【摘要】 慢性肝病患者常有血小板減少,其發(fā)生機(jī)制復(fù)雜且尚未被闡明。隨著近年來對(duì)慢性肝病合并血小板減少的研究深入,研究者們意識(shí)到慢性肝病患者的血小板減少不僅與脾功能亢進(jìn)有關(guān),而且促血小板生成素在其中也起到一定程度的調(diào)控作用,文章提出“肝源性促血小板生成素中心的腸-肝調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)機(jī)制”的可能性,就促血小板生成素調(diào)控血小板的作用、慢性肝病患者血小板的生物學(xué)功能、促血小板生成素在慢性肝病和肝硬化的診斷,以及促血小板生成素與促血小板生成素受體激動(dòng)劑在慢性肝病血小板減少的治療應(yīng)用等方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,為基礎(chǔ)及臨床相關(guān)研究提供新的思路。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 促血小板生成素;慢性肝?。桓斡不?;血小板;促血小板生成素受體激動(dòng)劑
Recent advance of pathogenesis of TPO in thrombocytes and its clinical use in patients with chronic liver disease
PI Sainan1, LI Liang2, YANG Mo2, CHEN Youpeng1
(1.Department of Infectious Diseases, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
2. Scientific Research Center, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China)
Corresponding author: CHEN Youpeng, E-mail: chenyoupeng@sysush.com
【Abstract】 Patients with chronic liver disease frequently exhibit thrombocytopenia, the etiology of which is intricate and not yet fully understood. As research into the association between chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia has progressed in recent years, investigators have recognized that the thrombocytopenia in these patients is not solely attributed to splenic hyperfunction but is also modulated to a certain extent by thrombopoietin (TPO). The article posits the possibility of a “l(fā)iver-derived thrombopoietin-centered gut-liver regulatory network mechanism”, providing a comprehensive review of the role of TPO in platelet regulation, the biological functions of platelets in patients with chronic liver disease, the diagnostic implications of TPO in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, and the therapeutic applications of TPO and TPO receptor agonists in the treatment of thrombocytopenia in chronic liver disease. This review offers novel insights for both basic science and clinical research.
【Key words】 Thrombopoietin; Chronic liver disease; Cirrhosis; Platelet; Thrombopoietin receptor agonists
血小板減少是慢性肝病患者最常見的并發(fā)癥[1-2]。慢性肝病患者的血小板減少發(fā)生率尚未確定,進(jìn)展期肝纖維化或肝硬化患者血小板減少發(fā)生率為15%~78%[3-4],其中14%的患者合并重度血小板減少[5]。脾功能亢進(jìn)一直被認(rèn)為是慢性肝病中血小板減少的主要決定因素[2, 6]。近年多項(xiàng)慢性肝病并發(fā)血小板減少的研究證實(shí),促血小板生成素(thrombopoietin,TPO)在血小板代謝中起重要作用。本文就TPO在此方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,以加深臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)其認(rèn)識(shí)。
