背景:已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中性粒細胞明膠酶相關脂質運載蛋白(NGAL)在克羅恩?。–D)進展中發(fā)揮了重要作用,可能成為預測CD活動性、判斷疾病嚴重程度、評估治療反應以及預后監(jiān)測的潛在生物學標志物。然而,其對克羅恩病肛瘺(pfCD)的診斷價值目前尚不清楚。目的:探討活動性pfCD患者的血清NGAL水平及其診斷價值。方法:納入2021年7月—2023年6月上海中醫(yī)藥大學附屬龍華醫(yī)院診斷為pfCD的患者66例,其中活動性36例,非活動性30例。分別應用克羅恩病活動指數(shù)(CDAI)和肛周疾病活動指數(shù)(PDAI)評分評估疾病和肛瘺的活動性。比較兩組患者的血清NGAL、糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白(FC)、C反應蛋白(CRP)、紅細胞沉降率(ESR)以及CDAI、PDAI評分,并分析活動性pfCD患者NGAL水平與其他指標的相關性。應用ROC曲線分析血清NGAL、FC、CRP和ESR對活動性pfCD的臨床診斷價值。結果:活動性pfCD患者血清NGAL、FC、CRP、ESR以及CDAI、PDAI評分均顯著高于非活動性pfCD患者(P均lt;0.001)?;顒有詐fCD患者NGAL水平與FC(r=0.64,Plt;0.001)、CRP(r=0.55,Plt;0.001)、ESR(r=0.53,Plt;0.001)、CDAI評分(r=0.59,Plt;0.001)和PDAI評分(r=0.54,Plt;0.001)均呈正相關。ROC曲線分析顯示,NGAL、FC、CRP、ESR診斷活動性pfCD的最佳截斷值分別為220.5 μg/L、146.0 μg/g、7.9 mg/L和23.5 mm/h,曲線下面積分別為0.922(95% CI:0.850~0.995)、0.888(95% CI:0.806~0.970)、0.853(95% CI:0.763~0.944)和0.830(95% CI:0.731~0.930)。結論:血清NGAL水平與pfCD的疾病活動性有關,可作為活動性pfCD臨床診斷的無創(chuàng)生物學標志物。
關鍵詞 中性粒細胞明膠酶相關脂質運載蛋白; Crohn??; 肛瘺; 診斷
Diagnostic Value of NGAL in Patients With Active Perianal Fistulizing Crohn′s Disease MA Kai, LI Yikun, XU Simin, WENG Feiyang, YAO Yibo, WANG Chen. Department of Anal and Intestinal Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai (200032)
Correspondence to: WANG Chen, Email: wangchen_longhua@163.com
Background: Previous studies have proved that neutrophil gelatinase?associated lipocalin (NGAL) plays an important role in the progression of Crohn′s disease (CD), and may serve as a potential biomarker for disease activity prediction, severity assessment, treatment response evaluation and prognosis monitoring. However, the diagnostic value of NGAL in perianal fistulizing Crohn′s disease (pfCD) is still unclear. Aims: To investigate the serum level of NGAL and its diagnostic value in patients with active pfCD. Methods: A total of 66 patients diagnosed as pfCD from July 2021 to June 2023 at Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were enrolled, including 36 active pfCD patients and 30 inactive pfCD patients. The disease activity and perianal fistula activity were assessed by Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) and perianal disease activity index (PDAI), respectively. Serum NGAL, fecal calprotectin (FC), C?reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as well as CDAI score and PDAI score were compared between the active and inactive pfCD patients, and the correlations of NGAL with the other parameters in active pfCD patients were analyzed. ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the values of serum NGAL, FC, CRP and ESR for diagnosis of active pfCD. Results: The serum NGAL, FC, CRP, ESR, CDAI score and PDAI score in active pfCD patients were significantly higher than those in inactive pfCD patients (all Plt;0.001). NGAL was positively correlated with FC (r=0.64, Plt;0.001), CRP (r=0.55, Plt;0.001), ESR (r=0.53, Plt;0.001), CDAI score (r=0.59, Plt;0.001) and PDAI score (r=0.54, Plt;0.001) in active pfCD patients. The optimal cut?off values of NGAL, FC, CRP and ESR were 220.5 μg/L, 146.0 μg/g, 7.9 mg/L and 23.5 mm/h, respectively, for the diagnosis of active pfCD, and the area under the curve were 0.922 (95% CI: 0.850?0.995), 0.888 (95% CI: 0.806?0.970), 0.853 (95% CI: 0.763?0.944) and 0.830 (95% CI: 0.731?0.930), respectively. Conclusions: Serum NGAL level is associated with the disease activity of pfCD, and can be used as a non?invasive biomarker for the clinical diagnosis of active pfCD.
