楊海波 趙旗峰 孟利峰 周鵬程 陳永珍 李慶亮 梁燕 聶磊云 張曉萍 李繼萍 王占勤 趙龍龍
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230260
摘? ? 要:晉酸1號(hào)是從山西臨縣野生酸棗種質(zhì)資源群體中選育出來(lái)的優(yōu)良品種。果實(shí)近圓形,果頂平,果皮薄,紅色,果個(gè)大;平均單果質(zhì)量4.75 g,最大單果質(zhì)量5.8 g,平均橫徑1.9 cm、縱徑2.2 cm;果肉多汁,風(fēng)味酸甜,可食率84.7%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為27.6%,還原糖含量為8.5%,總糖含量為27.04%,維生素C含量為419 mg·100 g-1,可滴定酸含量為1.032%;果仁飽滿,含仁率100%,平均單仁質(zhì)量0.1 g;營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期170~180 d,果實(shí)生育期115 d左右,為晚熟品種。山西呂梁地區(qū),6月上旬為盛花期,9月中下旬果實(shí)進(jìn)入脆熟期,10月中上旬為果實(shí)完熟期。晉酸1號(hào)適宜于鮮食、加工、取仁,也可用于開(kāi)發(fā)特色飲品。適合在山西省中南部酸棗適生區(qū)及國(guó)內(nèi)同類氣候地區(qū)栽培。
關(guān)鍵詞:酸棗;新品種;晉酸1號(hào);酸棗仁
中圖分類號(hào):S665.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)02-0362-07
Breeding report of a new wild jujube cultivar Jinsuan No.1 (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)
YANG Haibo1, ZHAO Qifeng1, MENG Lifeng1, ZHOU Pengcheng1, CHEN Yongzhen2, LI Qingliang1, 3, LIANG Yan4, NIE Leiyun1, ZHANG Xiaoping1, LI Jiping5, WANG Zhanqin6, ZHAO Longlong1*
(1Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030815, Shanxi, China; 2Linxian Qikouhong Agricultural Technology Company, Linxian 033200, Shanxi, China; 3College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong, China; 4Forestry and Grassland Engineering Station of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; 5 Forestry Bureau of Xiaoyi City, Xiaoyi 032300, Shanxi, China; 6 Shanxi Province Nature Reserve Service Center, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China)
Abstract: Jinsuan No. 1 is an excellent cultival selected from high-quality wild jujube germplasm resources in Linxian county, Shanxi province. In 2006, the first investigation and screening of wild jujube cultivars were carried out in Linxian county, the dominant producing area of wild jujube. In 2007, 37 kinds of wild jujube cultivars with good performance were obtained from the selected wild jujube cultivar. In 2010, through the comparative investigation on grafting experiments, it was found that among the selected wild jujubes, No.3, No.8, No.9, No.21 and No.35 showed better comprehensive traits. Subsequently, a three-year comparative trial was carried out, and finally the No.3 wild jujube with the most excellent comprehensive traits was selected. In 2017, a large-scale grafting cultivation experiments were carried out in Linjiaping and Qikou of Linxian county, Yonghe county of Linfen and Taigu county of Jinzhong. Field identification was performed in September 2022 and the cultivar was received approval from the Forest Variety Approval Committee of Shanxi Provincial Forestry and Grassland Bureau in December, named Jinsuan No. 1 (Benefit number: Jin S-SV-ZJ-017-2022). Jinsuan No. 1 wild jujube tree shape is open and the tree vigor is moderate. Leaves are ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-6.8 cm long and 2.0-3.5 cm wide with leaf base slanting 1.1-2.9 mm; the petiole is 3-6 mm long; jujube hanging is 13-25 cm long. Jinsuan No. 1 wild jujube fruit is nearly round, the top of the fruit is flat, the pericarp is thin and red, and the fruit is large. The average single fruit weight is 4.75 g, the maximum single fruit weight is 5.8 g, the average transverse diameter is 1.9 cm, and the average longitudinal diameter is 2.2 cm; the flesh is thick, juicy, dense and crisp, sweet and sour, and the edible rate is 84.7% without residue. The soluble solids content is 27.6%, reducing sugar (glucose) content is 8.5%, total sugar content is 27.04%, VC content is 419 mg·100 g-1, and titratable acid is 1.032%. The kernel is full, with a kernel rate of 100%, and the average single kernel weight is 0.1 g. The vegetative growth period is 170-180 days, and the fruit growth period is about 115 days. Jinsuan No. 1 wild jujube belongs to late-maturing cultivar, 20 days later than other common jujube cultivars in Linxian county. With Jinsuan No. 1 wild jujube, the bud break is seen around April 20, the early flowering period is in late May, the full flowering period is in early June, the fruit enters the crisp ripening period in mid-to-late September, the fruit maturity is in mid-to-early October, and the defoliation period is in late October in the mountains along the Yellow River in Linxian county, Lüliang City. The fruit cracking rate of Jinsan No. 1 is lower than 1.0%. Jinsuan No. 1 jujube cultivar is suitable for both fresh consumption and drying, and can also be used to process special drink and snacks. Jinsuan No. 1 is suitable for cultivation in the suitable growing areas of jujube in the south-central Shanxi province and somewhere with similar climates in China.
