【摘要】 目的 探討良性前列腺增生(BPH)合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)發(fā)生術(shù)后尿路感染的影響因素。方法 回顧性分析2020年1月至2024年3月武漢科技大學(xué)附屬孝感醫(yī)院收治的159例BPH合并NAFLD患者,根據(jù)術(shù)后是否發(fā)生尿路感染分為感染組(n = 48)與非感染組(n = 111),分析尿路感染的影響因素。結(jié)果 手術(shù)時(shí)間>1 h[OR(95%CI)為3.492(1.257,9.697)]、糖尿病史[OR(95%CI)為3.073(1.075,8.783)]、術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間>
7 d[OR(95%CI)為3.121(1.093,8.911)]、前列腺質(zhì)量>50 g[OR(95%CI)為3.209(1.203,8.562)]、肝功能異常
[OR(95%CI)為2.616(1.126,7.569)]、系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù)[SII,OR(95%CI)為1.005(1.002,1.007)]、血清淀粉樣蛋白A[SAA,OR(95%CI)為1.014(1.001,1.028)]是BPH合并NAFLD術(shù)后尿路感染的危險(xiǎn)因素(P均<
0.05),預(yù)后營(yíng)養(yǎng)指數(shù)[PNI,OR(95%CI)為0.968(0.949,0.987)]是保護(hù)因素,而高血壓史、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、住院時(shí)間以及甘油三酯與感染無(wú)關(guān)(P均> 0.05)。根據(jù)上述結(jié)果建立預(yù)測(cè)模型,該模型的ROC曲線(xiàn)下面積為0.898(95%CI 0.849~0.947,P < 0.001),靈敏度為0.854,特異度為0.793,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為0.641,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為0.926。結(jié)論 手術(shù)時(shí)間、糖尿病史、術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間、前列腺質(zhì)量、肝功能異常、SII、SAA及PNI是BPH合并NAFLD發(fā)生術(shù)后尿路感染的影響因素,基于上述因素構(gòu)建的預(yù)測(cè)模型具有一定的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 良性前列腺增生;非酒精性脂肪性肝??;術(shù)后尿路感染;影響因素
Influencing factors of postoperative urinary tract infection in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
TIAN Mao1,2, YE Chang1
(1. Department of Urology, Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan 432100, China;
2. Medical College, Department of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China)
Corresponding author: YE Chang, E-mail: 18672047765 @ 163.com
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the influencing factors of postoperative urinary tract infection in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Clinical data of 159 BPH patients complicated with NAFLD admitted to Xiaogan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology from January 2020 to March 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into the infection (n = 48) and non-infection groups (n =
111) according to the occurrence of urinary tract infection. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of urinary tract infection. Results Operation time>1 h [OR(95%CI)=3.492 (1.257,9.697)], history of diabetes mellitus [OR(95%CI)=3.073 (1.075, 8.783)], time of indwelling catheter after operation>7 days [OR(95%CI)=3.121 (1.093,8.911)], prostate weight>50 g [OR(95%CI)=3.209 (1.203,8.562)], abnormal liver function [OR(95%CI)=2.616 (1.126,7.569)], systemic inflammatory index [SII, OR(95%CI)=1.005 (1.002,1.007)] and serum amyloid A[SAA, OR(95%CI)=1.014 (1.001,1.028)] were the independent influencing factors for postoperative urinary tract infection in BPH complicated with NAFLD (all P < 0.05). Prognostic nutritional index [PNI, OR(95%CI)=0.968 (0.949,0.987)] was an independent protective factor for postoperative urinary tract infection (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the history of hypertension, age, body mass index (BMI), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), length of hospital stay and triglyceride (all P > 0.05). According to the results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis, a prediction model for postoperative urinary tract infection in BPH complicated with NAFLD was established. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was 0.898 (95%CI: 0.849-0.947, P < 0.001), the specificity was calculated as 0.793, the sensitivity was 0.854, the positive predictive value was 0.641 and the negative predictive value was 0.926, respectively. Conclusions Operation time, history of diabetes mellitus, postoperative indwelling catheter time, prostate weight, abnormal liver function, SII, SAA and PNI are the influencing factors of postoperative urinary tract infection in BPH complicated with NAFLD. This prediction model based on these influencing factors has certain predictive value.
