摘 要: 旨在探究miR-127對綿羊骨骼肌成肌細胞增殖與分化的影響,并通過鑒定miR-127上游核心啟動子區(qū)域篩選調(diào)控其表達的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。本研究以體外分離培養(yǎng)的小尾寒羊胎羊骨骼肌原代成肌細胞為試驗材料,過表達或干擾miR-127后,采用RT-qPCR、EdU染色、流式細胞儀分析、免疫熒光染色等方法探究miR-127對綿羊成肌細胞增殖、凋亡和分化的影響?;谏镄畔W(xué)分析和雙熒光素酶報告試驗預(yù)測并鑒定綿羊miR-127核心啟動子區(qū)域及其轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。結(jié)果表明,在綿羊成肌細胞中過表達miR-127后,促進了細胞增殖相關(guān)基因PCNA、CDK4的表達(Plt;0.01);抑制了細胞凋亡相關(guān)基因Caspase3、BAX的表達(Plt;0.05);EdU結(jié)果顯示,綿羊成肌細胞中過表達miR-127后,細胞陽性率顯著提升(Plt;0.05);流式細胞儀分析顯示,miR-127過表達可顯著增加成肌細胞S期和G2期細胞比例并減少成肌細胞的凋亡。在細胞分化試驗中,過表達miR-127顯著增加了成肌細胞分化相關(guān)基因MYOD1和MYHC mRNA的表達水平(Plt;0.05),顯著增加了MYHC的陽性肌管面積(Plt;0.05)。抑制miR-127表達則出現(xiàn)與上述相反的結(jié)果。這些結(jié)果表明,miR-127顯著促進了綿羊成肌細胞增殖、分化,并抑制其凋亡。為進一步揭示調(diào)控miR-127表達的調(diào)控因子,雙熒光素酶活性檢測結(jié)果顯示,miR-127上游1 500~1 800 bp(miR-127-P6)區(qū)段活性最高,推斷其為miR-127的核心啟動子區(qū)。生物信息學(xué)預(yù)測表明,在miR-127核心啟動子區(qū)存在一個與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3的結(jié)合位點。在綿羊成肌細胞中過表達轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3后,miR-127啟動子活性和miR-127的表達均極顯著增加(Plt;0.01)。本研究表明,綿羊miR-127顯著促進綿羊骨骼肌成肌細胞增殖分化,減少了成肌細胞凋亡,進而參與骨骼肌成肌細胞的發(fā)育過程;進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),綿羊miR-127上游的1 500~1 800 bp是其核心啟動子區(qū),轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3正向調(diào)節(jié)miR-127的轉(zhuǎn)錄。本研究為進一步探究綿羊肌肉生長發(fā)育性狀的分子機制提供了理論參考。
關(guān)鍵詞: 綿羊;成肌細胞增殖分化;miR-127;轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3
中圖分類號:S826.2
文獻標志碼:A
文章編號: 0366-6964(2024)09-3864-12
miR-127 Regulated the Proliferation and Differentiation of Sheep Skeletal Myoblasts
and Its Transcription Factor PAX3 Screening
JIA" Yuhang" GUO" Liangfu3, ZHANG" Runan1, ZHAO" Ayong2, LIU" Yufang1*, CHU" Mingxing1*
(1.State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193," China;
2.College of Animal
Science and Technology· College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and
Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300," China; 3.Yuncheng County Animal Husbandry
Service Center, Yuncheng 274700," China)
Abstract:" The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of miR-127 on the skeletal myoblast proliferation and differentiation in sheep, and to screen for transcription factors that regulate the expression of miR-127 by identifying its upstream core promoter region. In this study, primary skeletal muscle myoblasts of small-tailed Han fetal sheep were used as experimental materials. After overexpression or inhibition of miR-127, the RT-qPCR, EdU staining, flow cytometry analysis, and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the effects of miR-127 on the proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of