【摘要】 背景 腦卒中作為一種重大慢性非傳染性疾病嚴(yán)重影響國民健康,給患者、家庭和社會造成沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。飲酒現(xiàn)象在我國普遍存在,酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病之間存在密切關(guān)系,但酒精攝入劑量和腦卒中發(fā)病關(guān)系仍存有爭議。目的 探討酒精攝入量與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。方法 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Embase、中國知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)知識服務(wù)平臺和中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫,收集關(guān)于酒精與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,檢索時(shí)限均為建庫至2023年12月。文獻(xiàn)篩選、數(shù)據(jù)提取、文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評價(jià)由2位研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行。應(yīng)用Stata/MP 17.0軟件進(jìn)行劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析。結(jié)果 共納入16篇文獻(xiàn),共548 595例研究對象。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)(RR=1.17,95%CI=1.10~1.26,Plt;0.05)。亞組分析結(jié)果,每天酒精攝入lt;20 g腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低10%(RR=0.90,95%CI=0.85~0.95,Plt;0.05);酒精攝入gt;40 g腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加35%(RR=1.35,95%CI=1.23~1.49,Plt;0.05);酒精攝入出血性腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加49%(RR=1.49,95%CI=1.14~1.95,Plt;0.05),酒精攝入缺血性腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加20%(RR=1.20,95%CI=1.00~1.43,Plt;0.05);亞洲人群酒精攝入腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加27%(RR=1.27,95%CI=1.14~1.40,Plt;0.05);男性酒精攝入腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加19%(RR=1.19,95%CI=1.09~1.29,Plt;0.05)。劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析結(jié)果,酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間呈J型非線性關(guān)系(P=0.018),與從不飲酒者相比,飲酒者攝入酒精劑量的腦卒中相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為1 g/d:RR=0.97,95%CI=0.96~0.98;2 g/d:RR=0.96,95%CI=0.94~0.97;3 g/d:RR=0.95,95%CI=0.93~0.97;4 g/d:RR=0.94,95%CI=0.91~0.96;5 g/d:RR=0.91,95%CI=0.88~0.94;6 g/d:RR=0.90,95%CI=0.86~0.93;7 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.84~0.92;8 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83~0.92;9 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83~0.92;10 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83~0.93;11 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83~0.93;12 g/d:RR=0.90,95%CI=0.85~0.95;13 g/d:RR=0.91,95%CI=0.85~0.95;14 g/d:RR=0.92,95%CI=0.86~0.95;15 g/d:RR=0.93,95%CI=0.86~0.96;16 g/d:RR=0.95,95%CI=0.88~0.96;17 g/d:RR=0.96,95%CI=0.88~0.97;18 g/d:RR=0.98,95%CI=0.89~0.97;19 g/d:RR=0.98,95%CI=0.89~0.98;20 g/d:RR=0.99,95%CI=0.90~0.99。飲酒者平均每天酒精攝入量lt;20 g表現(xiàn)為腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低(Plt;0.001)。結(jié)論 酒精攝入量與腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)間具有J型非線性的劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系,適量酒精攝入與腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈負(fù)相關(guān),平均每天酒精攝入7~11 g時(shí)腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 腦卒中;酒精;Meta分析;劑量反應(yīng);前瞻性研究
【中圖分類號】 R 743 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】 A DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2024.0043
Alcohol Intake and Risk of Stroke:a Dose-response Meta-analysis
HAN Xuemei1,ZHAO Chunshan1*,MEI Chunli1,CHEN Dan2
1.School of Nursing,Beihua University,Jilin 132013,China
2.Department of Neurology,Jilin Central Hospital,Jilin 132011,China
*Corresponding author:ZHAO Chunshan,Professor;E-mail:forchunshan@163.com
