【摘要】 目的 探討雙能量CT電子云密度(Rho)及有效原子序數(shù)(Z)在甲狀腺良惡性結(jié)節(jié)鑒別診斷中的價(jià)值。方法 回顧性分析2023年3月至12月在中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院嶺南醫(yī)院經(jīng)病理證實(shí)的68例甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)患者影像資料。68例中,良性結(jié)節(jié)31例、惡性結(jié)節(jié)37例,均于術(shù)前1周內(nèi)接受頸部CT平掃聯(lián)合增強(qiáng)雙能量掃描。利用后處理工作站重建動(dòng)脈期、靜脈期Rho及Z圖并測(cè)量其數(shù)值,比較甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)的Rho值及Z值,分析差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的雙能量參數(shù),利用受試者操作特征(ROC)曲線分析其在甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)良性與惡性中的鑒別診斷效能。結(jié)果 動(dòng)靜脈期Z值和靜脈期Rho值在甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05),動(dòng)脈期Rho值在甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),甲狀腺惡性結(jié)節(jié)的動(dòng)脈期Rho值高于良性結(jié)節(jié),其ROC曲線下面積為0.711(95%CI 0.586~0.836),靈敏度為73.0%,特異度為64.5%。當(dāng)動(dòng)脈期Rho值為38.60 Hu時(shí),其鑒別診斷效能最高。結(jié)論 雙能量CT動(dòng)脈期Rho值對(duì)甲狀腺良惡性結(jié)節(jié)的鑒別診斷有一定價(jià)值。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 雙能量CT;電子云密度圖;有效原子序數(shù);甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)
The value of dual-energy CT electron cloud density and effective atomic number in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules
ZHONG Liru, LUO Na, TANG Wenjie
(Department of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China)
Corresponding author: TANG Wenjie, E-mail: tangwenj@mail.sysu.edu.cn
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the differential diagnostic value of dual-energy CT electron cloud density (Rho) and effective atomic number (Z) between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Methods Imaging data of 68 patients with pathologically confirmed thyroid nodules at Lingnan Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from March to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 68 cases, 31 patients were diagnosed with benign thyroid nodules and 37 with malignant thyroid nodules. All patients underwent plain CT scan combined with enhanced dual-energy CT scan of the neck in the first week before surgery. The arterial-phase and venous-phase electron cloud density maps and effective atomic number maps were reconstructed in the post-processing workstation. Rho and Z values of benign and malignant thyroid nodules were compared by Mann-Whitney U test. Statistically significant dual-energy parameters were analyzed and their differential diagnostic efficiency in diagnosing benign and malignant thyroid nodules was calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Arterial- and venous-phase Z values and venous-phase Rho were not statistically significant between benign and malignant thyroid nodules (all P > 0.05), whereas arterial-phase Rho value was statistically significant between benign and malignant thyroid nodules (P < 0.05). The arterial-phase Rho of malignant thyroid nodules was higher than that of the benign thyroid nodules, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.711(95%CI 0.586-0.836), a sensitivity of 73.0%, and a specificity of 64.5%. The differential diagnostic efficiency was the highest when the arterial-phase Rho was 38.6 Hu. Conclusion Dual-energy CT arterial-phase Rho mapping has certain value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