sheep myoblasts. The bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporting assay were used to predict and identify the sheep miR-127 core promoter region and its transcription factors. The results showed that overexpression of miR-127 in sheep myoblasts promoted the expression of cell proliferation related genes PCNA and CDK4 (Plt;0.01), and inhibited the expressions of cell apoptosis related genes Caspase3 and BAX (Plt;0.05). EdU results showed that the positive rate of sheep myoblasts was significantly increased after miR-127 overexpression (Plt;0.05). Flow cytometry analysis showed that overexpression of miR-127 significantly increased the proportion of S and G2 phase myoblasts and decreased the apoptosis of myoblasts. In the cell differentiation assay, overexpression of miR-127 significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of myoblast differentiation related genes MYOD1 and MYHC (Plt;0.05), and significantly increased the MYHC positive myotube area (Plt;0.05). The opposite result was found after miR-127 inhibition. In order to further reveal the regulatory factors regulating the expression of miR-127, the dual luciferase activity assay showed that the 1 500-1 800 bp (miR-127-P6) region upstream of miR-127 had the highest activity, which was inferred to be the core promoter region of miR-127. Bioinformatics predictions revealed a site in the core promoter region of miR-127 that bound to the transcription factor PAX3. Overexpression of the transcription factor PAX3 in sheep myoblasts significantly increased the promoter activity and the expression of miR-127 (Plt;0.01). This study showed that sheep miR-127 significantly promoted the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts and reduced their apoptosis, which participated in their development process. Further studies showed that 1 500-1 800 bp upstream was the core promoter region of sheep miR-127, and the transcription factor PAX3 positively regulated the transcription of miR-127. This study provided a theoretical reference for further exploring the molecular mechanism of sheep muscle growth and development.
Key words: sheep; myoblast proliferation and differentiation; miR-127; transcription factor PAX3
*Corresponding authors:LIU Yufang, E-mail: aigaiy@126.com; CHU Mingxing, E-mail:mxchu@263.net
