[摘要]目的:探究微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合自體脂肪移植技術(shù)在面部皮膚松垂就醫(yī)者中的治療效果。方法:前瞻性選取2021年12月-2022年12月于筆者醫(yī)院就診的82例面部皮膚松垂就醫(yī)者為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組(n=41例,采用微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合自體脂肪移植術(shù)治療)和對(duì)照組(n=41例,采用微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合硅膠填充手術(shù)治療)。比較兩組就醫(yī)者術(shù)后1周的修復(fù)效果、面部輪廓指標(biāo)及手術(shù)不良反應(yīng);術(shù)后隨訪6個(gè)月,統(tǒng)計(jì)并比較兩組結(jié)節(jié)、腫脹、感染、神經(jīng)損傷等術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:術(shù)后1周,觀察組修復(fù)顯效率高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組就醫(yī)者的瞳孔點(diǎn)至鼻唇溝與瞳孔垂線交點(diǎn)距離、ABC弧度(A、B、C分別表示鼻底線、口裂線、瞳孔垂線與下頜輪廓交點(diǎn)之間的角度)均低于對(duì)照組,雙側(cè)顴點(diǎn)間距高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組面部明顯淤青發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);隨訪6個(gè)月,觀察組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合自體脂肪移植技術(shù)可有效改善就醫(yī)者面部輪廓,修復(fù)效果佳,能有效降低手術(shù)不良反應(yīng)及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,具有較高的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞]面部松弛下垂;微創(chuàng)面部除皺術(shù);自體脂肪;移植;硅膠填充
[中圖分類號(hào)]R622 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2024)09-0021-05
Observation of the Effect of Minimally Invasive Rhytidectomy Combined with Autologous Fat Transplantation in Treating Facial Skin Relaxation and Sagging
LU Xinfang, WANG Gang
( Department of Plastic Surgery, Hegang People's Hospital, Hegang 154101, Heilongjiang, China )
Abstract: Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of minimally invasive rhytidectomy combined with autologous fat transplantation on patients with facial skin relaxation and sagging. Methods 82 patients with facial skin relaxation and sagging admitted to the author's hospital from December 2021 to December 2022 were prospectively selected as the study subjects and were divided into observation group (n=41, minimally invasive rhytidectomy combined with autologous fat transplantation) and control group (n=41, minimally invasive rhytidectomy combined with silicone filling surgery) by the random number table method. The facial contour indicators, repair effect and surgical adverse reactions were compared between both groups at 1 week after surgery. The patients were followed up for 6 months after surgery, and the incidence rates of postoperative complications such as nodules, swelling, infection and neurologic damage were counted and compared. Results One week after surgery, the repair significant efficiency of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The distance from pupil point to the intersection of nasolabial groove and pupil vertical line and ABC radian (A, B and C indicated the angles between nasal bottom line, oral cleft line, pupil vertical line and mandibular contour) in observation group were lower than those in control group, and the distance between bilateral zygomatic points was higher than that in control group (P<0.05). The incidence rate of significant facial bruising was lower in observation group than that in control group (P<0.05). After 6 months of follow-up, the total incidence rate of postoperative complications in observation group was lower compared with that in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Minimally invasive rhytidectomy combined with autologous fat transplantation can effectively improve the facial contour of patients, and it has good repair effect and can effectively reduce the incidence rates of surgical adverse reactions and postoperative complications, which has high clinical application value.