【Key words】 Dual-energy CT; Electron cloud density; Effective atomic number; Thyroid nodule
近年來(lái),隨著我國(guó)人民健康管理意識(shí)的加強(qiáng),越來(lái)越多的甲狀腺功能減退癥及甲狀腺疾病隨著體檢的廣泛普及而被檢出。其中甲狀腺惡性腫瘤的發(fā)病率持續(xù)升高,呈年輕化趨勢(shì),已超過(guò)世界平均水平(3%),占我國(guó)新發(fā)惡性腫瘤總數(shù)的4.8%[1]。甲狀腺疾病的影像學(xué)特征復(fù)雜多變,良性與惡性病變有很多相似特征,往往造成術(shù)前診斷困難,具有較高的誤診率。甲狀腺惡性結(jié)節(jié)的治療方式主要為外科手術(shù),甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)則通常以定期隨訪或藥物治療,甲狀腺良惡性結(jié)節(jié)的鑒別可指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)師為患者提供合理的治療方案,改善患者預(yù)后,減少不必要的手術(shù)負(fù)擔(dān)[2-3]。目前診斷和鑒別甲狀腺疾病主要依靠病理學(xué)檢查和超聲、CT、核醫(yī)學(xué)等影像學(xué)檢查。然而,超聲醫(yī)師的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、主觀性診斷以及細(xì)胞學(xué)病理誤差診斷嚴(yán)重影響甲狀腺疾病檢出的效率及準(zhǔn)確率[4]。CT檢查對(duì)操作者依賴性不大,數(shù)據(jù)可重復(fù)性高,還可對(duì)胸骨后甲狀腺病變及頸部淋巴結(jié)這些超聲難以探及的部分進(jìn)行細(xì)微的檢查[5],為甲狀腺疾病的常規(guī)檢查手段。常規(guī)CT一般通過(guò)影像學(xué)特征和CT值鑒別甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的良惡性。雙能量CT基于不同物質(zhì)擁有不同X線吸收衰減系數(shù)的原理[6],除了能提供常規(guī)CT的信息外,還可以提供諸如不同能級(jí)單能量圖、混合能量圖、碘密度圖、電子云密度(electron cloud density,Rho)及有效原子序數(shù)(effective atomic number,Z)等不同參數(shù),并可對(duì)其進(jìn)行定量分析,客觀地呈現(xiàn)病變性質(zhì),為疾病的鑒別診斷提供新思路[7-9]。目前已有不少利用雙能量定量參數(shù)鑒別甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的研究[10-11],但其中涉及Z的研究相對(duì)少見(jiàn),尚未見(jiàn)Rho應(yīng)用于鑒別甲狀腺良惡性結(jié)節(jié)的相關(guān)報(bào)道。因此,本研究就雙能量CT中Rho和Z對(duì)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的良惡性鑒別診斷價(jià)值進(jìn)行初步的探索,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
回顧性分析于2023年3月至12月在中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院嶺南醫(yī)院接受甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)手術(shù)治療患者的影像學(xué)資料。病例納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)前1周內(nèi)接受雙能量CT頸部平掃+增強(qiáng)的檢查;②CT檢查前未接受藥物治療、穿刺活檢或手術(shù)治療;③有術(shù)后病理結(jié)果。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①甲狀腺?gòu)浡约膊≌?;②圖像有影響病灶觀察及測(cè)量的偽影;
③病灶最大長(zhǎng)徑< 3 mm。以術(shù)后病理結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),最終在68例年齡為41(23,72)歲的甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)患者中納入68個(gè)結(jié)節(jié)病灶。68例患者中,男12例、女56例,納入病例均為單發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)病灶,良性結(jié)節(jié)31例(結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫27例,濾泡性腺瘤4例)、惡性結(jié)節(jié)37例(甲狀腺乳頭狀癌36例,甲狀腺濾泡性癌1例)。本研究征得入組患者的知情同意,并獲得中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):中大附三醫(yī)倫Ⅱ2023-007-01)。
1.2 儀器與方法
采用德國(guó)西門(mén)子第三代Somatom Force雙源CT設(shè)備對(duì)患者進(jìn)行頸部平掃聯(lián)合增強(qiáng)雙能量掃描,掃描范圍從顱底至上縱隔。雙能量掃描參數(shù)設(shè)置:A 球管電壓為90 kV,B球管電壓為150 kV,采用實(shí)時(shí)曝光計(jì)量調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)調(diào)節(jié)管電流(100~400 mA)。通過(guò)注射碘海醇(含碘量為350 mg/mL,揚(yáng)子江藥業(yè))對(duì)患者進(jìn)行增強(qiáng)掃描,用量為1.0 mL/kg(體質(zhì)量),流速為3.0 mL/s,經(jīng)肘靜脈注射。掃描時(shí)延遲25 s采集動(dòng)脈期圖像,60 s采集靜脈期圖像,所有圖像掃描結(jié)束后傳送至后處理工作站進(jìn)行重建和測(cè)量[12]。
1.3 圖像重建與測(cè)量
選擇軟組織窗寬(300 Hu)、窗位(30 Hu)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)重建,重建層厚1.0 mm,層間距1.0 mm。將圖像傳至syngo.via工作站,重建動(dòng)脈期和靜脈期的120 kVp混合能量圖、Rho圖及Z圖。