【Key words】 Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Postoperative urinary tract infection;
Influencing factors
良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)是全世界中老年男性中普遍發(fā)生的泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病,51~60歲男性患病率為44%,80歲以上男性為75%[1]。BPH可引起下尿路癥狀,重度BPH可導(dǎo)致生活質(zhì)量下降,并產(chǎn)生相關(guān)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)成本[2]。非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪onalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一種復(fù)雜的代謝性疾病,可能由遺傳易感性、宿主代謝紊亂和環(huán)境因素之間的相互作用引起,但是具體的機(jī)制尚不明確,并且尚無(wú)特效藥[3-4]。NAFLD在全球范圍內(nèi)的患病率為25%,因?yàn)閺膬和瘯r(shí)期開(kāi)始的持續(xù)肥胖、糖尿病發(fā)病率的增加和其他因素,NAFLD的患病率以及晚期肝病患者的比例持續(xù)增加[5]。雖然經(jīng)尿道前列腺切除術(shù)(transurethral resection of the prostate,TURP)日趨成熟,患者術(shù)后效果良好,但由于患者吸煙、飲酒等不良習(xí)慣,以及高齡、合并多種慢性?xún)?nèi)科疾病,術(shù)者操作不熟練等,TURP后仍存在一些并發(fā)癥,主要包括術(shù)后尿路感染、尿道損傷、術(shù)后出血、經(jīng)尿道切除綜合征、膀胱痙攣等。術(shù)后尿路感染通常表現(xiàn)為膀胱刺激性癥狀,如尿頻、尿急、排尿疼痛等[6-7]。手術(shù)后患者尿路感染發(fā)生率高,常常影響手術(shù)效果[8],因此,研究TURP后尿路感染的影響因素在臨床實(shí)踐中具有重要意義。盡管有一些研究報(bào)道了BPH術(shù)后尿路感染的危險(xiǎn)因素[9-10],但是關(guān)于BPH合并NAFLD術(shù)后尿路感染的研究較少。同時(shí),隨著生活水平的提高,NAFLD的發(fā)病率逐年上升,且其與全身多種感染密切相關(guān)[11-12],當(dāng)BPH合并NAFLD時(shí),患者發(fā)生術(shù)后感染的概率將會(huì)上升。本研究旨在通過(guò)回顧性分析該類(lèi)患者的臨床資料,探討其術(shù)后尿路感染的危險(xiǎn)因素,分析相關(guān)指標(biāo)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,以助早期識(shí)別高危人群,改善患者預(yù)后。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選擇2020年1月至2024年3月在武漢科技大學(xué)附屬孝感醫(yī)院就診并接受TURP治療的BPH合并NAFLD患者,手術(shù)由同一醫(yī)療團(tuán)隊(duì)的手術(shù)醫(yī)師和麻醉醫(yī)師完成,采用硬膜外麻醉或脊髓麻醉,經(jīng)尿道電切功率275 W、凝固功率75 W,患者術(shù)后常規(guī)留置三腔導(dǎo)尿管,然后用生理鹽水連續(xù)沖洗膀胱。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患者同時(shí)符合BPH和NAFLD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13],并接受了 TURP 治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn): ①合并尿路感染、伴有急性全身炎癥(如自身免疫性疾?。?、合并凝血相關(guān)疾病等;②既往被診斷為前列腺癌;③合并尿道結(jié)石、膀胱結(jié)石或神經(jīng)源性膀胱炎;④既往有尿道手術(shù)史。本研究已通過(guò)武漢科技大學(xué)附屬孝感醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):快KY20240216),并豁免知情同意。
根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共選取159例患者,根據(jù)手術(shù)后是否發(fā)生尿路感染,分為感染組(n = 48)和非感染組(n = 111)。依據(jù)林雨婷等[14]的方法,1 個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)因子對(duì)應(yīng)最少 10 個(gè)樣本,本項(xiàng)目初篩預(yù)測(cè)因子14個(gè),樣本量應(yīng)不少于140例,實(shí)際納入159例,本研究樣本量足夠。
1.2 方 法
回顧性收集BPH合并NAFLD患者的術(shù)前臨床資料,包括患者的年齡、高血壓史、糖尿病史、住院時(shí)間、系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù)(systemic immune inflammation index,SII)、甘油三酯、血清淀粉樣蛋白A(serum amyloid A,SAA)、預(yù)后營(yíng)養(yǎng)指數(shù)(prognostic nutritional index,PNI)、手術(shù)時(shí)間、肝功能是否異常、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、前列腺質(zhì)量、術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間、最大尿流率(Qmax)。通過(guò)分析感染組與非感染組的臨床資料,探討B(tài)PH合并NAFLD患者術(shù)后發(fā)生尿路感染的危險(xiǎn)因素并建立相應(yīng)的預(yù)測(cè)模型。
