。男性:若SCr≤9 mg/L,eGFR=149×(SCr/0.9)?0.415×0.993年齡;若SCr>9 mg/L,eGFR=149×(SCr/0.9)?1.210×0.993年齡。
1.2.3 脂質(zhì)相關(guān)指數(shù) TyG=Ln[TG(mg/dL)×FBG(mg/dL)/2];VAI(男性)=WC(cm)/[39.68+1.88×BMI(kg/m2)]×[TG(mmol/L)/1.03]×[1.31/HDL-C(mmol/L)];VAI指數(shù)(女性)=WC(cm)/[36.58+1.89×BMI(kg/m2)]×[TG(mmol/L)/0.81]×[1.52/HDL-C(mmol/L)];AIP=ln[TG(mmol/L)/HDL-C(mmol/L)]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 26.0軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以[[x] ±s]表示;多組間比較采用單因素方差分析(符合正態(tài)分布、方差齊),否則采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn);分類變量采用例表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);Pearson相關(guān)分析用于數(shù)據(jù)符合正態(tài)分布且方差齊的兩變量間相關(guān)性分析;多重線性逐步回歸進(jìn)行影響因素分析;繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,并計(jì)算曲線下面積(AUC),對(duì)各檢驗(yàn)指標(biāo)的診斷價(jià)值進(jìn)行分析,并計(jì)算診斷的敏感度、特異度和臨界值(Cut-off值)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。使用GraphPad Prism 9.5.1軟件進(jìn)行圖表制作。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 入組患者一般臨床資料和生化指標(biāo)比較 與T2DM組比較,三組DKD患者的病程、TG、SCr、UACR升高,且DKD各組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與T2DM組及DKD-G2組比較,DKD-G3及DKD-G4組TC、BUN升高,Apo A下降(P<0.05),各組性別、BMI、FBG、HbA1c比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2 4組患者TyG、VAI、AIP比較 隨著病程的進(jìn)展,TyG、VAI、AIP呈升高趨勢(shì),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3 TyG、VAI、AIP與DKD腎臟損傷的相關(guān)性分析 DKD組患者的TyG、VAI、AIP與eGFR水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),與UACR水平呈正相關(guān)。見表3。
2.4 DKD患者eGFR和UACR的影響因素評(píng)估 以eGFR、UACR為因變量,以糖脂代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo)為自變量進(jìn)行多重線性回歸分析。模型1納入了與eGFR和UACR相關(guān)的所有因素,分別為病程、TC、TG、BMI、HbA1c、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo A、Apo B、BUN、SCr、TyG、VAI、AIP;模型2則僅納入了血脂及脂質(zhì)相關(guān)指數(shù),包括TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo A、Apo B、TyG、VAI、AIP。結(jié)果顯示,VAI、AIP為eGFR的影響因素,TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo B、VAI、AIP為UACR的影響因素,見表4、5。
2.5 TyG、VAI、AIP對(duì)DKD的預(yù)測(cè)效能 TyG、VAI、AIP對(duì)DKD的發(fā)生均有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,AUC分別為0.902、0.969、0.958,最佳臨界值分別為9.679、2.701、0.314,聯(lián)合預(yù)測(cè)AUC為0.973。見表6、圖1。
3 討論
全球糖尿病導(dǎo)致的終末期腎病發(fā)病形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻,患病率高達(dá)29.7%[10]。中國(guó)T2MD人群中DKD患病率升至21.8%[11]。傳統(tǒng)DKD的診斷依賴于24 h尿蛋白、UACR及eGFR的評(píng)估,但缺乏更加早期的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),同時(shí),基于降糖、降壓等方面的治療效果欠佳。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DKD腎臟內(nèi)存在明顯的脂質(zhì)沉積及脂毒性損傷,脂代謝與DKD關(guān)系密切[12]。本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)前期研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著DKD的病情進(jìn)展,腎組織內(nèi)脂質(zhì)沉積加重,連接黏附分子樣蛋白L(JAML)/沉默信息調(diào)節(jié)因子1(Sirt1)脂質(zhì)從頭合成通路表達(dá)異常[13]。因此,本研究進(jìn)一步通過觀察脂質(zhì)相關(guān)指數(shù)在不同分期DKD中的臨床特點(diǎn),評(píng)估其對(duì)DKD的預(yù)測(cè)效能,為DKD的早期預(yù)測(cè)提供一定的數(shù)據(jù)支持。