骨骼肌細胞的增殖和分化對于畜禽生產(chǎn)具有重要意義[1-2]。在畜禽生產(chǎn)中,肌肉生長和發(fā)育直接影響著肉類的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。了解成肌細胞增殖和分化的機制可以幫助人們控制肌肉生長速度,提高肉類產(chǎn)量,同時改善肌肉質(zhì)量,提高肉類的營養(yǎng)價值和口感。肌肉細胞的生長發(fā)育受眾多基因、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子及短鏈非編碼RNA的調(diào)控[3-5]。microRNA(miRNA)是一種細胞內(nèi)源性長度約18~24 bp的非編碼且高度保守的RNA[6],已被發(fā)現(xiàn)參與動植物生長發(fā)育的各個環(huán)節(jié)。大量研究表明,miRNA作為反式作用因子,通過靶向靶基因的3′UTR區(qū)域在不同物種的骨骼肌細胞增殖分化過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。在小鼠這類模式動物中,miRNA調(diào)控肌肉生長發(fā)育的研究開展較為廣泛,研究人員利用分子生物學(xué)試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-143通過負向調(diào)控IGFBP5(insulin like growth factor binding protein 5)基因的表達在小鼠肌肉發(fā)生過程中發(fā)揮作用[7]。在家禽的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),雞骨骼肌衛(wèi)星細胞的增殖和分化受到miR-21-5p轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)節(jié)KLF3(KLF transcription factor 3)表達的影響,而成肌細胞的增殖和分化則與miR-320-3p靶向CFL2(cofilin 2)調(diào)節(jié)肌動蛋白重塑有關(guān)[8-9]。在反芻動物中,miR-377負調(diào)控 FHL2(four and a half LIM domains 2)抑制牛骨骼肌衛(wèi)星細胞的增殖和分化[10],而miR-27b則通過靶向MSTN(myostatin)促進了綿羊骨骼肌衛(wèi)星細胞增殖[11]。以上這些研究均表明miRNA在畜禽肌肉生長發(fā)育中發(fā)揮著重要作用。
miRNA是在mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄過程中伴隨產(chǎn)生的,針對miRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄過程及其轉(zhuǎn)錄因子進行了大量的研究。在小鼠胚胎發(fā)育過程中,胚胎干細胞中Cyclin E的高水平表達可歸因于轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Esrrb(estrogen related receptor beta)的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活以及與其負調(diào)控子miR-15a的協(xié)同作用[12]。在小鼠C1C12細胞中,miR-1a-3p、miR-206-3p、miR-24-3p和miR-486-5p可通過靶向轉(zhuǎn)錄因子MRTF-A(myocardin related transcription factor A)的3′UTR區(qū)域調(diào)控小鼠成肌細胞的分化[13]。在肌肉細胞分化過程中,成肌轉(zhuǎn)錄因子MyoD(myogenic differentiation)通過與miR-206啟動子結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)miR-206表達上調(diào)來增加肌肉細胞分化[14]。本課題組前期綿羊肌肉全轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序結(jié)果表明,在相同飼養(yǎng)條件下,miR-127在產(chǎn)肉率高的蘇尼特羊背最長肌組織中的表達水平顯著高于產(chǎn)肉率低的小尾寒羊,推測其在綿羊成肌細胞增殖分化過程中發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用。因此,本試驗分離了綿羊原代成肌細胞,通過干擾/過表達調(diào)控成肌細胞中miR-127的表達水平,探究了miR-127對體外綿羊成肌細胞增殖分化的作用以及調(diào)控其轉(zhuǎn)錄的上游通路,為進一步揭示miRNA在綿羊肌肉生長發(fā)育性狀中的分子機制及高產(chǎn)肉量綿羊培育提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試驗材料
DMEM培養(yǎng)基、opti-MEM減血清培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清(FBS)、馬血清(HS)、PBS磷酸緩沖液、0.25%胰蛋白酶、青霉素、鏈霉素均購自Gibco公司;LipofectamineTM 2000購自Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;全RNA提取試劑盒購自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;PBST、DAPI、多聚甲醛、DNA 含量檢測試劑盒(細胞周期)購自Solarbio 公司;BeyoClick EdU-594細胞增殖檢測試劑盒、Annexin V-FITC細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒購自上海碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司;Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay Kit、HiScript III All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR、Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix購自南京諾唯贊生物科技有限公司。
