摘要:目的" 探討高血壓合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(OSA)患者的腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(RAAS)與高尿酸血癥(HUA)的相關性。方法" 選取于2011年1月-2013年12月就診于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓中心明確診斷為OSA的高血壓患者649例。測量血漿醛固酮濃度(PAC)、血漿腎素活性(PRA)和血尿酸(SUA)水平等。采用Spearman相關分析高血壓患者PAC、PRA與SUA的相關性。采用多元Logistic回歸分析PAC、PRA對HUA的影響。結果" Spearman相關性分析顯示,SUA與PAC、PRA、舒張壓、呼吸暫停低通氣指數均相關(P<0.05)。Logistic回歸分析顯示PAC、PRA是HUA的影響因素(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.01~1.04,P=0.002;OR=1.14,95%CI:1.08~1.20,P<0.001),校正混雜因素后,PAC、PRA仍與HUA獨立相關(OR=1.02,95%CI:1.00~1.05,P=0.041;OR=1.09,95%CI:1.01~1.18,P=0.024)。交互作用和亞組分析顯示PAC、PRA與性別、年齡、血壓水平、OSA嚴重程度均無交互作用(P>0.05),PAC、PRA與HUA風險獨立相關(P<0.05)。結論" PAC、PRA是高血壓合并OSA患者HUA的獨立影響因素,這可為高血壓合并OSA患者HUA的防治提供新的方向。
關鍵詞:血漿醛固酮濃度;血漿腎素活性;高尿酸血癥;高血壓;阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停
中圖分類號:R544.1" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻標識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.14.016
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)14-0084-05
Correlation Analysis Between Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System and Hyperuricemia in Patients
with Hypertension Complicated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
YAO Ling,HEIZHATI·Mulalibieke,YANG Wen-bo,LI Nan-fang
[Hypertension Center of People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/Xinjiang Hypertension Institute/NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region “Hypertension Research Laboratory”/Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases,
Urumqi 830000,Xinjiang,China]
Abstract:Objective" To investigate the correlation between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and hyperuricemia (HUA) in patients with hypertension complicated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Methods" A total of 649 patients with hypertension diagnosed as OSA in Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January 2011 to December 2013 were selected. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma renin activity (PRA) and serum uric acid (SUA) were measured. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between PAC, PRA and SUA in patients with hypertension. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of PAC and PRA on HUA.Results" Spearman correlation analysis showed that SUA was correlated with PAC, PRA, diastolic blood pressure and apnea hypopnea index (Plt;0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that PAC and PRA were the influencing factors of HUA (OR=1.03, 95%CI: 1.01-1.04, P=0.002; OR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.08-1.20, Plt;0.001); after adjusting for confounding factors, PAC and PRA were still independently associated with HUA (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.00-1.05, P=0.041; OR=1.09, 95%CI: 1.01-1.18, P=0.024). Interaction and subgroup analysis showed that PAC and PRA had no interaction with gender, age, blood pressure level and OSA severity (Pgt;0.05). PAC and PRA were independently associated with HUA risk (Plt;0.05).Conclusion" PAC and PRA are independent influencing factors of HUA in patients with hypertension complicated with OSA, which can provide a new direction for the prevention and treatment of HUA in patients with hypertension complicated with OSA.