由2名不知結(jié)節(jié)病理結(jié)果的影像科醫(yī)師(1名3年工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的住院醫(yī)師和1名8年工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的主治醫(yī)師),在動(dòng)脈期120 kVp混合能量圖中,選擇甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的最大長(zhǎng)徑橫斷面進(jìn)行感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)測(cè)量,測(cè)得Rho值和Z值。ROI面積應(yīng)覆蓋病灶的2/3以上,同時(shí)避開(kāi)出血、鈣化及囊性化區(qū)域。在2期增強(qiáng)的Rho圖及Z圖上復(fù)制ROI,最大程度保證不同期相的ROI大小、位置一致,以減少測(cè)量誤差。
1.4 樣本量估計(jì)
本研究主要以動(dòng)脈期Rho作為觀察指標(biāo),計(jì)劃使用1∶1平行對(duì)照設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,良性組的均值為35.13,惡性組為46.06,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為14.67。假設(shè)雙側(cè)α=0.05,檢驗(yàn)力為80%,采用兩樣本均數(shù)比較的公式估算出每組最小樣本量為28,考慮10%的樣本流失,初步確定每組樣本量至少為31例。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
通過(guò)SPSS 24.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。經(jīng)2名影像科醫(yī)師獨(dú)立進(jìn)行的動(dòng)脈期、靜脈期Rho值及Z值測(cè)量可靠性由組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)評(píng)估得出。采取Shapiro-Wilk法檢驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)是否符合正態(tài)分布,正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(Q1,Q3)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。當(dāng)參數(shù)差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義時(shí),采用受試者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線分析其對(duì)甲狀腺良惡性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷效能。雙側(cè)P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 雙能量CT測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性分析
在測(cè)量動(dòng)脈期、靜脈期Rho值和Z值時(shí),觀察者間的一致性較高(ICC=0.973,95%CI 0.952~0.978),觀察者內(nèi)的一致性也較高(ICC=0.967,95%CI 0.946~0.976)。
2.2 良性與惡性甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的動(dòng)靜脈期Rho值及Z值比較
雙能量CT的動(dòng)脈期、靜脈期Z值在甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05),靜脈期Rho值在甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)間比較差異也無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)的動(dòng)脈期Rho值比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。動(dòng)脈期甲狀腺惡性結(jié)節(jié)Rho值高于良性結(jié)節(jié),見(jiàn)表1、圖1。
2.3 動(dòng)脈期Rho值的ROC曲線分析
對(duì)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)動(dòng)脈期Rho值繪制ROC曲線,得出其曲線下面積(area under curve,AUC)為0.711(95%CI 0.586~0.836)。根據(jù)約登指數(shù)計(jì)算出當(dāng)動(dòng)脈期Rho值為38.60 Hu時(shí),鑒別診斷甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的效能最高,其靈敏度、特異度分別為73.0%、64.5%,見(jiàn)圖2。
3 討 論
影像學(xué)??漆t(yī)師在對(duì)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)進(jìn)行鑒別診斷時(shí),如僅憑常規(guī)CT影像所提供的信息,容易因?yàn)橹饔^性強(qiáng)、觀察者差異較大、部分甲狀腺良性和惡性結(jié)節(jié)的影像組學(xué)特征較為相似等造成漏診或誤診,導(dǎo)致相關(guān)診斷的準(zhǔn)確性并不高。雙能量CT在減少受檢者輻射劑量的同時(shí)又能保證圖像質(zhì)量[13],其通過(guò)不同的定量參數(shù)對(duì)組織成分進(jìn)行分離、鑒別[14],為鑒別診斷提供了一種快速無(wú)創(chuàng)、客觀、定量的方法,在臨床中得到廣泛應(yīng)用[15]。既往對(duì)雙能量CT在病變的鑒別診斷研究,較多關(guān)注碘濃度[16-17],對(duì)其他定量參數(shù)如Rho及Z等認(rèn)識(shí)不深、探索較少。Rho和Z可反映物質(zhì)的化學(xué)成分與物理特性[18],在鑒別物質(zhì)成分的準(zhǔn)確度及有效性均有報(bào)道[19-20],目前主要應(yīng)用于放射治療療效評(píng)價(jià)、結(jié)石成分分析及胸腹部腫瘤良性與惡性的鑒別[21-23]。筆者尚未查及Rho應(yīng)用在甲狀腺病變的鑒別診斷的相關(guān)報(bào)道,為此本研究就Rho和Z對(duì)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的鑒別診斷價(jià)值進(jìn)行初步探索。