1.2 綿羊成肌細胞分離、培養(yǎng)與鑒定
綿羊胚胎試驗樣品來自天津市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院動物實驗基地,將10只生長時期一致的新鮮小尾寒羊胚胎經(jīng)生理鹽水(0.9%)沖洗后低溫保存帶回實驗室,采集胎羊背最長肌,在PBS濕潤環(huán)境下使用無菌剪刀剔除血管及結(jié)締組織,將剩余的肌肉組織剪成肉糜狀,加入適量胰蛋白酶放入搖床4 ℃消化過夜,消化結(jié)束后依次過70 μm和40 μm細胞篩,過濾液1 000 r·min-1離心10 min,取適量完全培養(yǎng)基重懸細胞沉淀后轉(zhuǎn)移至10 cm2細胞培養(yǎng)皿,放置于37 ℃、5% CO2的細胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。利用免疫熒光法鑒定成肌細胞純度,將細胞懸液接種在內(nèi)置細胞爬片的6孔板中,培養(yǎng)至細胞密度達到70%時,加入4%多聚甲醛固定20 min,PBS洗滌5 min×3次,采用0.1%(TritonX-100)4 ℃通透15 min,PBS 洗滌5 min×3次;5%羊血清室溫封閉30 min,除去封閉液滴加一抗Desmin,4 ℃孵育過夜;次日PBST洗滌5 min×3次,避光滴加二抗(goat anti-rabbit IgG),室溫孵育2 h,PBST洗滌5 min×3次;DAPI復(fù)染細胞核5 min,用PBS洗滌5 min×3次,滴加抗熒光猝滅劑封片,鏡檢,采集圖像。
1.3 綿羊成肌細胞誘導(dǎo)分化
取正常培養(yǎng)的綿羊成肌細胞接種于6孔板,待細胞匯合度達到90%,更換為分化培養(yǎng)基(含2%馬血清的高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基),誘導(dǎo)分化7 d,觀察綿羊成肌細胞的分化情況。
1.4 質(zhì)粒構(gòu)建
根據(jù)PAX3(Paired Box 3)的CDS區(qū)序列設(shè)計合成pcDNA3.1-PAX3過表達載體;根據(jù)oar-miR-127的序列設(shè)計合成oar-miR-127的模擬物(mimics)和抑制劑(inhibitor),載體序列信息見表1,載體均在上海吉瑪制藥技術(shù)有限公司合成。
1.5 基因表達水平檢測
將成肌細胞接種于6孔板,細胞密度生長到70%時分別轉(zhuǎn)染miR-127 mimics和mimics NC、miR-127 inhibitor、inhibitor NC至成肌細胞中,每組試驗3個生物學(xué)重復(fù),6 h后更換為完全培養(yǎng)基,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h后收集細胞,根據(jù)天根總RNA提取試劑盒說明(天根,北京)提取細胞總RNA,用HiScript III All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR反轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,最后利用Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix以cDNA為模板進行RT-qPCR,檢測成肌細胞增殖相關(guān)基因PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen)和CDK4(cyclin dependent kinase 4)的表達水平、成肌細胞凋亡相關(guān)基因BAX(BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator)和caspase3(CASP3)的表達水平、成肌細胞分化相關(guān)基因MYOD1(myogenic differentiation)和MYHC表達水平,分別以U6和β-actin(actin beta)作為miR-127及目的基因內(nèi)參,采用2-ΔΔCt法計算相對表達量。引物序列信息見表2。
1.6 EdU檢測細胞增殖
將成肌細胞接種于6孔板中,待其密度生長到70%,轉(zhuǎn)染miR-127 mimics、mimics NC、miR-127 inhibitor、inhibitor NC質(zhì)粒,每組試驗3個生物學(xué)重復(fù),48 h后按照BeyoClickTMEdU-594細胞增殖檢測試劑盒說明書對細胞進行相應(yīng)處理,染色完成后每個樣品隨機選擇3個視野,在熒光顯微鏡下進行細胞計數(shù),計算增殖率。
增殖率=(新增殖的細胞數(shù)/細胞總數(shù))×100%。
1.7 流式細胞儀檢測細胞周期與凋亡
在6孔板中接種成肌細胞,當細胞密度達到70%時分別轉(zhuǎn)染miR-127 mimics、mimics NC、miR-127 inhibitor、inhibitor NC,每組試驗3個生物學(xué)重復(fù),48 h收集細胞,采用DNA 含量檢測試劑盒(細胞周期)檢測各組細胞周期情況。利用Annexin V-FITC細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒檢測細胞凋亡情況。使用BD Accuri C6流式細胞儀檢測細胞周期和細胞凋亡率。每個樣品3個重復(fù),試驗結(jié)果使用BD FlowJoTM軟件進行分析。
1.8 綿羊miR-127啟動子區(qū)域克隆
根據(jù)NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫下載綿羊miR-127(ENSOARG00020018632,chromosome 18, NC_056071.1∶63420419-63422419)基因組序列,利用Primer Premier 5.0設(shè)計綿羊miR-127啟動子的上、下游引物(表3),并以小尾寒羊成肌細胞基因組DNA為模板擴增miR-127啟動子片段。PCR產(chǎn)物送生工生物工程上海股份有限公司測序。