Key words:Plasma aldosterone concentration;Plasma renin activity;Hyperuricemia;Hypertension;Obstructive sleep apnea
隨著經濟水平的發(fā)展和生活方式、飲食結構的變化,目前高尿酸血癥(hyperuricemia, HUA)已成為全球性公共健康問題,流行病學顯示我國成年人HUA患病率為15.1%[1]。已有研究表明[2-4],HUA是心血管疾病及腎功能不全的獨立危險因素。高血壓和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(obstructive sleep apnea, OSA)均為HUA的高風險人群[5,6],對于此高風險人群進行HUA的預防、治療和管理非常重要。腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS)激活是參與高血壓和OSA病理生理進展中的重要機制之一[7,8],已被證實與糖、脂代謝異常相關[7,9,10],但其在高血壓合并OSA患者中與嘌呤代謝物血尿酸(serum uric acid, SUA)的相關性尚不明確。本研究通過回顧分析2011年1月-2013年12月新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓中心確診的649例高血壓合并OSA患者的臨床資料,探究高血壓合并OSA患者RASS激活相關指標血漿醛固酮濃度(plasma aldosterone concentration, PAC)、血漿腎素活性(plasma renin activity, PRA)與HUA的相關性,以期為該高風險人群的HUA防治提供參考依據,現報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料" 選取2011年1月-2013年12月就診于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓中心的高血壓合并OSA的649例患者為研究對象,其中男418例,女231例。本研究通過新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會倫理審查,所有研究對象均簽署書面知情同意書。納入標準:完善多導睡眠呼吸監(jiān)測明確診斷OSA,并且未服藥或入院前已停服二氫吡啶類鈣通道阻滯劑、β受體阻斷劑、血管緊張素轉換酶抑制藥、血管緊張素受體阻滯藥等降壓藥4周,停止服用利尿劑或含利尿劑的單片復方制劑停藥6周,以及停藥期間服用緩釋維拉帕米和/或多沙唑嗪片的高血壓患者。排除標準:惡性腫瘤、嚴重心功能不全、嚴重肝腎功能障礙者。
1.2方法
1.2.1臨床資料收集" 臨床資料記錄患者一般情況,包括性別、年齡、吸煙、飲酒史。由受過培訓的護士測量參與者身高、體重、血壓等。血壓測量:使用國際推薦的水銀血壓計,在患者安靜休息至少10 min后,測量右上臂的基線血壓。記錄3次測量的平均值。采集空腹12 h外周靜脈血進行生化檢測,包括SUA、甘油三酯、總膽固醇、血糖、血肌酐、血鉀等。生化檢測通過全自動生化分析儀(日立7600-020/ISE;日立,日本東京)進行測量。所有參與者在當天不服用咖啡因、酒精或鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥物的情況下完善整晚多導睡眠圖監(jiān)測,監(jiān)測數據由美國睡眠醫(yī)學學會授權的睡眠技術專家進行分析評分,計算呼吸暫停低通氣指數(apnea-hypopnea index, AHI)。
1.2.2診斷標準" ①HUA定義:根據《高尿酸血癥/痛風患者實踐指南(2020年版)》,HUA指正常飲食狀態(tài)下,不同時間2次檢測空腹血尿酸水平男性>420 μmol/L,女性>360 μmol/L[11];②高血壓定義:在未使用降壓藥物的情況下,非同日3次測量診室血壓,收縮壓≥140 mmHg和(或)舒張壓≥90 mmHg?;颊呒韧懈哐獕菏?,目前正在使用降壓藥物,血壓雖然低于140/90 mmHg,仍應診斷為高血壓[12];③OSA定義:AHI≥5次/h。
1.3統(tǒng)計學方法" 本研究采用SPSS 25.0軟件進行數據處理與分析。不符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料采用[M(P25,P75)]描述,采用Mann-Whitney U test非參數檢驗進行分析各組間比較。計數資料采用[n(%)]描述。采用Spearman相關分析PAC、PRA、舒張壓、AHI與SUA的相關性,采用多因素Logistic回歸分析PAC、PRA和HUA的獨立相關性,計算比值比(odds ratio, OR)及95%的置信區(qū)間(confidence interval, CI)。方程中的校正因素行多重共線性檢驗,容忍度均>0.1,方差膨脹因子均<5為不存在多重共線性。根據性別(男性或女性)、年齡、血壓水平(<2級或≥2級以上),OSA嚴重程度(AHI<15次/h或≥15次/h)進行亞組分析PAC、PRA與HUA的相關性,交互作用的評估基于多因素Logistic回歸的相乘模型。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結果