1 TPO調(diào)控血小板的作用
TPO又稱巨核細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育因子(megakary-ocyte growth development factor,MGDF),是調(diào)節(jié)巨核細(xì)胞/血小板生長(zhǎng)的特異性生長(zhǎng)因子,由1958年Kelemen等[7]首次提出并將其命名為“thrombopoietin”,但直至1994年TPO才被純化及克隆出來,而后由于其對(duì)巨核細(xì)胞和血小板生成的重要作用為人們所熟知[8-9]。TPO是一種糖蛋白激素,由位于染色體3長(zhǎng)臂q26.3-27的基因編碼,包含2個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域:氨基末端和羧基末端[10]。氨基末端與EPO同源,并可與C-Mpl受體結(jié)合[11]。
越來越多的證據(jù)顯示,機(jī)體TPO有著更為復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)節(jié)作用。人TPO mRNA在成人肝臟、腎臟及骨髓均有表達(dá);然而,外周血循環(huán)中60%以上的TPO是由肝臟產(chǎn)生[12-14]。肝臟生成與分泌TPO能力與血漿血小板數(shù)量存在交互作用,這就是傳統(tǒng)的“血小板調(diào)控學(xué)說”[15]。機(jī)體出現(xiàn)血小板減少時(shí),骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞中特異性mRNA顯著增加[16]。而在炎癥狀態(tài)下,體內(nèi)TPO水平升高,主要是由白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)介導(dǎo)調(diào)控引起[17]。IL-6可刺激體內(nèi)肝細(xì)胞TPO mRNA的表達(dá),并通過Janus激酶1/信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活蛋白3(Janus kinase 1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,JAK1/STAT3)信號(hào)通路識(shí)別去唾液酸化的血小板,介導(dǎo)血小板的代謝。近年來提出一種新的交互作用假說,衰老的去唾液酸化的血小板可通過肝臟Ashwell-Morell受體(Ashwell- Morell receptor,AMR)清除,也可通過JAK2/STAT3通路,調(diào)控體內(nèi)肝臟TPO mRNA水平[18]。此外,血小板表面分子糖蛋白Ⅰbα(glycoprotein Ⅰbα,GPⅠbα)參與調(diào)控肝臟TPO生成[19]。如果GPIbα缺失,導(dǎo)致肝臟TPO mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄和產(chǎn)生障礙。如果肝臟TPO的生成障礙,將影響血小板的數(shù)量與功能。由此,本文筆者提出“肝源性TPO中心的腸-肝調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)機(jī)制”的可能性,即慢性肝病患者可能由于腸道微生態(tài)改變或細(xì)菌移位作用,肝臟內(nèi)1型輔助性T細(xì)胞與2型輔助性T細(xì)胞(T helper cell 1/T helper cell 2,Th1/Th2)出現(xiàn)免疫失衡,導(dǎo)致IL-1、IL-6等炎癥因子水平升高,介導(dǎo)肝源性TPO產(chǎn)生,而TPO可能通過JAK相關(guān)通路或作用于受體活化巨核細(xì)胞,來調(diào)控血小板的產(chǎn)生,同時(shí)去唾液酸化血小板又反過來調(diào)控TPO。因此,TPO很可能在調(diào)控肝臟炎癥的發(fā)生與發(fā)展中起著重要作用,但是其作用機(jī)制有待于深入研究。
2 TPO對(duì)慢性肝病及肝硬化的診斷價(jià)值
TPO主要由肝細(xì)胞分泌,肝臟可直接影響血清TPO水平,但目前關(guān)于外周血清TPO水平與慢性肝病輕重之間的關(guān)聯(lián)尚不明確。TPO水平與外周血小板計(jì)數(shù)變化相關(guān),在急性肝病患者中TPO水平接近正常甚至升高,而在慢性肝病患者中血清TPO水平顯著降低[2, 5, 20]。終末期肝病致TPO生成減少,繼而導(dǎo)致血小板減少。移植健康的肝臟TPO生成增多,使得血小板數(shù)量恢復(fù)正常[21],但有學(xué)者對(duì)110例肝移植前肝病患者的血清TPO水平與血小板數(shù)量之間相關(guān)性進(jìn)行評(píng)估,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)存在相關(guān)性[22]。