1.9 熒光素酶載體構(gòu)建
將PCR擴增得到的miR-127啟動子序列分別截短,交由上海吉瑪制藥技術(shù)有限公司合成。在截短片段上、下游分別引入限制性內(nèi)切酶Mlu I和Xho I酶切位點,將不同長度的片段序列連接至pGL3-Basic載體上,將連接產(chǎn)物轉(zhuǎn)化細菌感受態(tài)細胞,對長出的克隆先進行酶切鑒定,證明目的基因已經(jīng)定向連入目的載體。對陽性克隆進行測序和分析比對,比對正確的即為構(gòu)建成功的目的基因表達質(zhì)粒載體。將構(gòu)建好的質(zhì)粒載體進行超純?nèi)?nèi)毒素抽提。抽提后的質(zhì)粒用于細胞轉(zhuǎn)染,測定濃度后于-20 ℃保存。
1.10 熒光素酶活性檢測
將分離獲得的綿羊成肌細胞接種到24孔板,待細胞密度達到70%,共轉(zhuǎn)染pGL3-Basic和miR-127啟動子重組質(zhì)粒,使用 Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay Kit試劑盒,按照生產(chǎn)商的說明進行熒光素酶活性檢測。每組3個重復(fù),轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后用PBS洗滌細胞兩次,加入1×Cell Lysis Buffer,振搖裂解5 min,吹打并吸取細胞裂解產(chǎn)物至1.5 mL離心管中,11 200 r·min-1 (12 000×g)常溫離心2 min,取上清用于后續(xù)檢測。取100 μL平衡至室溫的Luciferase Substrate加入酶標板中,小心吸取20 μL細胞裂解上清至酶標板孔中,迅速混勻后立即于酶標儀中檢測 Firefly luciferase報告基因活性,在以上反應(yīng)液中加入100 μL新鮮配制的Renilla substrate工作液,迅速混勻后立即于酶標儀中檢測Renilla luciferase報告基因活性,計算各孔的螢火蟲發(fā)光與Renilla發(fā)光比值,將樣品孔比值與對照組比值進行歸一化處理。
1.11 miR-127核心啟動子區(qū)域轉(zhuǎn)錄因子預(yù)測
使用AnimalTFDB v4.0(http://bioinfo.life.hust.edu.cn/AnimalTFDB4/#/)預(yù)測與綿羊miR-127核心啟動子區(qū)域可能結(jié)合的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子及其結(jié)合位點。
1.12 統(tǒng)計分析
試驗結(jié)果利用SPSS 19進行統(tǒng)計分析,并使用軟件GraphPad Prism 9.0做柱狀圖,熒光定量PCR結(jié)果以GAPDH作為內(nèi)參使用2-ΔΔct計算基因的相對表達量;利用獨立樣本t檢驗對兩組試驗數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析;利用單因素方差分析對多組試驗數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計處理,所有結(jié)果以“平均數(shù)±標準差(Mean±SD)”表示,Plt;0.05和Plt;0.01表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 綿羊骨骼肌成肌細胞分離、培養(yǎng)與鑒定
分離得到的原代成肌細胞呈紡錘形,形態(tài)均一(圖1A)。對培養(yǎng)的成肌細胞進行誘導(dǎo)分化,結(jié)果顯示誘導(dǎo)分化7 d后,細胞開始融合產(chǎn)生大量肌管(圖1B)。對分離得到的原代成肌細胞進行免疫熒光鑒定,結(jié)果顯示成肌細胞標志基因Desmin在細胞中大量表達(圖1C)。由此說明,本研究所分離獲得的是高純度的綿羊成肌細胞可用于后續(xù)試驗研究。
2.2 miR-127對綿羊成肌細胞增殖的影響
為了研究miR-127對綿羊成肌細胞增殖的影響,將構(gòu)建的miR-127 mimics、mimics NC、miR-127 inhibitor、inhibitor NC質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染至綿羊成肌細胞,48 h后提取細胞總RNA,利用RT-qPCR檢測miR-127表達水平,結(jié)果顯示構(gòu)建的miR-127 mimics、miR-127 inhibitor質(zhì)粒分別過表達和抑制了miR-127的表達(Plt;0.01,圖2A)。EdU結(jié)果顯示,過表達miR-127顯著促進了成肌細胞增殖,抑制其表達后則相反(Plt;0.05,圖2B)。RT-qPCR結(jié)果顯示,在綿羊成肌細胞中過表達miR-127后,細胞增殖標志基因PCNA和CDK4的表達水平顯著增加(Plt;0.01,圖2C),S期和G2期細胞數(shù)量增加,G1期細胞數(shù)量減少(圖2D),抑制其表達后則相反。
2.3 miR-127對綿羊成肌細胞凋亡的影響
過表達miR-127顯著降低了綿羊成肌細胞中BAX和caspase3的表達水平(Plt;0.05,圖3A),抑制其表達后則相反。此外,通過細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒進一步評估了miR-127對綿羊成肌細胞凋亡的影響。流式細胞儀分析結(jié)果顯示,miR-127 mimics組凋亡率(9.2%)明顯低于mimics NC組(12.5%),而miR-127 inhibitor組凋亡率(13.3.%)明顯高于inhibitor NC組(10.9%)(圖3B)。
2.4 miR-127對成肌細胞分化的影響