Key words: facial relaxation and sagging; minimally invasive facial rhytidectomy; autologous fat; transplantation; silicone gel filling
人面部形態(tài)主要由面部骨骼及皮下軟組織含量所決定,隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),面部軟組織流失造成面部皮膚松垂、輪廓凹陷等,影響面部美觀度[1]。愈來愈多的面部老化者開始通過整形修復(fù)改善自身面部輪廓[2]。微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)是目前常用的修復(fù)手段,為達(dá)到面部輪廓豐滿圓潤(rùn),再通過人工材料硅膠進(jìn)行面部填充,能明顯改善面部形態(tài),但易出現(xiàn)感染、外露等并發(fā)癥,影響修復(fù)效果[3-4]。近年來,自體脂肪移植技術(shù)逐漸應(yīng)用于面部美容領(lǐng)域,自身脂肪顆粒具有較好的生物相容性,能有效避免因異物植入而產(chǎn)生的排異反應(yīng)、不適感等,且自體脂肪可促進(jìn)皮膚再生和修復(fù),改善面部軟組織流失導(dǎo)致的輪廓缺陷問題[5-6]?;诖?,本研究將微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合自體脂肪移植技術(shù)應(yīng)用于面部皮膚松垂者,探究聯(lián)合治療的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:本次研究納入2021年12月-2022年12月于筆者醫(yī)院就診的82例面部松弛下垂且自覺輪廓欠佳者,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將就醫(yī)者分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,各41例。觀察組:男2例、女39例,年齡(42.39±10.57)歲;對(duì)照組男3例、女38例,年齡(43.10±10.90)歲。兩組性別、年齡比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有面部松弛下垂指征[7],包括皮膚松弛、下頜線變形、額部下垂、頸部皮膚松弛、唇角下垂、淚溝加深;接受全面面部評(píng)估,經(jīng)醫(yī)生確認(rèn)可進(jìn)行手術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無重要臟器慢性疾病或其他重大疾病;無精神障礙,心理狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定;無溝通障礙,能明確按照術(shù)后要求進(jìn)行復(fù)查護(hù)理。剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):隨訪失訪。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 對(duì)照組:采用微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合硅膠面部填充術(shù)進(jìn)行修復(fù)。就醫(yī)者取仰臥位,術(shù)前拍攝額顳部照片,判斷雙顳部凹陷程度,預(yù)測(cè)充填硅膠片大小并進(jìn)行細(xì)刻,標(biāo)記手術(shù)區(qū),于額部發(fā)際線內(nèi)標(biāo)記3個(gè)約2.5 cm縱向切口(正中1個(gè),旁正中2個(gè)),于顳部每側(cè)各標(biāo)記1個(gè)約3.0 cm與鼻唇溝平行的切口(圖1)。靜脈全身麻醉后,逐步切開額部正中、旁正中切口達(dá)骨膜,逐層剝離皮下、帽狀腱膜及骨膜,兩側(cè)達(dá)顳上嵴,上達(dá)眶緣,采用小鉤刀分離滑車上、眶上血管神經(jīng)束加以保護(hù)。沿顳部標(biāo)記做切口,依次分離皮下及顳淺、深筋膜,切開額肌并分離至顳下嵴。離斷全部降眉肌、皺眉肌,根據(jù)術(shù)前表情紋標(biāo)記,切除相應(yīng)部位額肌、松解腱膜,確定眼輪匝肌位置,去除顳側(cè)部分眼輪匝肌肌纖維,將額部切口鉆通并用皮瓣固定,松解貫通區(qū)域腱膜結(jié)構(gòu),將額顳深筋膜深面鈍性分離出略大于假體的空隙,將硅膠假體置入額顳深筋膜深面,經(jīng)2-0編織線在頭皮下潛行向上至顳深筋膜、向下到發(fā)際邊緣做提升,待滿意后于額部發(fā)際內(nèi)使用皮膚傷口膠帶及可吸收性外科縫線進(jìn)行頭皮折疊縫合固定。