【Abstract】 Background Stroke,as a major chronic non-communicable disease,seriously affects the health of the nation and imposes a heavy burden on patients,families and society. Alcohol consumption is common in China,and there is a close relationship between alcohol intake and stroke incidence,but the relationship between alcohol intake and stroke incidence is still controversial. Objective To investigate the relationship between alcohol intake and risk of stroke. Methods PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Embase,CNKI,VIP,Wanfang Data,and SinoMed were searched for prospective cohort studies on the relationship between alcohol intake and risk of stroke from inception to December 2023. Literature screening,data extraction,and literature quality evaluation were performed independently by 2 researchers. Stata/MP 17.0 was used for dose-response meta-analysis. Results A total of 16 papers with 548 595 study subjects were included. Meta-analysis results showed that alcohol intake was associated with the risk of stroke(RR=1.17,95%CI=1.10-1.26,Plt;0.05). The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the risk of stroke was increased by 10% for alcohol intake lt;20 g per day(RR=0.90,95%CI=0.85-0.95,Plt;0.05);alcohol intake gt;40 g increased the risk of stroke by 35%(RR=1.35,95%CI=1.23-1.49,Plt;0.05);alcohol intake increased the risk of hemorrhagic stroke by 49%(RR=1.49,95%CI=1.14-1.95,Plt;0.05),alcohol intake ischemic stroke risk increased by 20%(RR=1.20,95%CI=1.00-1.43,Plt;0.05);alcohol intake in Asian populations increased the risk of stroke incidence by 27%(RR=1.27,95%CI=1.14-1.40,Plt;0.05);intake alcohol in men increased the risk of stroke by 19%(RR=1.19,95%CI=1.09-1.29,Plt;0.05). Dose-response Meta-analysis showed a J-shaped nonlinear relationship between alcohol intake and risk of stroke(P=0.018),and the relative risk ratios of stroke for alcohol intake in drinkers compared with never-drinkers were 1 g/d:RR=0.97,95%CI=0.96-0.98;2 g/d:RR=0.96,95%CI=0.94-0.97;3 g/d:RR=0.95,95%CI=0.93-0.97;4 g/d:RR=0.94,95%CI=0.91-0.96;5 g/d:RR=0.91,95%CI=0.88-0.94;6 g/d:RR=0.90,95%CI=0.86-0.93;7 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.84-0.92;8 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83-0.92;9 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83-0.92;10 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83-0.93;11 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83-0.93;12 g/d:RR=0.90,95%CI=0.85-0.95;13 g/d:RR=0.91,95%CI=0.85-0.95;14 g/d:RR=0.92,95%CI=0.86-0.95;15 g/d:RR=0.93,95%CI=0.86-0.96;16 g/d :RR=0.95,95%CI=0.88-0.96;17 g/d:RR=0.96,95%CI=0.88-0.97;18 g/d:RR=0.98,95%CI=0.89-0.97;19 g/d:RR=0.98,95%CI=0.89-0.98;20 g/d:RR=0.99,95%CI=0.90-0.99,and drinkers with an average alcohol intake of lt;20 g per day showed a reduced risk of stroke(Plt;0.001). Conclusion There is a J-shaped nonlinear dose-response relationship between alcohol intake and the stroke risk,with moderate alcohol intake negatively associated with stroke risk. The risk of stroke is lowest with an average alcohol intake of 7-11 grams per day.
【Key words】 Stroke;Alcohol;Meta-analysis;Dose-response;Prospective study
腦卒中作為一種重大慢性非傳染性疾病嚴(yán)重影響國民健康,現(xiàn)已成為全球范圍內(nèi)的公共衛(wèi)生問題。全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)研究(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,我國腦卒中現(xiàn)患病人數(shù)占據(jù)全球首位[1],每年新發(fā)腦卒中病例超過200萬,且每年以8.7%的速率迅速增長[2]。相關(guān)研究表明,2030年我國腦卒中的發(fā)生率將比2010年增加約50%[3],嚴(yán)重影響患者的生存質(zhì)量,同時(shí)也給家庭和社會帶來沉重的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[4]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病之間存在密切關(guān)系[5],酒精可以改善體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)組成、升高血液中高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平、增加胰島素敏感性、降低血液中纖維蛋白原濃度[6-9],與腦卒中的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[10]。目前,國內(nèi)外多項(xiàng)研究表明,酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病之間存在密切關(guān)系,但酒精攝入劑量和腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系仍存有爭議[11-14]。因此,本研究旨在通過劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析定量評估酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病的關(guān)系,以期為臨床腦卒中防治策略提供參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Embase、中國知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫和萬方數(shù)據(jù)知識服務(wù)平臺,收集關(guān)于酒精與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究。