不同處理組綿羊成肌細胞誘導(dǎo)分化結(jié)果顯示,過表達miR-127后明顯促進了綿羊成肌細胞肌管的形成,肌管數(shù)量及大小明顯提升(圖4A),成肌細胞分化標志基因MYHC(myosin heavy chain)的熒光強度顯著增加(Plt;0.05,圖4B),成肌細胞分化標志基因MYOD1和MYHC的表達水平顯著升高(Plt;0.05,圖4C)。抑制 miR-127表達后則相反。
2.5 綿羊miR-127核心啟動子區(qū)鑒定
根據(jù)擴增的miR-127啟動子序列,利用pGL3-Basic質(zhì)粒構(gòu)建miR-127上游啟動子區(qū)不同長度片段的熒光素酶表達質(zhì)粒,分別為miR-127-P1(0/+300 bp)、miR-127-P2(0/+600 bp)、miR-127-P3(0/+900 bp)、miR-127-P4(0/+1 200 bp)、miR-127-P5(0/+1 500 bp)、miR-127-P6(0/+1 800 bp)和miR-127-P7(0/+2 000 bp)。將不同長度片段的熒光素酶報告質(zhì)粒分別轉(zhuǎn)染至綿羊成肌細胞中,48 h后收集細胞,檢測雙熒光素酶活性。結(jié)果顯示,miR-127-P6的熒光素酶活性極顯著高于空載體pGL3-Basic和其他片段,表明該片段為綿羊miR-127上游的核心啟動子(Plt;0.01,圖5A)。利用在線軟件AnimalTFDB v4.0預(yù)測了綿羊miR-127-P6序列中有轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3的結(jié)合位點(圖5B)。
2.6 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3促進綿羊miR-127在成肌細胞中的轉(zhuǎn)錄
將構(gòu)建的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3過表達質(zhì)粒與miR-127-P6質(zhì)粒共轉(zhuǎn)染至綿羊成肌細胞中,48 h后收集細胞檢測雙熒光素酶活性。結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3過表達后綿羊成肌細胞中miR-127-P6啟動子活性顯著升高(Plt;0.01,圖6A),同時檢測到miR-127的表達水平也極顯著上調(diào)(Plt;0.01,圖6B)。上述結(jié)果表明,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3可促進綿羊成肌細胞中miR-217轉(zhuǎn)錄。
3 討 論
miRNA在骨骼肌的肌源性分化和肌肉再生中發(fā)揮作用,如miR-133介導(dǎo)的Hedgehog通路調(diào)控協(xié)調(diào)胚胎肌生成[15];miR-217-5p可直接與FGFR2(fibroblast growth factor receptor 2)的3′-非翻譯區(qū)結(jié)合,充當骨骼肌干細胞中的肌生成啟動子,并可能調(diào)節(jié)骨骼肌干細胞的肌生成[16]。在肌營養(yǎng)不良小鼠模型中,miR-378的缺乏使肌營養(yǎng)不良蛋白缺陷型肌肉衛(wèi)星細胞(mSCs)的融合加?。?7]。miR-100-5p通過Trib2/mTOR/S6K信號通路調(diào)節(jié)骨骼肌肌生成[18]。miRNA-127通過靶向S1PR3(sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3)增強成肌細胞增殖分化[19]。這些研究結(jié)果表明,miRNA在肌肉生長、肌細胞增殖發(fā)育中發(fā)揮重要作用。本研究證實,miR-127過表達可顯著增加與細胞增殖相關(guān)基因PCNA和CDK4的表達,抑制了凋亡相關(guān)基因Caspase3和BAX的表達。此外,miR-127過表達還提高了細胞的DNA合成率,增加了S期和G2期細胞的比例,進一步證實了其促進細胞增殖的作用。在細胞分化方面,miR-127過表達顯著增加了成肌細胞分化相關(guān)基因MYOD1和MYHC的表達水平,同時增加了肌管形成的陽性肌管面積,表明miR-127對綿羊骨骼肌成肌細胞的分化也具有促進作用。miR-127過表達顯著促進成肌細胞增殖、分化,并抑制了成肌細胞凋亡。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與前人的研究相一致,說明miR-127在調(diào)控綿羊骨骼肌發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。
miRNA是一類短鏈非編碼RNA分子,可通過調(diào)控下游基因的表達在細胞生物學(xué)過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[20-22]。目前對于miRNA的研究主要集中在其對下游靶基因的調(diào)控關(guān)系上,然而已有研究人員注意到解析調(diào)控miRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄的上游調(diào)控機制也同樣十分重要。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是一類能夠調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的蛋白質(zhì)[23-26]。miRNA與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之間存在著復(fù)雜的相互作用關(guān)系。許多轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可以調(diào)控miRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄[27-28]。