摘要:目的 觀察奧曲肽對(duì)新生兒壞死性小腸結(jié)腸炎(NEC)患兒糞便性狀及體液免疫的影響。方法 回顧性選取2022年3月—2023年9月在河北中石油中心醫(yī)院新出生的60例NEC患兒,依據(jù)治療方法將患兒分成觀察組(30例)和常規(guī)組(30例)。常規(guī)組給予全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)和胃腸減壓加哌拉西林鈉他唑巴坦鈉治療,治療7 d;觀察組在常規(guī)治療基礎(chǔ)上附加奧曲肽治療,治療5 d。比較2組患兒治療效果、一般臨床資料、腸道菌群紊亂程度、腸道菌群標(biāo)志物和免疫指標(biāo)表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 觀察組治療總有效率高于常規(guī)組(P<0.05)。治療后,觀察組患兒體質(zhì)量高于常規(guī)組,住院時(shí)間、嘔吐緩解時(shí)間、腹脹緩解時(shí)間、腹瀉緩解時(shí)間和糞便性狀完全恢復(fù)時(shí)間均短于常規(guī)組。與治療前相比,2組患兒治療后腸道菌群紊亂程度和高遷移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)均降低,人β防御素2(HBD2)、自誘導(dǎo)分子-2(AI-2)和血清免疫球蛋白(Ig)A、IgG、IgM表達(dá)水平均升高(P<0.05);且觀察組HMGB1低于常規(guī)組,HBD2、AI-2和血清IgA、IgG、IgM高于常規(guī)組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 奧曲肽可有效治療NEC患兒,改善糞便性狀,提高免疫力。
關(guān)鍵詞:小腸結(jié)腸炎,壞死性;嬰兒,新生;奧曲肽;免疫,體液;糞便性狀
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R725.7 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20240801
Effects of octreotide on fecal characteristics and humoral immunity in neonates with
necrotizing enterocolitis
ZHANG Jie, MIAO Naiying, LI Huan, LIU Xinjian△
Department of Pediatrics, Hebei PetroChina Central Hospital, Langfang 065000, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail: drliu7285@163.com
Abstract: Objective To observe the effects of octreotide on fecal characteristics and humoral immunity in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 60 newly born NEC patients at Hebei PetroChina Central Hospital from March 2022 to September 2023. The patients were separated into the observation group (30 cases) and the routine group (30 cases) based on treatment methods. The conventional group was treated with total parenteral nutrition and gastrointestinal decompression plus piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium for 7 days. The observation group was treated with octreotide in addition to the routine group for 5 days. The treatment efficacy, general clinical data, degree of intestinal microbiota disorder, expression levels of intestinal microbiota markers and immune indicators were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the routine group (P<0.05). After treatment, body weight of the observation group was higher than that of the routine group. The hospitalization time, vomiting relief time, abdominal distension relief time, diarrhea relief time and complete recovery time of fecal characteristics were lower in the observation group than those in the routine group. Compared with before treatment, the degree of intestinal microbiota disorder and high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) were reduced in both groups after treatment, and expression levels of human β defensin 2 (HBD2), autoinducer-2 (AI-2) and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG and IgM were increased (P<0.05). After treatment, HMGB1 was lower in the observation group than that in the routine group, while HBD2, AI-2 and serum IgA, IgG and IgM were higher than those in the routine group (P<0.05). Conclusion Octreotide can effectively treat children with NEC, improve stool characteristics, and enhance immunity.