1.3 相關(guān)定義及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
SII=X1·X2/X3,其中X1為血小板計(jì)數(shù),X2為中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),X3為淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)[15]。PNI=
0.005X1+10X2,X1為淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),X2為血清白蛋白濃度[16]。肝功能異常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[17]:患者具有以下任意一項(xiàng),谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)> 50 U/L,谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(aspartate aminotra-nsferase,AST)> 40 U/L,總膽紅素(total bilirubin, TBil)> 18. 8 μmol /L。尿路感染標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[18]:① 患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)尿急、尿痛、尿痛、排尿困難等癥狀;②術(shù)后尿培養(yǎng)中革蘭陽(yáng)性球菌菌落數(shù)>104 CFU/mL,革蘭陰性桿菌菌落數(shù)>105 CFU/mL;③術(shù)后尿常規(guī)檢查白細(xì)胞數(shù)≥5個(gè)/高倍視野。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0和R 4.3.3 進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料首先進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),滿(mǎn)足正態(tài)性的資料以表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),非正態(tài)分布資料以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以n(%)表示,組間比較采用χ 2檢驗(yàn)。將上述分析中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的指標(biāo)納入多因素Logistic回歸分析(進(jìn)入法),根據(jù)分析結(jié)果建立預(yù)測(cè)模型,繪制列線(xiàn)圖,采用受試者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線(xiàn)以及Hosmer-Lemeshow檢驗(yàn)分析預(yù)測(cè)模型對(duì)BPH合并NAFLD術(shù)后尿路感染的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。以雙側(cè)P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 BPH合并NAFLD患者術(shù)后尿路感染的單因素
分析
單因素分析顯示,年齡、BMI、高血壓史、住院時(shí)間、甘油三酯以及Qmax與BPH合并NAFLD發(fā)生術(shù)后尿路感染無(wú)關(guān),但是,糖尿病史、手術(shù)時(shí)間、前列腺質(zhì)量、術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間、肝功能異常、SII、PNI、SAA可能是BPH合并NAFLD術(shù)后尿路感染的影響因素(P均< 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 BPH合并NAFLD患者術(shù)后尿路感染的多因素
分析
多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,手術(shù)時(shí)間>1 h、糖尿病史、術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間>7 d、前列腺質(zhì)量>50 g、肝功能異常、SII以及SAA是BPH合并NAFLD發(fā)生術(shù)后尿路感染的危險(xiǎn)因素,而PNI是保護(hù)因素(P均< 0.05),見(jiàn)表2、圖1。
2.3 預(yù)測(cè)模型預(yù)測(cè)BPH合并NAFLD患者術(shù)后尿路感染的價(jià)值
根據(jù)上述多因素Logistic回歸分析的結(jié)果建立預(yù)測(cè)模型,用預(yù)測(cè)值建立ROC曲線(xiàn)(見(jiàn)圖2),曲線(xiàn)下面積(area under the curve,AUC)為0.898(95%CI 0.849~0.947,P < 0.001),靈敏度為0.854,特異度為0.793,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為0.641,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為0.926,表明該預(yù)測(cè)模型對(duì)BPH合并NAFLD發(fā)生術(shù)后尿路感染具有較好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。同時(shí)用Hosmer-Lemeshow檢驗(yàn)對(duì)該模型擬合優(yōu)度效果進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,P > 0.05,該模型擬合優(yōu)度效果較好。
3 討 論
術(shù)后尿路感染影響患者術(shù)后康復(fù),嚴(yán)重感染會(huì)危及患者生命。BPH合并NAFLD時(shí)尿路感染的概率上升,因此探討此類(lèi)患者術(shù)后尿路感染的影響因素對(duì)提高治療效果、改善患者生活質(zhì)量具有積極意義。