近期研究揭示了轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在調(diào)控miRNA表達及細胞功能中的重要作用。例如,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子MYOD已被發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠直接與miR-182的啟動子區(qū)域結(jié)合,從而增強miR-182的表達水平,這一過程在小鼠肉瘤組織轉(zhuǎn)移中起到促進作用[29]。此外,研究還指出轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AP-2α(adaptor protein complex 2)能夠特異性結(jié)合小鼠miR-25-3p的核心啟動子區(qū)域,激活miR-25的成熟表達,進而對小鼠C2C12細胞的代謝過程進行調(diào)節(jié)[30]。進一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SNAIL(snail zinc finger protein)與miR-28-3p和miR-193a-5p相互作用,在人成肌細胞的肌源性分化中發(fā)揮作用[31]。在血管平滑肌細胞中,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子c-Myb(MYB proto-oncogene)通過miR-143/145的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活,對細胞的增殖和分化過程進行精細調(diào)控[32]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)突顯了轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在細胞生物學(xué)過程中的關(guān)鍵角色,以及它們通過miRNA介導(dǎo)的基因調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展中的重要性,而且轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合基因序列的不同位置,發(fā)揮著不同的調(diào)控作用,進而調(diào)控基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性及其表達[33]。
PAX轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族是一個與發(fā)育相關(guān)的重要家族,主要包括PAX3、PAX4、PAX6、PAX7[34]。其中轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3對于肌肉細胞的增殖和分化起著關(guān)鍵作用。PAX3在胚胎期間參與了肌肉細胞的形成和發(fā)育過程,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3在體外和體內(nèi)引導(dǎo)小鼠胚胎成血管細胞向骨骼肌發(fā)生過程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[35-37]。同時在成體肌肉組織中也發(fā)揮著重要作用。研究表明,PAX3和PAX7作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在肌肉損傷中通過H3K4甲基化機制和刺激基因激活的染色質(zhì)修飾誘導(dǎo)細胞分裂,這種調(diào)節(jié)可以加速骨骼肌損傷的愈合修復(fù),尤其是骨骼肌的損傷[38]。PAX3和miR-127在功能上都能夠促進肌生成及誘導(dǎo)分化,推測轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3能夠調(diào)控miR-127的轉(zhuǎn)錄。在本研究鑒定出miR-127的核心啟動子區(qū)域(上游1 500~1 800 bp)存在轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3結(jié)合位點,推測轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3是調(diào)控綿羊成肌細胞中miR-127表達的重要調(diào)控元件,雙熒光素酶檢測結(jié)果也表明PAX3可有效促進miR-127轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,顯著上調(diào)miR-127的表達水平。本結(jié)果證實了轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3調(diào)控miR-127在綿羊成肌細胞中轉(zhuǎn)錄的假設(shè)。
4 結(jié) 論
本研究表明,miR-127能夠促進綿羊成肌細胞增殖和分化,減少成肌細胞凋亡,對綿羊成肌細胞發(fā)育具有積極作用。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-127的核心啟動子區(qū)域為+1 500/+1 800 bp,在綿羊成肌細胞中轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PAX3可與該片段結(jié)合并能夠正向調(diào)節(jié)miR-127的轉(zhuǎn)錄。本研究為探索miRNA在綿羊肌肉生長發(fā)育調(diào)控以及綿羊育種中的應(yīng)用提供了理論依據(jù)。
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(編輯 郭云雁)