Key words Neutrophil Gelatinase?Associated Lipocalin; Crohn Disease; Perianal Fistula; Diagnosis
克羅恩?。–rohn′s disease, CD)是一種病因不明、慢性非特異性腸道炎癥性疾病,可累及口腔至肛門的任何部位。流行病學研究發(fā)現(xiàn)10%~15%的患者確診CD時已存在肛周病變,而CD確診10年后,肛周病變的累積發(fā)病率高達32%[1?2]。其中肛瘺是CD最常見的肛周病變,也稱為克羅恩病肛瘺(perianal fistulizing Crohn′s disease, pfCD),瘺管的出現(xiàn)多提示病情進展[3]。pfCD臨床多伴有反復肛周腫痛、破潰流膿等癥狀,瘺管反復發(fā)作、長期不愈合極大地影響了患者的健康水平,降低了患者的生活質量[4]。目前pfCD的臨床診斷尚缺乏統(tǒng)一的金標準,需結合患者癥狀、實驗室檢查、影像學評估、內鏡和組織病理學檢查進行綜合判斷[5]。因此,準確掌握pfCD的病情變化,將有助于醫(yī)師更好地診斷與評估疾病,從而有效指導臨床治療。
目前認為中性粒細胞明膠酶相關脂質運載蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase?associated lipocalin, NGAL)是由中性粒細胞合成與分泌的一種含有178個氨基酸殘基的小分子蛋白,是脂質運載蛋白家族的重要成員之一[6]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL廣泛參與炎癥反應、氧化應激、細胞凋亡等病理過程[7?8]。近年來已證實NGAL在判斷CD疾病活動性、嚴重程度評估以及預后監(jiān)測中具有生物學標志物的潛能[9?10]。但目前尚缺乏關于NGAL對pfCD病情診斷價值的臨床報道。本研究通過分析不同時期pfCD患者血清NGAL水平及其與臨床特征的相關性,旨在評價NGAL對活動性pfCD的臨床診斷價值。
對象與方法
一、研究對象
選取2021年7月—2023年6月于上海中醫(yī)藥大學附屬龍華醫(yī)院肛腸科就診且符合克羅恩病肛瘺共識專家組制定的《克羅恩病肛瘺診斷與治療的專家共識意見》[11]診斷標準的66例pfCD患者。收集所有研究對象的臨床特征,包括性別、年齡、體質量、入院時臨床癥狀、蒙特利爾分型、肛瘺類型、實驗室指標等。采用Best克羅恩病活動指數(shù)(Crohn′s disease activity index, CDAI)評估疾病活動性,CDAIlt;150分為緩解期,≥150分為活動期(150~220分為輕度,221~450分為中度,gt;450分為重度)[12]。pfCD的活動性評估采用肛周疾病活動指數(shù)(perianal disease activity index, PDAI),≤4分表示無活動性肛周病變,gt;4分表示有活動性肛周病變(5~7分為輕度,8~16分為中度,gt;16分為重度)[13]。本研究已獲得患者和(或)家屬知情同意并簽署知情同意書,研究方案經上海中醫(yī)藥大學附屬龍華醫(yī)院倫理委員會審核通過(倫理號:2022LCSY110)。
二、納入和排除標準
活動性pfCD患者納入標準:①參考《克羅恩病肛瘺診斷與治療的專家共識意見》,經內鏡檢查或磁共振成像(MRI)、B超等檢查確診為pfCD;②炎癥病變浸透腸壁全層,且有瘺管或裂溝出現(xiàn),或伴有肛門區(qū)病變;③臨床表現(xiàn)為肛周分泌物、疼痛、瘙癢等不適;④病灶處有外口、管道、內口,肛門鏡檢查示內口處可見黏膜充血、水腫,或可見膿液從內口溢出;⑤臨床資料相對較為完整。非活動性pfCD患者納入標準為既往確診pfCD經臨床治療病情穩(wěn)定且符合以下條件:①肛周無分泌物、疼痛等不適;②肛周創(chuàng)面無繼發(fā)性外口;③經肛周MRI、B超等檢查確定瘺管閉合。排除標準:①患有嚴重心腦血管、肝、腎等原發(fā)性疾?。虎谀δ苷系K、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病患者;③合并腸道腫瘤病史、直腸肛管惡性病變;④伴活動性感染者,如敗血癥、活動性肝炎、結核等;⑤妊娠或哺乳期婦女。活動性與非活動性pfCD患者的臨床特征見圖1。
三、觀察指標
晨起空腹狀態(tài)下,采集入組患者的外周靜脈血3~5 mL,提取上層血清。同時收集入組患者新鮮糞便樣本約50 mg,糞便質量(g)和萃取液體積(mL)比例為1∶49。充分混勻后,離心,取上清液置于無菌EP管中,-80 ℃冰箱保存?zhèn)溆?。全自動糞便分析儀AVE?562及其配套糞便常規(guī)試劑(愛威科技股份有限公司)檢測糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白(fecal calprotectin, FC)。全自動血液分析儀及其配套試劑(深圳邁瑞生物醫(yī)療電子股份有限公司)測定血清NGAL、C反應蛋白(C?reactive protein, CRP)和紅細胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)。