2.1兩組一般資料比較 本研究共納入高血壓合并OSA患者649例,其中HUA組161例,非HUA組488例。HUA組男性、吸煙、飲酒、年齡、體重指數、甘油三酯、肌酐、血鉀均高于非HUA組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。HUA組AHI、PAC、PRA均高于非HUA組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.2 RAAS系統(tǒng)相關指標與血尿酸水平的相關性分析" 高血壓合并OSA患者AHI、PAC、PRA、舒張壓與SUA均呈正相關(P<0.05),見表3。
2.3 RAAS系統(tǒng)相關指標與高尿酸血癥的Logistic回歸分析" 以HUA為因變量,PAC、PRA分別為自變量,進行單因素、多因素Logistic回歸分析。單因素模型顯示,PAC、PRA與HUA風險相關(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.01~1.04,P=0.002;OR=1.14,95%CI:1.08~1.20,P<0.001);模型1調整年齡和性別(男性或女性)、吸煙和飲酒情況(從未/曾經/現在)、體重指數、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、血肌酐、血鉀、收縮壓、舒張壓、AHI、最低血氧飽和度后,PAC、PRA與HUA風險仍存在相關(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.01~1.05,P=0.005;OR=1.12,95%CI:1.04~1.20,P=0.003);模型2在模型1基礎上進一步對于PAC調整PRA,對于PRA調整PAC后,PAC、PRA與高血壓合并OSA患者HUA獨立相關(OR=1.02,95%CI:1.00~1.05,P=0.041;OR=1.09,95%CI:1.01~1.18,P=0.024),見表4。
2.4 RAAS系統(tǒng)相關指標與高尿酸血癥的亞組分析及交互作用分析" 根據性別(男性或女性),年齡,血壓水平(<2級或≥2級以上),OSA嚴重程度(AHI<15次/h或≥15次/h)將研究對象分為不同亞組,分析各亞組人群中PAC、PRA與HUA的相關性,并且進行交互作用分析顯示,PAC、PRA對HUA的影響與上述研究對象分組特征無交互作用(交互作用P>0.05),PAC、PRA與高血壓合并OSA患者HUA獨立相關,見圖1。
3討論
本研究發(fā)現高血壓合并OSA患者舒張壓、AHI以及RAAS系統(tǒng)相關指標PAC、PRA與SUA呈正相關,PAC和PRA均是HUA的獨立風險因素,考慮高血壓合并OSA患者可能通過RAAS激活參與HUA的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
HUA已被證實是心血管疾病、慢性腎臟病以及全因死亡的獨立危險因素[13,14],且在高血壓和OSA患者中患病率居高不下。本研究顯示高血壓合并OSA患者舒張壓、AHI與SUA呈正相關,與既往研究結果相似。Ofori SN等[15]研究顯示,高血壓患者中HUA患病率顯著增高。Zhang Y等[6]在一項前瞻性隊列研究中發(fā)現,血壓水平與高尿酸血癥發(fā)生風險呈正相關。Kanbay A等[16]發(fā)現OSA患者中HUA患病率顯著升高,且OSA嚴重程度與尿酸水平呈正相關。
本研究發(fā)現在高血壓合并OSA這一特殊高風險人群中PAC和PRA是高尿酸血癥獨立的風險因素。作為HUA的高風險人群,高血壓合并OSA患者常常伴有RAAS激活,既往研究顯示[8,17,18],RAAS激活與高血壓、OSA在多種潛在病理生理學機制之間存在相互作用。RAAS激活亦可能通過誘導交感神經系統(tǒng)激活,促使炎癥激活和氧化應激,進而導致代謝綜合征的發(fā)生發(fā)展[19-21]。作為最常用的RAAS激活評估指標,PAC、PRA已被證實是糖脂代謝紊亂的危險因素[10,22],但其與嘌呤代謝異常及HUA的相關性少有研究且尚存爭議。在一項橫斷面研究中,Wang XD等[23]發(fā)現房顫患者PAC與SUA呈正相關,SUA是PAC的獨立危險因素。而Mulè G等[24]研究顯示,原發(fā)性高血壓患者中PRA和PAC與SUA水平不獨立相關;McMullan CJ等[25]在一項隨機對照實驗中發(fā)現,降低尿酸水平并沒有對PAC造成影響。
本研究探索了高血壓合并OSA患者RAAS激活與高尿酸血癥風險的相關性,并觀察到高血壓合并OSA患者RAAS激活與血尿酸水平升高密切相關,PAC和PRA是高尿酸血癥獨立的風險因素,且在不同亞組中結論一致。因此,及早干預RAAS激活,對于降低高血壓合并OSA患者血尿酸水平,降低并發(fā)高尿酸血癥風險具有重要的臨床意義,PRA及PAC是高尿酸血癥的獨立影響因素,降低PRA及PAC可能成為高血壓合并OSA患者降壓和降尿酸療的共同靶點之一。然而,由于該研究受限于研究樣本的代表性和橫斷面研究設計,應謹慎看待本研究結果,且需要對代表人群進行進一步的縱向研究來驗證是否存在因果關系。
綜上所述,高血壓合并OSA患者中PRA和PAC與高尿酸血癥風險獨立相關,其可能通過RAAS激活參與HUA發(fā)生發(fā)展,這可為該高風險人群防治高尿酸血癥提供新的方向。
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收稿日期:2023-06-25;修回日期:2023-07-27
編輯/王萌