Key words: enterocolitis, necrotizing; infant, newborn; octreotide; immunity, humoral; fecal characteristics
新生兒壞死性小腸結(jié)腸炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)為一種獲得性疾病,是由多種原因引起腸黏膜損害而導(dǎo)致小腸、結(jié)腸發(fā)生彌漫性或局部壞死的一種疾病,是早產(chǎn)兒死亡的主要原因之一[1]。該病以患兒嘔吐、腹脹腹瀉、便血、胃潴留為典型特征,若未能及時(shí)治療,可進(jìn)一步并發(fā)腹膜炎、腸穿孔,甚至休克、多器官衰竭直至死亡[2]。目前,臨床對(duì)于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期NEC患兒常采取禁食、營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充、平衡電解質(zhì)、胃腸道減壓、抗感染等多策略聯(lián)合治療,有效降低了患兒死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。然而由于患兒組織器官發(fā)育尚未成熟,特別是早產(chǎn)兒胃腸道黏膜屏障功能的欠缺,故可導(dǎo)致NEC患兒腸道嚴(yán)重受損,部分患兒的治療效果及預(yù)后均不理想[4]。有研究顯示,奧曲肽可廣泛用于潰瘍性腸黏膜損傷、結(jié)腸炎等疾病的治療,且治療效果良好[5]。本研究擬觀察奧曲肽對(duì)NEC患兒的治療效果。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象 回顧性選取2022年3月—2023年9月在河北中石油中心醫(yī)院新出生的NEC患兒60例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)癥狀符合《新生兒壞死性小腸結(jié)腸炎臨床診療指南(2020)》[6]診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(2)Bell′s分期[7]Ⅰ、Ⅱ期。(3)臨床資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并其他臟器嚴(yán)重疾?。?]。(2)治療期間換藥、轉(zhuǎn)院、病情加重、死亡。(3)合并先天性胃腸道畸形。(4)合并嚴(yán)重免疫缺陷和先天代謝疾病。依據(jù)治療方法將患兒分為觀察組和常規(guī)組,每組30例。本研究經(jīng)本院倫理委員會(huì)審批(批號(hào):KYLL-2023-16)并受其監(jiān)督,受試者監(jiān)護(hù)人均簽署知情同意書(shū)。2組患兒一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 治療方法 常規(guī)組:患兒禁食7 d,并給予全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)和胃腸減壓。全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)配方如下:脂肪乳(10%)1~" " "2 g/(kg·d)、葡萄糖10~15 g/(kg·d)、復(fù)方氨基酸2~3 g/(kg·d)、復(fù)方維生素100~150 mg/(kg·d)、Na+ 2 mol/(kg·d)、K+ 1.5~" 2.0 mol/(kg·d)、Ca2+ 15~18 mg/(kg·d),溶入120~150 mL/(kg·d)注射用氯化鈉注射液,根據(jù)患兒生命體征以及機(jī)體代謝生理需要情況調(diào)整劑量,靜脈滴注。同時(shí)采用注射用哌拉西林鈉他唑巴坦鈉(華北制藥股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20073378,規(guī)格2.25 g/瓶×10瓶/盒)防止感染,90 mg/kg緩慢靜脈注射," 1次/8 h。連續(xù)治療7 d。
觀察組:在常規(guī)組治療基礎(chǔ)上附加奧曲肽注射液(成都圣諾生物制藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20153159,規(guī)格" " " "1 mL∶0.1 mg/支×5支/盒)治療。經(jīng)輸液泵均勻靜脈滴注30 μg/kg奧曲肽注射液+50 mL 0.9%氯化鈉,1次/d,連續(xù)滴注5 d。
1.3 療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 在治療7 d后觀察治療效果。顯效,臨床癥狀消失,腸壁積氣或門(mén)脈積氣消失,大便潛血陰性,嘔吐和胃潴留消失;有效,臨床癥狀有所減輕,腸壁積氣或門(mén)脈積氣有所好轉(zhuǎn),大便潛血陰性,輕度嘔吐、胃潴留、腸鳴;無(wú)效,癥狀未好轉(zhuǎn)甚至加重,大便潛血陽(yáng)性,嚴(yán)重嘔吐、胃潴留、腸鳴??傆行?(顯效例數(shù)+有效例數(shù))/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
1.4.1 一般臨床資料 收集2組患兒治療7 d后體質(zhì)量,并收集患兒住院時(shí)間、嘔吐緩解時(shí)間、腹脹緩解時(shí)間、腹瀉緩解時(shí)間和糞便性狀恢復(fù)時(shí)間。
1.4.2 腸道菌群紊亂程度 收集患兒治療前后糞便標(biāo)本。按照《腸道菌群糞便涂片檢查圖譜》[9]對(duì)腸道菌群紊亂程度計(jì)分,正常計(jì)0分,Ⅰ度失調(diào)計(jì)1分,Ⅱ度失調(diào)計(jì)2分,Ⅲ度失調(diào)計(jì)3分。腸道菌群紊亂程度與分值成正比。
1.4.3 腸道菌群標(biāo)志物 收集患兒治療前后糞便標(biāo)本,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)試劑盒檢測(cè)患兒糞便高遷移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box protein 1,HMGB1)和人β防御素2(human β defensin 2,HBD2)水平,并計(jì)算出每克糞便上述指標(biāo)含量,試劑盒分別購(gòu)自深圳子科生物科技有限公司、上海研啟生物科技有限公司。以化學(xué)發(fā)光法檢測(cè)患兒糞便自誘導(dǎo)分子-2(autoinducer,AI-2)水平,以1 μmol/L AI-2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)液為參照,計(jì)算AI-2水平。