四、統(tǒng)計學分析
應用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計學軟件。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以x±s表示,兩組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)和百分比表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher精確檢驗;相關性分析采用Spearman相關系數(shù)。繪制ROC曲線并計算曲線下面積(area under the curve, AUC),評價各指標對pfCD的臨床診斷價值。所有檢驗均采用雙側檢驗,Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
結 果
一、一般資料
66例pfCD患者中,男性49例(74.2%),女性17例(25.8%);年齡15~57歲,平均(28.50±1.27)歲;平均病程為10個月。其中活動性pfCD患者36例(54.5%),男性28例,女性8例;非活動性pfCD患者30例(45.5%),男性21例,女性9例。蒙特利爾分型為A2型54例(81.8%),較為符合CD多見于青壯年的發(fā)病特點;病變累及部位以回腸和回結腸多見。41例(62.1%)患者的消化道出現(xiàn)不同程度的狹窄。兩組患者的性別、年齡和蒙特利爾分型相比差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(Pgt;0.05;表1)。
二、實驗室指標和評分比較
活動性pfCD患者血清NGAL、FC、CRP、ESR以及CDAI、PDAI評分均顯著高于非活動性pfCD患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.001;表2、圖2)。
三、血清NGAL水平與其他指標的Spearman相關性分析
Spearman相關性分析結果顯示,活動性pfCD患者血清NGAL水平與FC(r=0.64,Plt;0.001)、CRP(r=0.55,Plt;0.001)、ESR(r=0.53,Plt;0.001)、CDAI評分(r=0.59,Plt;0.001)和PDAI評分(r=0.54,Plt;0.001)均呈正相關(圖3)。
四、不同實驗室指標對活動性pfCD的診斷價值
ROC曲線分析結果顯示,NGAL、FC、CRP和ESR診斷活動性pfCD的最佳截斷值分別為220.5 μg/L、146.0 μg/g、7.9 mg/L和23.5 mm/h,AUC分別為0.922(95% CI:0.850~0.995)、0.888(95% CI:0.806~0.970)、0.853(95% CI:0.763~0.944)和0.830(95% CI:0.731~0.930)。上述4種指標均具有較好的診斷意義,以NGAL的診斷價值最高(表3、圖4)。
討 論
肛瘺是CD病程進展中的常見問題,其發(fā)病機制復雜,迄今仍未明確,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)可能與肛周感染、自身免疫功能紊亂、腸道菌群穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡等多種因素有關[14?15]。目前侵入性內鏡、組織病理學檢查和影像學技術仍是pfCD臨床診斷以及預后評估的主要方法[16?17],但上述檢查方法具有一定的有創(chuàng)性或價格較為昂貴,在一定程度上加重了患者的醫(yī)療經濟負擔,阻礙了患者臨床就診的積極性。因此,需要在臨床上尋找一種便捷、經濟且有效的生物學標志物以評估疾病病情進展。
NGAL是從中性粒細胞等細胞中分離出的一種糖蛋白,正常狀態(tài)下,人體外周血中NGAL的表達水平相對較低。當機體受到炎性因子攻擊時,體內的促炎系統(tǒng)會使多種細胞如中性粒細胞、巨噬細胞、胃腸道上皮細胞等釋放產生大量NGAL,并進一步誘導促炎細胞因子的產生[18]。本研究結果顯示,活動性pfCD患者血清NGAL水平較非活動性pfCD患者明顯升高,相關性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)血清NGAL水平與FC、CRP、ESR、CDAI評分和PDAI評分均具有顯著的正相關性。說明NGAL可作為pfCD病情進展評估的臨床監(jiān)測指標。ROC曲線分析顯示,當最佳臨界值為220.5 μg/L時,NGAL診斷活動性pfCD的AUC為0.922,優(yōu)于FC、CRP和ESR,具有較高的診斷準確性;特異性為100%,敏感性為86.1%。由此可見,NGAL可作為活動性pfCD臨床診斷和預后監(jiān)測的生物學標志物。