檢索時(shí)限均為建庫至2023年12月。以“酒精”“飲酒”“腦卒中”“腦血管疾病”“前瞻性研究”等為中文檢索詞;以“Alcohols”“Ethanol”“Drink”“Stroke”“Cerebrovascular Accident”“cerebral infarction”“transient ischemic attack”“TIA”等為英文檢索詞。以PubMed為例,檢索策略見表1。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)研究類型:前瞻性隊(duì)列研究;(2)研究對象:≥18歲且無腦卒中病史;(3)暴露因素:酒精,酒精攝入量水平≥3組;(4)結(jié)局指標(biāo):腦卒中;(5)效應(yīng)值:風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR)、危險(xiǎn)比(RR)及其95%CI。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)非中英文文獻(xiàn);(2)會議論文、綜述類文獻(xiàn);(3)無法獲取全文或數(shù)據(jù)缺失。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選與方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評價(jià)
文獻(xiàn)篩選和數(shù)據(jù)提取由2位研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,若出現(xiàn)爭議或不一致的情況,則與第3位研究者共同參與商討,以達(dá)成共識并解決問題。數(shù)據(jù)提取包括第一作者、發(fā)表年份、國家、隨訪時(shí)間、年齡、性別、暴露人數(shù)/樣本量、攝入量范圍、最高量組相比于最低量組發(fā)生腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的HR/RR值及其95%CI、校正因素。采用紐卡斯?fàn)?渥太華量表(Newcastle-Ottawa Scale,NOS)[15]對納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評價(jià),該量表共8個(gè)條目,總分為9分,NOS評分≥7分,被認(rèn)為是高質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用Stata/MP 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,統(tǒng)一用I2檢驗(yàn)異質(zhì)性。I2lt;50%,采用固定效應(yīng)模型;I2≥50%則選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型對其進(jìn)行分析。采用限制性立方樣條回歸模型glst函數(shù)擬合[16-17]進(jìn)行劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析,Plt;0.05時(shí)表明兩者之間存在非線性關(guān)系;Pgt;0.05時(shí)說明兩者之間存在線性關(guān)系。采用Egger's檢驗(yàn)和Begg's檢驗(yàn)[18]評估是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。通過敏感性分析檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)篩選結(jié)果
通過數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索初步獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)7 259篇,經(jīng)剔重、篩選及全文審閱后,最終納入16篇文獻(xiàn)[10-12,19-31]進(jìn)行劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析,篩選流程和結(jié)果見圖1。
2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征與質(zhì)量評價(jià)
16篇文獻(xiàn)中其中6篇[10-11,25,27,30-31]來自亞洲、6篇[21-24,28-29]來自歐洲、4篇[12,19-20,26]來自美洲。納入文獻(xiàn)均為前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,共有548 595例研究對象,其中包括13 831例腦卒中患者。納入文獻(xiàn)均校正了混雜因素,16項(xiàng)研究的NOS得分均≥7分,見表2。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病關(guān)系:共納入16篇[10-12,19-31]文獻(xiàn),各研究間存在較高的異質(zhì)性(I2=67.9%,Plt;0.05),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示酒精攝入增加腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR=1.17,95%CI=1.10~1.26,Plt;0.05),見圖2。
2.3.2 亞組分析:12篇[10-12,19-23,26-27,30-31]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了酒精攝入對出血性腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=52.3%,Plt;0.05),酒精攝入出血性腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加49%(RR=1.49,95%CI=1.14~1.95,Plt;0.05);14篇[10-12,20-28,30-31]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了酒精攝入對缺血性腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=65.4%,Plt;0.05),酒精攝入缺血性腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加20%(RR=1.20,95%CI=1.00~1.43,Plt;0.05),見圖3。
6篇[10-11,25,27,30-31]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了亞洲人群酒精攝入對腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=67.1%,Plt;0.05),亞洲人群酒精攝入發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加27%(RR=1.27,95%CI=1.14~1.40,Plt;0.05);6篇[21-24,28-29]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了歐洲人群酒精攝入對腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間存在較高異質(zhì)性(I2=72.7%,Plt;0.05),歐洲人群酒精攝入腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加20%(RR=1.20,95%CI=1.04~1.38,Plt;0.05);4篇[12,19-20,26]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了美洲人群酒精攝入對腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=55.1%,Pgt;0.05),酒精攝入與美洲人群腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無關(guān)(RR=1.03,95%CI=0.90~1.17,Pgt;0.05),見圖4。