1.2.2 觀察組:采用微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合自體脂肪移植進(jìn)行修復(fù),微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)手術(shù)方法同對(duì)照組,自體脂肪移植方法如下。術(shù)前根據(jù)就醫(yī)者皮下脂肪堆積部位結(jié)合就醫(yī)者要求選取脂肪供區(qū),多為腹部或大腿內(nèi)側(cè),標(biāo)記脂肪抽吸范圍,并經(jīng)局部麻醉后,在隱蔽部位做約3.0 mm切口,均勻注射腫脹液(1 000 ml生理鹽水+2%利多卡因30 ml+腎上腺素1.0 mg),使用帶有2.5 mm鈍頭品字形吸脂管的20 ml注射器抽吸150~200 ml脂肪,清洗后靜置分層,取中間層脂肪顆粒置于1 ml注射器中備用。對(duì)需面部填充的區(qū)域(額部﹑顳部、眉弓部﹑眶顴區(qū)、面頰部﹑鼻唇溝部等)采用20 ml注射器針頭打孔后,再用裝有脂肪顆粒的1 ml注射器配以18 G脂肪移植鈍性注射針,實(shí)施多點(diǎn)多層次多隧道式的退針注射填充,先填充骨膜上,再填充皮下深層。注射完畢后拔出針頭并壓住針孔,按摩注射部位并撫平皮下脂肪顆粒進(jìn)行均勻塑形,最后采用7-0尼龍線縫合注射針口。吸脂術(shù)區(qū)采用無菌棉墊彈力繃帶加壓包扎。兩組術(shù)后均給予抗感染治療,保持切口干燥清潔。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 修復(fù)效果:術(shù)后1周,評(píng)估兩組就醫(yī)者面部修復(fù)效果。評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:松弛、凹陷等癥狀明顯改善,皺紋消除,面部輪廓流暢,填充部位飽滿自然為顯效;松弛、凹陷等癥狀有所改善,皺紋基本消除,面部輪廓較治療前流暢,填充部位自然為有效;松弛、凹陷等癥狀改善情況及皺紋消除不明顯,填充部位不平整為無效。總有效率=(顯效+有效)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.3.2 面部輪廓指標(biāo):分別為術(shù)前和術(shù)后1周,相機(jī)拍攝兩組就醫(yī)者的面部照片,要求就醫(yī)者距相機(jī)約2 m,雙眼與鏡頭平高并平視鏡頭,面部肌肉放松。參考文獻(xiàn)[9]對(duì)就醫(yī)者面部輪廓重塑效果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),使用ITK-SNAP軟件測(cè)量以下指標(biāo):瞳孔點(diǎn)至鼻唇溝與瞳孔垂線交點(diǎn)距離、雙側(cè)顴點(diǎn)間距以及ABC弧度(A、B、C分別表示鼻底線、口裂線、瞳孔垂線與下頜輪廓交點(diǎn)之間的角度)。
1.3.3 不良反應(yīng):手術(shù)完畢至術(shù)后1周,記錄就醫(yī)者面部瘀青(術(shù)后1周內(nèi)未能恢復(fù))、愈合不完全、術(shù)后出血等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。
1.3.4 并發(fā)癥:術(shù)后隨訪6個(gè)月,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)節(jié)、腫脹、感染、排異反應(yīng)等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:運(yùn)用SPSS 23.0軟件系統(tǒng)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)處理,計(jì)量資料以“xˉ±s”表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05表示有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組修復(fù)效果比較:觀察組修復(fù)顯效率高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);兩組修復(fù)總有效率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組面部輪廓指標(biāo)比較:術(shù)前,兩組面部輪廓各指標(biāo)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后1周,兩組就醫(yī)者瞳孔點(diǎn)至鼻唇溝與瞳孔垂線交點(diǎn)距離、ABC弧度均低于術(shù)前,雙側(cè)顴點(diǎn)間距高于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且觀察組就醫(yī)者術(shù)后的瞳孔點(diǎn)至鼻唇溝與瞳孔垂線交點(diǎn)距離、ABC弧度均低于對(duì)照組,雙側(cè)顴點(diǎn)間距高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較:兩組切口愈合不完全及術(shù)后出血發(fā)生率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組面部明顯瘀青發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.4 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較:觀察組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.5 典型病例:見圖2~3。
3 討論
隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),人體內(nèi)膠原蛋白和彈力蛋白逐漸流失,加之面部骨骼出現(xiàn)骨質(zhì)吸收,出現(xiàn)下眼眶凹陷、頦部后縮、法令紋等,且面部骨骼筋膜、韌帶及肌肉附著點(diǎn)對(duì)面部軟組織的支撐力度降低,造成面部皮膚下垂[10-11]。微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)是目前臨床應(yīng)用最為廣泛的修復(fù)方式之一,其在改善皮膚褶皺、松弛方面有較好效果,但對(duì)面部軟組織凹陷的修復(fù)效果不甚理想[12]。組織填充是改善面部軟組織凹陷的主要措施,臨床既往多采用硅膠、異體生物材料、透明質(zhì)酸等進(jìn)行填充,硅膠組織相容性較好,不易降解,但易發(fā)生假體移位;異體皮膚或脂肪移植后就醫(yī)者易發(fā)生排異反應(yīng);透明質(zhì)酸無排異但易吸收,需反復(fù)注射且費(fèi)用昂貴[13-14]。因此,探索更為有效的修復(fù)手段,對(duì)修復(fù)面部皮膚松垂、改善面部美觀度有重要意義。
自體脂肪移植是新興面部填充技術(shù)之一,其將就醫(yī)者自體脂肪組織移植到面部,既可修復(fù)面部凹陷部位,同時(shí)還可改善面部皮膚松弛的問題,具有來源豐富、取材方便、無異物排斥反應(yīng)、吸收率低、創(chuàng)口小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),就醫(yī)者接受度高[15-16]。骨膜下微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)可有效提升顳部和外眥部皮膚軟組織,加之自體脂肪移植填充面部凹陷,改善面部皮膚松弛、輪廓欠佳等問題,能顯著提升面部美觀度[17]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組療效優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),且觀察組就醫(yī)者的瞳孔點(diǎn)至鼻唇溝與瞳孔垂線交點(diǎn)距離和ABC弧度均低于對(duì)照組,雙側(cè)顴點(diǎn)間距高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),說明除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合自體脂肪移植對(duì)面部皮膚松垂就醫(yī)者面部輪廓的重塑效果更佳。其原因在于,微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)對(duì)下垂組織進(jìn)行有效上提復(fù)位的同時(shí),通過自體脂肪移植,可有效補(bǔ)充面部皮膚丟失容量,且自體脂肪移植可對(duì)面部多個(gè)區(qū)域進(jìn)行綜合改善,提高整體美感水平,優(yōu)化面部輪廓[18]。另外,由于面部毛細(xì)血管豐富,處于分散狀態(tài)的自體脂肪顆粒,能盡早在術(shù)區(qū)獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng),建立血運(yùn),成活率高,且具備成活性的脂肪顆粒能發(fā)揮自我增殖及分化潛能,可及時(shí)改善皮膚缺血情況,修復(fù)損傷軟組織,促進(jìn)手術(shù)區(qū)愈合及局部皮膚彈性回升[19]。申麗等[20]研究顯示,除皺術(shù)與自體脂肪移植聯(lián)合應(yīng)用后,就醫(yī)者面部輪廓及皮膚狀態(tài)明顯改善。
本研究還顯示,術(shù)后1周,觀察組面部瘀青發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),隨訪6個(gè)月,觀察組結(jié)節(jié)、腫脹、感染、神經(jīng)損傷等并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),說明相較于硅膠填充,將自體脂肪移植與微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于面部皮膚松弛就醫(yī)者的安全性更高,這可能與自體脂肪顆粒與面部軟組織的相容性更好有關(guān)。An Y等[21]評(píng)估了自體全面部脂肪移植鼻整形術(shù)的效果及安全性,術(shù)后隨訪12個(gè)月,就醫(yī)者未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,安全性較好。也有研究認(rèn)為,在進(jìn)行自體脂肪注射時(shí),采取多點(diǎn)多層次多隧道式的退針勻速注射填充,注射完畢后,按摩注射部位并撫平皮下脂肪顆粒進(jìn)行均勻塑形,能夠確保脂肪顆粒充分接觸皮下軟組織,以減少脂肪壞死率及對(duì)皮下微血管的損傷,從而降低手術(shù)不良反應(yīng)及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[22]。
綜上所述,微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合自體脂肪移植手術(shù)對(duì)于面部皮膚松垂就醫(yī)者的修復(fù)效果顯著,能有效改善面部輪廓,且具備較好的安全性,臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值較高。
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[收稿日期]2023-07-17
本文引用格式:鹿馨方,王剛.微創(chuàng)除皺術(shù)聯(lián)合自體脂肪移植改善面部皮膚松垂的效果觀察[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2024,33(9):21-25.