Rho可代表物質(zhì)單位體積內(nèi)電子的密度。Yamamoto等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞豐富的區(qū)域的電子密度值高,邱建升等[25]報(bào)道惡性肺結(jié)節(jié)Rho值高于良性結(jié)節(jié),本研究結(jié)果與之相似,即惡性結(jié)節(jié)動(dòng)脈期Rho值高于良性結(jié)節(jié)。在本研究的68例中,良性結(jié)節(jié)主要為結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫,惡性結(jié)節(jié)則基本為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(36例甲狀腺乳頭狀癌,1例甲狀腺濾泡性癌)。甲狀腺乳頭狀癌在顯微鏡下通常表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞分裂、增殖明顯增多,細(xì)胞密集排列擁擠,部分重疊或群聚;而結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫在可伴有部分纖維組織增生和局部囊性變化的同時(shí),常表現(xiàn)為甲狀腺濾泡上皮增生或擴(kuò)張,大量膠質(zhì)充盈于細(xì)胞內(nèi),濾泡大小不一,無(wú)擠壓現(xiàn)象[26]。甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)的組織病理學(xué)差異可能是本研究中動(dòng)脈期惡性結(jié)節(jié)Rho值高于良性結(jié)節(jié)的原因。至于本研究中靜脈期甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)Rho值比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,則可能為Rho與CT值有密切關(guān)系的原因[27]。既往程留慧等[28]及Lee等[29]3/DR0InV4K8KChH2+8rzFg==研究發(fā)現(xiàn),甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)比惡性結(jié)節(jié)具有更高的攝碘能力。靜脈期甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)攝取了對(duì)比劑,使得CT值升高,測(cè)量結(jié)果存在誤差。對(duì)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)動(dòng)脈期Rho值行ROC曲線分析其鑒別效能,其AUC為0.711,當(dāng)動(dòng)脈期Rho閾值為38.60 Hu時(shí),鑒別診斷效能最高,靈敏度為73.0%,特異度為64.5%。動(dòng)脈期Rho值鑒別診斷甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)的AUC大于0.7,提示具有一定診斷效能,結(jié)果表明動(dòng)脈期Rho值有助于鑒別診斷甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的良惡性。
本研究中,甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)的動(dòng)脈期、靜脈期Z值比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,則與張冬燕[30]研究結(jié)果一致。甲狀腺本身含碘量高且血管極為豐富,碘作為一種高原子序數(shù)元素,對(duì)于Z值影響較大,而增強(qiáng)掃描圖像受甲狀腺本身碘含量及結(jié)節(jié)攝取對(duì)比劑的影響,很可能是本研究中甲狀腺良性與惡性結(jié)節(jié)間Z值比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的原因 。
本研究的局限性:① 納入樣本量較少,病種較為單一,僅按照結(jié)節(jié)的良惡性進(jìn)行鑒別診斷研究;② 未與超聲、磁共振成像等檢查技術(shù)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析;③ 由于本研究為回顧性研究,納入病例平掃為常規(guī)CT掃描方式,未能采集平掃雙能量相關(guān)序列數(shù)據(jù),故未能選擇平掃的Rho及Z進(jìn)行分析,從而避免碘濃度的影響。未來(lái)應(yīng)納入前瞻性研究,選擇平掃的Rho及Z進(jìn)行分析,以排除對(duì)比劑對(duì)測(cè)量結(jié)果的影響。
綜上所述,在雙能量CT增強(qiáng)掃描甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)時(shí),測(cè)量動(dòng)脈期Rho值能夠?yàn)樾g(shù)前快速無(wú)創(chuàng)鑒別診斷甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的良惡性提供幫助。該方法對(duì)于臨床醫(yī)師在甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)治療方案的選擇、預(yù)后評(píng)估具有一定參考價(jià)值。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1] SUNG H, FERLAY J, SIEGEL R L, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249. DOI: 10.3322/caac.
21660.
[2] ALEXANDER E K, DOHERTY G M, BARLETTA J A. Management of thyroid nodules[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2022, 10(7): 540-548. DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00139-5.
[3] 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)醫(yī)政醫(yī)管局. 甲狀腺癌診療指南(2022年版)[J]. 中國(guó)實(shí)用外科雜志, 2022, 42(12): 1343-1357, 1363. DOI: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2022.12.02.
National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China Medical Administration and Hospital Administration. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid carcinoma[J]. Chin J Pract Surg, 2022, 42(12): 1343-1357, 1363. DOI: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2022.12.02.
[4] LI L R, DU B, LIU H Q, et al. Artificial intelligence for personalized medicine in thyroid cancer: current status and future perspectives[J]. Front Oncol, 2020, 10: 604051. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604051.