TyG于2008年首次被提出,與胰島素抵抗密切相關(guān)[14]。研究表明,炎癥介質(zhì)可使包括腎臟在內(nèi)的器官局部的脂質(zhì)代謝障礙持續(xù)存在,導(dǎo)致其功能受損,其中TyG與腎損傷相關(guān)[15]。Srinivasan等[16]研究指出較高水平的TyG與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變和腎病存在相關(guān)性,可用于臨床中監(jiān)測(cè)糖尿病患者的代謝指標(biāo)。Pan等[17]認(rèn)為TyG升高的住院患者發(fā)生下肢血管狹窄和腎微血管損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同分期DKD組TyG均較T2DM組明顯升高,且病情越重,TyG越高,TyG與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān),與UACR呈正相關(guān),但不是DKD腎損傷的獨(dú)立影響因素,這與之前李雋等[18-19]研究結(jié)論稍有差異,分析可能因?yàn)楸敬窝芯慷嘀鼐€性回歸分析建立的模型納入了較多的糖脂代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo),導(dǎo)致了結(jié)論差異。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)TyG對(duì)DKD具有較高的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值(AUC=0.902,敏感度82.4%,特異度85.8%),臨界值為9.679。
VAI是一個(gè)基于人體測(cè)量參數(shù)和代謝參數(shù)來(lái)評(píng)估內(nèi)臟脂肪功能的性別特異性指數(shù)[20],間接反映脂肪細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生及分解,是BMI、WC、TG和HDL-C無(wú)法單獨(dú)表示的[21]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VAI與腎功能下降密切相關(guān),高VAI者腎功能下降風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高[22]。VAI與中國(guó)成人DKD的發(fā)生獨(dú)立相關(guān),且可能是評(píng)估新診斷T2DM患者早期腎損傷的快速可靠的工具,較高的累積平均VAI與較高的復(fù)合腎病結(jié)局風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)[23-24]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)VAI在不同分期DKD中逐步升高,且與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān),與UACR呈正相關(guān),是DKD腎損傷的獨(dú)立影響因素,對(duì)DKD具有較高的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值(AUC=0.969,敏感度92.5%,特異度90.6%),臨界值為2.701。
AIP是用于預(yù)測(cè)脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂的敏感指標(biāo)[25]。國(guó)外有關(guān)AIP的研究主要集中在糖尿病性大血管并發(fā)癥,罕有與DKD的相關(guān)性研究。Neelam等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AIP在評(píng)估T2DM微血管并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中具有重要作用,特別是當(dāng)血脂接近正?;蛭闯霈F(xiàn)異常時(shí)。Xu等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)AIP與糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生和嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),它可以預(yù)測(cè)糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥在T2DM中的存在,特別是對(duì)于65歲以下患有DKD合并糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的患者。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AIP在不同分期DKD中逐步升高,且與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān),與UACR呈正相關(guān),是DKD腎損傷的獨(dú)立影響因素,對(duì)DKD具有較高的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值(AUC=0.958,敏感度87.4%,特異度93.4%),臨界值為0.314。
綜上所述,TyG、VAI、AIP可早期預(yù)測(cè)DKD的發(fā)生發(fā)展,臨床中可通過上述指數(shù)的早期評(píng)估來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)DKD發(fā)生,從而進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),降低DKD進(jìn)入終末期腎病及發(fā)生死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但本研究存在一定的局限性,如研究為單中心、回顧性研究,且樣本量較少,還需擴(kuò)大樣本量及進(jìn)行前瞻性研究。同時(shí),本團(tuán)隊(duì)正在進(jìn)行基于脂代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo)的DKD預(yù)測(cè)模型建立及外部驗(yàn)證,期待研究成果能為DKD提供早期有效的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
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(2024-08-06收稿 2024-09-23修回)
(本文編輯 胡小寧)