既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)手術(shù)時(shí)間的增加會(huì)升高患者術(shù)后感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19],本研究結(jié)果與之一致。隨著手術(shù)時(shí)間的增加,手術(shù)切口暴露在環(huán)境中的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),增加了細(xì)菌污染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。并且手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)疲勞度增加,容易出現(xiàn)更多技術(shù)錯(cuò)誤,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間>7 d也是BPH合并NAFLD術(shù)后尿路感染的危險(xiǎn)因素。導(dǎo)尿術(shù)屬于侵入性操作,長(zhǎng)期留置導(dǎo)尿管導(dǎo)致膀胱及尿道受損,從而增加尿路感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而且留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)引流袋內(nèi)污染尿液有可能逆流進(jìn)入膀胱,也增加了感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20-21]。
本研究顯示,肝功能異常、PNI、SII、SAA是BPH合并NAFLD術(shù)后尿路感染的影響因素。NAFLD被認(rèn)為是一種全身性疾病,通過(guò)由過(guò)多脂肪組織的代謝活動(dòng)介導(dǎo)的長(zhǎng)期低度炎癥影響多個(gè)器官[22]。肝功能異常、PNI分別反映了機(jī)體的肝臟功能和全身營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài),當(dāng)NAFLD患者肝功能及全身代謝功能受損時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體的免疫功能受損,從而增加感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11, 23]。在以往的研究中,炎癥已被確定為BPH的常見(jiàn)表現(xiàn),BPH患者常合并前列腺特異性炎癥, T細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)前列腺,促進(jìn)炎癥介質(zhì)CD4、腫瘤壞死因子以及白介素-6等的釋放[24]。同時(shí),NAFLD患者脂肪組織堆積相關(guān)的持續(xù)性低度炎癥可能會(huì)改變肝組織的微觀結(jié)構(gòu),并可能損害肝巨噬細(xì)胞(Kupffer細(xì)胞)的功能[25]。SII、SAA是機(jī)體的炎癥標(biāo)志物,因此當(dāng)SII、SAA水平升高時(shí),患者發(fā)生尿路感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。
本研究中,糖尿病史、前列腺質(zhì)量>50 g也是BPH合并NAFLD術(shù)后尿路感染的危險(xiǎn)因素。前列腺越大,其血流越豐富,同時(shí),手術(shù)造成的創(chuàng)面更大,其感染的概率升高。其次,較大的前列腺往往需要更長(zhǎng)的手術(shù)時(shí)間,手術(shù)切口暴露在環(huán)境的時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)也會(huì)增加感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[26]。在Paudel等[27]的報(bào)道中,糖尿病與感染密切相關(guān),糖尿病增加感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),具體影響機(jī)制可能與免疫失調(diào)相關(guān),一方面,由于中性粒細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞等髓系細(xì)胞異常激活引起的慢性炎癥促進(jìn)了糖尿病的進(jìn)展,而另一方面,糖尿病介導(dǎo)的免疫防御下調(diào)增加了對(duì)不同感染的易感性[28]。同時(shí),糖尿病患者尿液中葡萄糖含量較高,也會(huì)促進(jìn)尿路致病菌的生長(zhǎng)[29]。
綜上所述,手術(shù)時(shí)間、糖尿病史、肝功能異常、術(shù)后留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間、前列腺質(zhì)量、SII以及 SAA是BPH合并NAFLD發(fā)生術(shù)后尿路感染的危險(xiǎn)因素,PNI是BPH合并NAFLD發(fā)生術(shù)后尿路感染的保護(hù)因素?;谏鲜鲆蛩亟⒌念A(yù)測(cè)模型對(duì)BPH合并NAFLD發(fā)生術(shù)后尿路感染具有較高的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。但本次研究具有一定的局限性,由于是單中心的回顧性研究,納入的樣本量較少,因此無(wú)法通過(guò)拆分樣本等方法進(jìn)行內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證,且無(wú)外部樣本進(jìn)行外部驗(yàn)證。所得結(jié)論仍有待聯(lián)合多中心,進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本量,進(jìn)行前瞻性研究來(lái)證實(shí)。
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