14篇[10-12,19-20,22-24,26-31]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了每天酒精攝入lt;20 g對腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間異質(zhì)性較低(I2=35.8%,Pgt;0.05),每天酒精攝入lt;20 g腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低10%(RR=0.90,95%CI=0.85~0.95,Plt;0.05)。13篇[10-11,19-22,25-31]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了每天酒精攝入20~40 g對腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=73.6%,Plt;0.05),每天酒精攝入20~40 g腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加15%(RR=1.15,95%CI=1.08~1.23,Plt;0.05)。6篇[10-11,21-22,25,27]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了每天酒精攝入gt;40 g對腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=68.8%,Plt;0.05),每天酒精攝入gt;40 g腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加35%(RR=1.35,95%CI=1.23~1.49,Plt;0.05),見圖5。
8篇[10-12,19,21,25,28,30]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了酒精攝入對男性腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=64.3%,Plt;0.05),酒精攝入男性腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加19%(RR=1.19,95%CI=1.09~1.29,Plt;0.05);5篇[20,23-24,26-27]文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了酒精攝入對女性腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=76.5%,Plt;0.05),酒精攝入與女性腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無關(guān)(RR=1.10,95%CI=0.94~1.28,Pgt;0.05),見圖6。
2.4 劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析結(jié)果
利用testparm命令判斷是否存在線性關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示:χ2=7.50,P=0.018,為非線性關(guān)系。采用glst命令擬合模型驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果顯示:χ2=43.03,Plt;0.001。結(jié)果表明酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劑量反應(yīng)之間呈非線性反應(yīng)關(guān)系。擬合酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系,結(jié)果見圖5。與從不飲酒者相比,飲酒者攝入酒精劑量的腦卒中相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為1 g/d:RR=0.97,95%CI=0.96~0.98;2 g/d:RR=0.96,95%CI=0.94~0.97;3 g/d:RR=0.95,95%CI=0.93~0.97;4 g/d:RR=0.94,95%CI=0.91~0.96;5 g/d:RR=0.91,95%CI=0.88~0.94;6 g/d:RR=0.90,95%CI=0.86~0.93;7 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.84~0.92;8 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83~0.92;9 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83~0.92;10 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83~0.93;11 g/d:RR=0.88,95%CI=0.83~0.93;12 g/d:RR=0.90,95%CI=0.85~0.95;13 g/d:RR=0.91,95%CI=0.85~0.95;14 g/d:RR=0.92,95%CI=0.86~0.95;15 g/d:RR=0.93,95%CI=0.86~0.96;16 g/d:RR=0.95,95%CI=0.88~0.96;17 g/d:RR=0.96,95%CI=0.88~0.97;18 g/d:RR=0.98,95%CI=0.89~0.97;19 g/d:RR=0.98,95%CI=0.89~0.98;20 g/d:RR=0.99,95%CI=0.90~0.99。飲酒者平均每天酒精攝入量lt;20 g表現(xiàn)為腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低(Plt;0.001),當(dāng)攝入量超過此閾值腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不斷增加。平均每天酒精攝入7~11 g時(shí)腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低,相較于不飲酒者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低12%,見圖7。
2.5 敏感性分析與發(fā)表偏倚分析
采用逐一剔除法進(jìn)行敏感性分析結(jié)果無明顯變化,提示研究結(jié)果相對穩(wěn)定。漏斗圖結(jié)果顯示研究分布基本對稱,見圖8。結(jié)合Egger's檢驗(yàn)(t=0.35,P=0.730)和Begg's檢驗(yàn)(Z=0.25,P=0.805)結(jié)果顯示無發(fā)表偏倚,見圖8。
3 討論
本研究Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),此結(jié)果與SULL等[32]研究結(jié)果一致。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),酒精攝入過多可增加腦卒中的患病率[20],長期大量飲酒會對人體各個(gè)系統(tǒng)造成不同程度的影響,尤其會對肝臟、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和周圍神經(jīng)造成損害[33],與腦卒中的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。因此,優(yōu)化酒精攝入量對預(yù)防或延緩腦卒中的發(fā)生至關(guān)重要。
亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,酒精攝入與亞洲人群腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),這提示酒精攝入對不同的種族或地區(qū)人群腦卒中的發(fā)生存在差異,與PETREA等[34]研究結(jié)果一致。目前,有關(guān)酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的生物學(xué)機(jī)制尚在研究中,其可能的原因是亞洲人群酒精攝入量比例高于其他地區(qū)人群,酒精代謝基因乙醇脫氫酶和乙醛脫氫酶變異型與酒精代謝能力降低有關(guān)[35],導(dǎo)致酒精在體內(nèi)停留時(shí)間過長,增加了患腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),酒精攝入量與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),每天酒精攝入lt;20 g腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低,與BERGER等[12]的結(jié)論一致,其潛在的機(jī)制可能與不飲酒者相比,少量飲酒與血液中高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平升高以及纖維蛋白原水平下降有關(guān)[36],增加循環(huán)中總脂聯(lián)素和高分子量脂聯(lián)素的水平[37],減少血小板聚集,降低纖維蛋白原濃度,減少血栓形成[38],從而降低卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。每天酒精攝入gt;20 g腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加,與STAMPFER等[20]研究結(jié)果一致,這可能與過多酒精攝入后導(dǎo)致血壓變異性升高有關(guān),飲酒后激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),腎素血管加壓素水平升高,血液循環(huán)加快,血管收縮進(jìn)而引起血壓升高有關(guān)[39]。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)酒精攝入增加缺血性腦卒中的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),與THRIFT等[40]和CAICOYA等[41]研究結(jié)果相似,其可能的原因是酒精攝入會引發(fā)血液高凝狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致腦血流量減少,進(jìn)一步增加心房顫動的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[38],心房顫動是腦卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,進(jìn)而提升缺血性腦卒中患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。飲酒是出血性腦卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,酒精會加速腦血管收縮和小動脈破裂[42],形成酒精性腦血管痙攣,進(jìn)一步加重腦損傷;男性酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)聯(lián)比女性強(qiáng),與BERGER等[12]研究結(jié)果相似,這種性別差異可能是由于酒精的代謝和生物效應(yīng)以及對酒精的敏感性不同[43],此外,男性和女性在攝入頻率、攝入量方面存在差異,導(dǎo)致酒精與腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)在女性中并不突出。
劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析結(jié)果表明,酒精攝入量與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間存在J型非線性關(guān)系。平均每天酒精攝入在7~11 g時(shí),腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低,當(dāng)每天酒精攝入gt;20 g會增加腦卒中的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并且隨著酒精攝入量的增加,腦卒中的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈現(xiàn)出“上升”的趨勢。與LU等[30]研究結(jié)果一致,提示飲酒過多會增加腦卒中的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,酒精攝入≤20 g可能是腦卒中的保護(hù)因素,應(yīng)嚴(yán)格控制酒精的攝入、健康飲食、增強(qiáng)防病意識。
本研究存在的局限性:本研究僅檢索了中、英文文獻(xiàn),可能存在語言偏倚;酒精攝入量是研究人群自我報(bào)告的,不同個(gè)體對攝入量理解差異可能導(dǎo)致測量上存在誤差;本研究做了亞組分析,仍然存在異質(zhì)性,納入文獻(xiàn)中不同的酒精濃度、攝入頻率、酒精攝入時(shí)間、其他潛在的混雜因素可能給研究引入了異質(zhì)性。
綜上,本研究通過對前瞻性隊(duì)列研究進(jìn)行劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析,深入分析了酒精攝入量與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān),且兩者之間存在非線性劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系,每日酒精攝入7~11 g時(shí)腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低,未來仍需要納入更多高質(zhì)量、大樣本的研究來驗(yàn)證。
作者貢獻(xiàn):韓雪梅提出文章選題,負(fù)責(zé)研究的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì),論文撰寫;梅春麗、陳丹進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的收集與整理,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,圖、表的繪制與展示;趙春善負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校,對文章整體負(fù)責(zé)、監(jiān)督管理。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
*通信作者:趙春善,教授;E-mail:forchunshan@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:吉林省科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(20190303171SF);吉林市科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(20230406138)
引用本文:韓雪梅,趙春善,梅春麗,等. 酒精攝入與腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劑量反應(yīng)Meta分析[J]. 中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2024,27(26):3304-3311. DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2024.0043. [www.chinagp.net]
HAN X M,ZHAO C S,MEI C L,et al. Alcohol intake and risk of stroke:a dose-response meta-analysis[J]. Chinese General Practice,2024,27(26):3304-3311.
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