CRP是由肝細胞合成與分泌的急性時相蛋白,其與ESR是評估CD炎癥程度的經典指標,與疾病進展具有較好的正相關性[19?20]。本研究結果表明,活動性pfCD患者血清CRP、ESR較非活動性pfCD明顯升高;ROC曲線分析顯示CRP、ESR診斷活動性pfCD的AUC分別為0.853、0.830,具有相對較高的診斷準確性,但均低于NGAL。推測可能的原因是CRP、ESR為非特異性炎癥標志物,在多種急慢性炎癥性疾病中均有異常表達。因此,在臨床上單用此類指標診斷pfCD并評估病情的臨床價值相對有限,可與其他特異性標志物聯(lián)合,以進一步提高診斷效能。
FC主要是由中性粒細胞、巨噬細胞等分泌產生的一種鈣鋅結合蛋白[21]。目前廣泛認為FC可作為炎癥性腸道疾病嚴重程度評估和預后監(jiān)測的臨床生物學標志物[22?23]。有研究[24]已證實pfCD患者FC水平較腺源性肛瘺患者明顯升高,且FC水平與pfCD病情嚴重程度呈正相關。本研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)活動性pfCD患者FC水平較非活動性患者明顯增加,ROC曲線分析表明,當FC最佳臨界值為146.0 μg/g時,診斷pfCD的AUC為0.888,且具有較高的敏感性和特異性。說明FC可作為活動性pfCD臨床診斷的潛在標志物,但其診斷效能不及NGAL,間接證實了NGAL可作為活動性pfCD臨床診斷的生物學標志物。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL在炎癥反應、細胞凋亡、腫瘤侵襲、免疫應答等病理生理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[25]。NGAL廣泛參與多種疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程,已被用作急慢性腎損傷、肝硬化、炎癥性腸道疾病等多種疾病的生物學標志物和潛在的治療靶點[26?27]。在非酒精性脂肪性肝炎中,NGAL通過誘導CXC趨化因子受體2(CXC chemokine receptor 2, CXCR2)與單核細胞趨化蛋白?1(monocyte chemotactic protein?1, MCP?1)結合,促進中性粒細胞、巨噬細胞等向炎癥部位遷移,進一步加重肝臟炎癥[28]。Makhezer等[29]通過構建腸道炎癥性疾病小鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL通過激活p38絲裂原激活的蛋白激酶/c?Jun氨基末端激酶(p38 mitogen?activated protein kinase/c?Jun N?terminal kinase, p38MAPK/JNK)信號通路使腸上皮細胞氧化應激產生增加,進一步加重腸黏膜損傷。Kim等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL可通過核因子(nuclear factor, NF)?κB信號通路促進腸上皮細胞中NOD樣受體熱蛋白結構域相關蛋白3(NOD?like receptor thermal protein domain?associated protein 3, NLRP3)炎癥小體復合物的表達,進一步激活巨噬細胞的促炎轉化,證實NGAL是預防和治療腸道炎癥性疾病的重要靶點之一。Stallhofer等[31]的研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)活動性CD患者血清NGAL水平較健康對照組明顯升高,促炎因子通過白細胞介素(IL)?23/Th17信號通路促進腸黏膜組織中NGAL的產生,加重腸道炎癥反應的進展。此外,NGAL不僅具有促炎作用,還可通過抑制細菌增殖、減輕氧化應激反應對機體組織與細胞的損傷,進而控制疾病的進展[32]。NGAL缺乏可導致腸道菌群失衡和代謝異常,促進腸道炎癥性疾病的發(fā)展[33]。Saha等[34]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL可通過促進腸道中有益菌如乳桿菌的生存和抑制有害菌如大腸埃希菌的含量,以恢復腸道微環(huán)境平衡,從而控制腸道炎癥的進展。NGAL還可通過與鐵載體螯合形成NGAL?鐵載體?鐵復合物,使游離鐵向細胞內轉運,競爭性抑制胞外細菌生長所需要的鐵,減輕鐵離子誘導的氧化應激反應,從而達到控制腸道炎癥的目的[35]。
綜上所述,本研究證實了NGAL作為非侵入性檢測手段在pfCD臨床診斷和病情評估中的重要性,可將其作為pfCD患者病情嚴重程度評估的臨床生物學標志物,在一定程度上緩解了因有創(chuàng)檢查對患者造成的經濟和身體負擔。但本研究存在一定的局限性,所納入樣本量和觀察指標相對較少,以及未對NGAL在pfCD發(fā)病過程中的具體機制行進一步探索。因此,未來仍需進行多中心、大規(guī)模和標準化的臨床研究,提高NGAL對pfCD的臨床診斷價值與鑒別能力,以不斷擴大其適用范圍。并進一步明確NGAL誘發(fā)pfCD炎癥級聯(lián)反應的內在機制及其可能參與的信號通路,以期為pfCD的臨床預防與治療提供潛在靶點。
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(2024?03?11收稿;2024?04?21修回)
(本文編輯:袁春英)