1.4.4 免疫指標(biāo) 取患兒空腹頭皮或上肢靜脈血2 mL," " " "3 000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液,采用ELISA試劑盒檢測(cè)患兒血清免疫球蛋白(Ig)A、IgG和IgM水平,試劑盒購(gòu)自默沙克生物。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用[[x] ±s
]表示,組內(nèi)和組間比較分別用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)和獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用Wilcoxon檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較行卡方檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 2組患兒治療效果比較 治療后,觀察組治療總有效率高于常規(guī)組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 2組患兒一般基礎(chǔ)資料比較 治療后,觀察組患兒體質(zhì)量高于常規(guī)組,住院時(shí)間、嘔吐緩解時(shí)間、腹脹緩解時(shí)間、腹瀉緩解時(shí)間和糞便性狀恢復(fù)時(shí)間短于常規(guī)組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.3 2組患兒腸道菌群紊亂程度比較 治療前和治療后,2組患兒腸道菌群紊亂程度比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療后,2組患兒腸道菌群紊亂程度均低于治療前(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
2.4 2組患兒腸道菌群標(biāo)志物比較 治療前,2組患兒HMGB1、HBD2和AI-2比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與治療前比較,治療后2組患兒HMGB1降低,HBD2和AI-2升高(P<0.05)。治療后,觀察組HMGB1低于常規(guī)組,HBD2和AI-2高于常規(guī)組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表5。
2.5 2組患兒免疫球蛋白比較 治療前,2組患兒血清IgA、IgG和IgM表達(dá)水平比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療后,2組患兒血清IgA、IgG和IgM表達(dá)水平較治療前升高,觀察組高于常規(guī)組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表6。
3 討論
NEC發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,大部分患兒經(jīng)過(guò)保守治療即可治愈,但少部分患兒因病情嚴(yán)重可能形成穿孔或多器官功能衰竭,甚至死亡。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,早產(chǎn)兒體質(zhì)量為500~1 500 g時(shí),NEC的發(fā)病率約為7%,病死率達(dá)20%~50%[10-11],還可能面臨短腸綜合征、認(rèn)知障礙以及生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育緩慢等后遺癥[12-13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組治療總有效率高于常規(guī)組,表明奧曲肽結(jié)合常規(guī)保守治療對(duì)NEC患兒的治療效果更優(yōu)。究其原因,奧曲肽是一種八肽環(huán)狀化合物,與內(nèi)源性生長(zhǎng)抑素作用類(lèi)似,不僅效果更強(qiáng)更持久,能減少胃腸消化液分泌和促進(jìn)胃腸道對(duì)水和Na+吸收的能力[14],同時(shí)促進(jìn)內(nèi)分泌激素、促甲狀腺素、胃腸道激素分泌,有效抑制胃酸、胰酶、小腸液等消化液的分泌[15]。此外,奧曲肽還可降低門(mén)脈壓以及減少內(nèi)臟血流量,改善腸壁血液循環(huán),減輕再灌注損傷,減少腸道內(nèi)毒素吸收[15]。進(jìn)一步比較發(fā)現(xiàn),觀察組治療后新生兒體質(zhì)量高于常規(guī)組,且住院時(shí)間、嘔吐緩解時(shí)間、腹脹緩解時(shí)間、腹瀉緩解時(shí)間和糞便性狀恢復(fù)時(shí)間均短于常規(guī)組,表明觀察組患兒治療效果更好,受疾病困擾時(shí)間更短,可節(jié)約患兒家庭陪護(hù)時(shí)間,增加病床使用效率,這與陳偉霞等[16]研究結(jié)果類(lèi)似。
有研究表明患兒腸道菌群失衡是引起NEC的重要原因[1,17]。本研究中治療后2組患兒腸道菌群紊亂程度降低,提示2組治療均可改善患兒胃腸道癥狀。2組間治療后效果差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這表示奧曲肽在調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群時(shí)效果甚微,可能需要益生菌制劑、雙歧桿菌膠囊等其他治療幫助患兒調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群,也有可能是檢測(cè)間隔較短,患兒腸道菌群尚未達(dá)到平衡。HMGB1不僅能夠反映炎癥嚴(yán)重程度,還能削弱上皮細(xì)胞的遷移和黏附作用,延遲或妨礙組織修復(fù),導(dǎo)致腸黏膜屏障受損,加重病情[17]。HBD2不但可以殺傷細(xì)菌,保持腸道菌落均衡,還可以調(diào)控免疫功能[18]。AI-2參與腸道炎癥反應(yīng),已有研究建議將其作為腸道菌群的標(biāo)志物[19]。本研究2組患兒治療后HMGB1降低,HBD2和AI-2升高,且觀察組恢復(fù)更優(yōu),可能原因是奧曲肽降低了患兒炎癥水平,提高了免疫功能[20]。免疫指標(biāo)檢測(cè)結(jié)果表明,2組患兒治療后血清IgA、IgG和IgM水平升高,觀察組高于常規(guī)組,表明患兒病情好轉(zhuǎn),奧曲肽可進(jìn)一步提高免疫功能。
綜上所述,奧曲肽聯(lián)合常規(guī)治療可有效治療NEC患兒,改善腸道菌群平衡,促進(jìn)糞便恢復(fù)正常,提高免疫功能。然而本研究樣本量較小,且未涉及治療方案對(duì)患兒腸道菌群影響機(jī)制的分析,后續(xù)研究將加大樣本量,結(jié)合宏基因組技術(shù),探索治療方案對(duì)患兒腸道菌群的影響。
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(2024-06-19收稿 2024-09-27修回)
(本文編輯 李國(guó)琪)