[5] 楊鵬, 武志峰. 基于CT圖像影像組學(xué)模型對(duì)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)良惡性預(yù)測(cè)的研究[J]. 中國(guó)CT和MRI雜志, 2023, 21(1): 47-49. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2023.01.016.
YANG P, WU Z F. Study on the malignant prediction of thyroid nodules based on CT image imaging method[J]. Chin J CT MRI, 2023, 21(1): 47-49. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.
1672-5131.2023.01.016.
[6] GREFFIER J, VILLANI N, DEFEZ D, et al. Spectral CT imaging: Technical principles of dual-energy CT and multi-energy photon-counting CT[J]. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2023, 104(4): 167-177. DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2022.11.003.
[7] 柴嵐, 徐森胤, 袁放, 等. 肌骨超聲與能譜CT對(duì)急性痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎首次發(fā)作尿酸鹽結(jié)晶沉積的檢測(cè)價(jià)值[J]. 新醫(yī)學(xué), 2022, 53(10): 727-732. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.
2022.10.005
CHAI L, XU S Y, YUAN F, et al. The application value of musculoskeletal ultrasound and dualenergy CT for monosodium urate crystals during the first episode of acute gouty arthritis[J].
J New Med, 2022, 53(10): 727-732. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2022.10.005.
[8] KRUIS M F. Improving radiation physics, tumor visualisation, and treatment quantification in radiotherapy with spectral or dual-energy CT[J]. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 2022, 23(1): e13468. DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13468.
[9] CHAKRABARTI R, GUPTA V, VYAS S, et al. Correlation of dual energy computed tomography electron density measurements with cerebral glioma grade[J]. Neuroradiol J 2022, 35(3): 352-362. DOI: 10.1177/19714009211047455.
[10] TOMITA H, KUNO H, SEKIYA K, et al. Quantitative assessment of thyroid nodules using dual-energy computed tomography: iodine concentration measurement and multiparametric texture analysis for differentiating between malignant and benign lesions[J]. Int J Endocrinol, 2020, 2020: 5484671. DOI: 10.1155/2020/5484671.
[11] BUNCH P M, PAVLINA A A, LIPFORD M E, et al. Dual-energy parathyroid 4D-CT: improved discrimination of parathyroid lesions from thyroid tissue using noncontrast 40-keV virtual monoenergetic images[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2021, 42(11): 2001-2008. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A7265.
[12] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)放射學(xué)分會(huì)頭頸學(xué)組. 甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)影像檢查流程專家共識(shí) [J]. 中華放射學(xué)雜志,2016,50 (12): 911-915. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2016.12.003.
Chinese Medical Association Chinese Society of Radiology Head and Neck Group. Imaging flow consensus of thyroid nodules[J]. Chin J Radiol, 2016,50(12): 911-915. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2016.12.003.
[13] FORGHANI R. An update on advanced dual-energy CT for head and neck cancer imaging[J]. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2019, 19(7): 633-644. DOI: 10.1080/14737140.
2019.1626234.
[14] MCCOLLOUGH C H, BOEDEKER K, CODY D, et al. Principles and applications of multienergy CT: report of AAPM task group 291[J]. Med Phys, 2020, 47(7): e881-e912. DOI: 10.1002/mp.14157.
[15] HAMID S, NASIR M U, SO A, et al. Clinical applications of dual-energy CT[J]. Korean J Radiol, 2021, 22(6): 970-982. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2020.0996.
[16] LI F, HUANG F, LIU C, et al. Parameters of dual-energy CT for the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules and the indirect prediction of lymph node metastasis in thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective diagnostic study[J]. Gland Surg, 2022, 11(5): 913-926. DOI: 10.21037/gs-22-262.
[17] 陳杰, 田慧, 任永芳. 雙源CT能譜曲線和碘含量測(cè)定在腎臟小腫瘤良、惡性鑒別診斷中的應(yīng)用[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)療設(shè)備, 2022, 37(8): 114-117. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-1633.
2022.08.023.
CHEN J, TIAN H, REN Y F. Application of dual-source CT energy spectrum curve and iodine content determination in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant renal tumors[J]. China Med Devices, 2022, 37(8): 114-117. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-1633.2022.08.023.
[18] JUMANAZAROV D, ALIMOVA A, ABDIKARIMOV A, et al. Material classification using basis material decomposition from spectral X-ray CT[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2023, 1056: 168637. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2023.168637.
[19] MEI K, EHN S, OECHSNER M, et al. Dual-layer spectral computed tomography: measuring relative electron density[J]. Eur Radiol Exp, 2018, 2: 20. DOI: 10.1186/s41747-018-0051-8.