此外,有研究顯示肝硬化并發(fā)血小板減少患者的血清TPO水平與脾臟的大小、凝血酶原時(shí)間(prothrombin time,PT)呈負(fù)相關(guān),與肝功能指標(biāo)如谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、膽紅素等無相關(guān)性[21, 23];但也有研究顯示,慢性肝病及肝硬化患者體內(nèi)血清TPO水平與血漿白蛋白水平、PT呈正相關(guān)[24-25]。肝移植術(shù)后患者體內(nèi)TPO水平升高,將顯著增加其術(shù)后肝功能不全的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20, 26]。慢性肝病患者血清TPO水平與肝功能和殘余肝功能的檢查(如氨基比林呼氣試驗(yàn)和吲哚菁綠滯留試驗(yàn))結(jié)果呈負(fù)相關(guān)[24, 27-28]。
肝病患者肝纖維化程度與體內(nèi)TPO水平有關(guān)[29]。李琴等[30]對(duì)71例肝硬化患者進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果顯示血清TPO水平與Child-Pugh分級(jí)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Wolber等[31]也發(fā)現(xiàn),在兒童慢性肝衰竭中,失代償性肝硬化患兒的肝臟組織中TPO mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯低于代償性肝硬化患兒。另有學(xué)者報(bào)道,肝硬化患者的肝組織TPO mRNA表達(dá)水平降低[32]。此外,慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染患者經(jīng)過干擾素-α治療后,體內(nèi)TPO水平隨之升高[33]。
上述研究說明,慢性肝病患者體內(nèi)TPO水平與肝功能和肝纖維化之間有一定的相關(guān)性,TOP在將來有可能成為肝功能和肝纖維化的檢測(cè)指標(biāo)。
3 TPO及其受體激動(dòng)劑在慢性
肝病方面的治療價(jià)值
對(duì)慢性肝病血小板減少患者的治療一直是一個(gè)具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題。由于慢性肝病患者后期需要干預(yù)治療,而嚴(yán)重血小板減少癥引起患者出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,如延誤治療則影響患者預(yù)后,導(dǎo)致該類患者療效較差[27, 34]。目前對(duì)于慢性肝病伴重度血小板減少癥患者,血小板輸注是主要的治療方法[1]。但輸注血小板預(yù)防出血仍存在爭(zhēng)議,且血小板輸注受供應(yīng)的限制,可能出現(xiàn)獲得性降低和不良反應(yīng),患者獲益也不明確,均使得其在臨床使用受限。脾臟切除術(shù)、脾動(dòng)脈栓塞等因手術(shù)侵入性和并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高[35-36],僅在臨床特定患者中使用。盡管有研究表明,經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門體靜脈分流術(shù)可升高血小板水平[37],但該治療對(duì)血小板數(shù)量和慢性肝病并發(fā)癥也未顯示明顯獲益,對(duì)于控制食管靜脈曲張出血或治療難治性腹水有一定的療效[38]。
TPO作為慢性肝病血小板減少的主要機(jī)制之一,可以驅(qū)動(dòng)巨核細(xì)胞和血小板生成的細(xì)胞因子,在從干細(xì)胞到多能祖細(xì)胞、未成熟和成熟的巨核細(xì)胞,再到血小板的形成和釋放的所有階段均發(fā)揮作用[1]。隨著研究的深入,其在慢性肝病血小板減少患者中的可用性備受期待。
有研究顯示,TPO可通過增加血小板來促進(jìn)小鼠的肝臟再生[39]。對(duì)二甲基亞硝胺誘導(dǎo)的肝硬化大鼠行70%肝切除術(shù)后,單次靜脈注射TPO不僅能增加血小板計(jì)數(shù),同時(shí)肝星狀細(xì)胞的活化被抑制和肝纖維化面積減少。有研究者選用四氯化碳誘導(dǎo)肝纖維化小鼠模型,每周予腹腔內(nèi)注射TPO,5~8周后小鼠肝纖維化得到改善[40]。此外,超生理質(zhì)量濃度(>100 ng/mL)的TPO可直接啟動(dòng)體外血小板聚集和分泌,說明TPO是血小板反應(yīng)的獨(dú)立誘導(dǎo)劑[41]。近年來多項(xiàng)研究表明,TPO除了作用于造血系統(tǒng)外,對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞也有保護(hù)作用[42-43],或許TPO也可能通過非血小板機(jī)制直接作用于肝臟,但需要更多的研究加以證明。
重組人TPO(recombinant human TPO,rhTPO)氨基酸序列與內(nèi)源性TPO完全一致,但糖基化位點(diǎn)稍有差異[29]。rhTPO可明顯增加血小板數(shù)量[44-45],
在血液病患者的臨床試驗(yàn)中顯示出臨床益處,且沒有安全性問題,但因可能產(chǎn)生交叉反應(yīng)性抗體[46],目前未在臨床中廣泛使用。
TPO受體激動(dòng)劑是刺激血小板生成的藥物。它在結(jié)構(gòu)上與內(nèi)源性TPO不同,避免了自身抗體的產(chǎn)生[47]。這些藥物已在慢性血小板減少性紫癜患者和慢性肝病患者中進(jìn)行了多項(xiàng)研究。艾曲波帕(eltrombopag)和羅普司亭(romiplostim)是首先被批準(zhǔn)用于治療血液病血小板減少的二代TPO受體激動(dòng)劑,兩者在肝病相關(guān)研究中均可有效提升血小板數(shù)量[48-49],但是由于增加門靜脈血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且絕對(duì)獲益較小[50-51],并未在臨床廣泛應(yīng)用。最新一代的TPO受體激動(dòng)劑阿伐曲泊帕(avatrombopag)和蘆曲泊帕(lusutrombopag)已完成3期研究,在美國(guó)和歐洲被批準(zhǔn)用于治療接受有創(chuàng)操作的慢性肝病血小板減少患者[52-53]。在全球Ⅲ期ADAPT-1和ADAPT-2研究結(jié)果中,TPO受體激動(dòng)劑阿伐曲泊可明顯升高血小板水平,降低血小板輸注率,且與安慰劑組相比未明顯增加不良反應(yīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其安全性和有效性在真實(shí)世界研究中也得到了證實(shí)[54-55]。
有關(guān)蘆曲泊帕的有效性和安全性,也在日本進(jìn)行的2項(xiàng)L-PLUS-1和L-PLUS-2Ⅲ期研究中得到類似的結(jié)果[53, 56]。其中納入了96例重度血小板減少(血小板計(jì)數(shù)< 50×109/L)患者的隨機(jī)雙盲試驗(yàn)L-PLUS-1研究結(jié)果顯示,與安慰劑組相比,蘆曲泊帕組患者的血小板輸注率明顯下降(20.8% vs. 81.5%)。在L-PLUS-2研究中,蘆曲泊帕組患者的不良事件(包括PVT)發(fā)生率與安慰劑組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且不良反應(yīng)多為輕度或中度,主要表現(xiàn)為頭痛、腹痛、疲勞和惡心等。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析表明,TPO受體激動(dòng)劑明顯增加了術(shù)前血小板計(jì)數(shù)>50×109/L者的比例(72.1% vs. 15.6%),降低血小板輸注率(22.5% vs. 67.8%)和圍術(shù)期出血率(11.6% vs. 15.6%),且未增加血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(2.2% vs. 1.8%)[57]。在《2022年歐洲肝病學(xué)會(huì)臨床實(shí)踐指南:預(yù)防和管理肝硬化患者出血和血栓形成》中,專家建議將TPO受體激動(dòng)劑作為有創(chuàng)操作的慢性肝病血小板減少患者的一線用藥[58]。上述研究表明,TPO受體激動(dòng)劑用于慢性肝病血小板減少患者可快速、有效地升高血小板計(jì)數(shù),減少該類患者在手術(shù)或侵入性操作中的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并且具有可接受的安全性。
4 結(jié)語與展望
關(guān)于TPO在調(diào)控慢性肝病患者血小板作用的相關(guān)研究取得了一定的進(jìn)展,筆者基于已有研究針對(duì)有關(guān)肝臟TPO調(diào)控作用,提出“肝源性TPO中心的腸-肝調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)機(jī)制”這一可能性,即TPO可能通過JAK相關(guān)通路或作用于受體活化巨核細(xì)胞,來調(diào)控血小板的產(chǎn)生,同時(shí)去唾液酸化血小板又反過來調(diào)控TPO,但是具體機(jī)制尚有待開展相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。而且,有關(guān)慢性肝病患者肝臟合成TPO能力、TPO與血小板之間的交互作用及具體機(jī)制,TPO用于評(píng)估肝纖維化程度方面的研究,還有待于進(jìn)一步深入研究。基于目前已經(jīng)證實(shí)的TPO作用機(jī)制開發(fā)的TPO受體激動(dòng)劑,不僅可增加血小板數(shù)量,還可能對(duì)肝纖維化、肝再生等具有一定的作用,TPO及其新的TPO受體激動(dòng)劑臨床應(yīng)用將為慢性肝病診斷與治療開辟?gòu)V闊的空間。
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