[20] HUA C H, SHAPIRA N, MERCHANT T E, et al. Accuracy of electron density, effective atomic number, and iodine concentration determination with a dual-layer dual-energy computed tomography system[J]. Med Phys, 2018, 45(6): 2486-2497. DOI: 10.1002/mp.12903.
[21] OHIRA S, WASHIO H, YAGI M, et al. Estimation of electron density, effective atomic number and stopping power ratio using dual-layer computed tomography for radiotherapy treatment planning[J]. Phys Med, 2018, 56: 34-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.11.008.
[22] 李健文, 周長(zhǎng)圣, 張龍江, 等. 雙能量CT電子云密度/等效原子系數(shù)(Rho/Z)在小腎癌中的應(yīng)用[J]. 放射學(xué)實(shí)踐, 2019, 34(2): 163-166. DOI: 10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2019.02.010.
LI J W, ZHOU C S, ZHANG L J, et al. The utility of Rho/Z value derived of dual-energy computed tomography for differentiation of small clear-from non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma[J]. Radiol Pract, 2019, 34(2): 163-166. DOI: 10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2019.02.010.
[23] 徐馳杰, 孔玲玲, 鄧小毅. 雙能量CT電子云密度/有效原子序數(shù)在成骨型轉(zhuǎn)移瘤與骨島中的鑒別診斷價(jià)值[J]. 腫瘤影像學(xué), 2022, 31(4): 403-408. DOI: 10.19732/j.cnki.2096-
6210.2022.04.009.
XU C J, KONG L L, DENG X Y. The utility of electron density/effective atomic number value in dual energy computed tomography for differentiation of osteoblastic metastases and bone islands[J]. Oncoradiology, 2022, 31(4): 403-408. DOI: 10.19732/j.cnki.2096-6210.2022.04.009.
[24] YAMAMOTO S, KAMEI S, TOMITA K, et al. CT-guided bone biopsy using electron density maps from dual-energy CT[J]. Radiol Case Rep, 2021, 16(9): 2343-2346. DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.06.009.
[25] 邱建升, 辛小燕, 楊雯, 等. 雙層探測(cè)器光譜CT單能量圖像及電子云密度圖鑒別診斷肺磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)良性與惡性的價(jià)值[J]. 中華放射學(xué)雜志, 2022, 56(2): 175-181. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20210205-00102.
QIU J S, XIN X Y, YANG W, et al. The value of virtual monoenergetic images and electron density map derived from dual-layer spectral detector CT in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary ground glass nodules[J]. Chin J Radiol, 2022, 56(2): 175-181. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20210205-00102.
[26] ALAM M Q, PANDEY P, RALLI M, et al. Comparative analysis of cytomorphology of thyroid lesion on conventional cytology versus liquid-based cytology and categorize the lesions according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology[J]. J Cancer Res Ther, 2022, 18(Suppl 2): S259-S266. DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1933_21.
[27] YANG M, WOHLFAHRT P, SHEN C, et al. Dual- and multi-energy CT for particle stopping-power estimation: current state, challenges and potential[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2023, 68(4): 04TR01. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acabfa.
[28] 程留慧, 竇允龍, 黃方方, 等. 雙源CT雙能量成像在甲狀腺良惡性結(jié)節(jié)鑒別中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[J]. 臨床放射學(xué)雜志, 2023, 42(6): 915-919. DOI: 10.13437/j.cnki.jcr.2023.06.032.
CHENG L H, DOU Y L, HUANG F F, et al. Dual source CT dual energy imaging in differential diagnosing benign and malignant thyroid nodules[J]. J Clin Radiol, 2023, 42(6): 915-919. DOI: 10.13437/j.cnki.jcr.2023.06.032.
[29] LEE D H, LEE Y H, SEO H S, et al. Dual-energy CT iodine quantification for characterizing focal thyroid lesions[J]. Head Neck, 2019, 41(4): 1024-1031. DOI: 10.1002/hed.25524.
[30] 張冬燕. CT能譜成像技術(shù)在甲狀腺良惡性結(jié)節(jié)鑒別診斷中的價(jià)值[J].中國(guó)CT和MRI雜志, 2023, 21(7): 33-34. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2023.07.011.
ZHANG D Y. Value of CT spectral imaging in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules[J]. Chin J CT MRI,2023, 21(7): 33-34. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2023.07.011.
(責(zé)任編輯:林燕薇)