Key words: Wild jujube; New cultivar; Jinsuan No. 1; Common jujube seed
酸棗(Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)為鼠李科(Rhamanaceae)棗屬(Zizyphus)植物[1],原產(chǎn)中國(guó),又稱“棘”?!渡褶r(nóng)本草經(jīng)》中記載,酸棗可“安五臟,輕身延年”,酸棗仁、葉、花均具有不同的營(yíng)養(yǎng)或藥用價(jià)值[2-3]。酸棗富含多種維生素,尤其是抗壞血酸(維生素C)含量明顯高于棗[4],在醫(yī)學(xué)上被用來(lái)降血壓和清潔血液,常用作神經(jīng)鎮(zhèn)靜劑、胃補(bǔ)品、止咳藥和抗哮喘藥,也被用作一般補(bǔ)品[5-6]。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展、生活節(jié)奏的加快、人們健康意識(shí)的增強(qiáng),醫(yī)療、保健、飲食等對(duì)酸棗的需求也逐漸增加。過(guò)去對(duì)酸棗的研究主要集中在酸棗雜交技術(shù)[7-8]、遺傳多樣性[9-10]、無(wú)性繁殖技術(shù)[11-12]以及酸棗抗性評(píng)價(jià)[13-14]等方面,而酸棗品種選育工作相對(duì)薄弱。
目前已報(bào)道的酸棗品種,按照棗果的形態(tài)分為球形酸棗、卵圓形酸棗、橢圓形酸棗、扁圓形酸棗等類型[15],根據(jù)用途可分為藥用酸棗、鮮食酸棗以及兼用酸棗[1]。按照果實(shí)口感可以分為甜酸棗,常用于制作果脯、飲料等;酸甜酸棗,果實(shí)口感酸甜適中,常用于鮮食;酸酸棗:果味酸澀,常用于烹飪、制作果醬等[16]。山西是中國(guó)酸棗主要產(chǎn)區(qū)之一,已有2000多年種植歷史,被譽(yù)為“酸棗之鄉(xiāng)”。目前,山西省酸棗種植面積和產(chǎn)量均居全國(guó)前列,種植區(qū)主要分布在太原、運(yùn)城、臨汾、忻州、呂梁等地[17]。隨著人們對(duì)酸棗保健和藥用功效的深入認(rèn)識(shí)以及市場(chǎng)對(duì)酸棗需求量的增加,酸棗供需一度呈緊俏狀態(tài)。山西省在酸棗的供給方面,因缺少適宜的酸棗栽培品種,以采收野生酸棗為主,其品種雜亂,造成酸棗品次、質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)劣不一;另因酸棗多生長(zhǎng)在坡地、山崖、田埂、荒地,棗農(nóng)在采收酸棗過(guò)程中,多以砍、剪等方式獲取,影響到當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)、景觀,也不利于酸棗產(chǎn)業(yè)健康和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。因此,開(kāi)展適宜的酸棗品種選育對(duì)解決當(dāng)前酸棗供需和穩(wěn)定酸棗品質(zhì)等具有重要意義。
1 選育過(guò)程
2006年,山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)(山西省農(nóng)科院)果樹(shù)研究所,對(duì)酸棗主產(chǎn)區(qū)的地方品種資源進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)調(diào)查,在野生酸棗群體中以豐產(chǎn)性強(qiáng)、果個(gè)大、果肉口感好、棗仁飽滿、抗病、抗裂等為目標(biāo)進(jìn)行酸棗優(yōu)良單株的篩選。2007年初在臨縣野生酸棗群體中篩選出37株綜合表現(xiàn)良好的單株,嫁接在臨縣林家坪鎮(zhèn)薛家圪臺(tái)棗園里進(jìn)行比較試驗(yàn),經(jīng)3 a(年)的觀察和研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中3號(hào)、8號(hào)、9號(hào)、21號(hào)、35號(hào)綜合性狀較好;隨后進(jìn)行了3 a的對(duì)比研究,決選出綜合性狀最為優(yōu)異的3號(hào)單株。3號(hào)單株主要表現(xiàn)為長(zhǎng)勢(shì)旺盛,果個(gè)大,肉質(zhì)厚,口感酸甜,酸棗仁肥大飽滿,10月中上旬完熟,裂果率低。即以其作為母株采集接穗,分別在臨縣林家坪、磧口等地棗園進(jìn)行高接試驗(yàn)。
2015年以嫁接植株作為采穗母株,擴(kuò)大嫁接面積。高接酸棗樹(shù)嫁接當(dāng)年即可掛果,3 a后可形成產(chǎn)量,5 a后進(jìn)入盛果期,豐產(chǎn)性狀穩(wěn)定。2017年在臨縣林家坪、磧口大面積嫁接發(fā)展的同時(shí),也在臨汾永和縣、晉中太谷縣進(jìn)行區(qū)域栽培試驗(yàn),均表現(xiàn)良好。綜上,經(jīng)過(guò)5 a的區(qū)域栽培試驗(yàn)、該酸棗品種表現(xiàn)良好,性狀穩(wěn)定,無(wú)變異現(xiàn)象。2022年9月該品系通過(guò)田間鑒定,12月通過(guò)山西省林業(yè)和草原局林木品種審定委員會(huì)審定,定名為晉酸1號(hào)(良種編號(hào):晉S-SV-ZJ-017-2022)。
根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)林業(yè)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)LY/T 2426—2015《棗品種鑒定技術(shù)規(guī)程 SSR分子標(biāo)記法》發(fā)布的核心引物24對(duì),對(duì)晉酸1號(hào)和山西臨縣野生酸棗進(jìn)行分子鑒定,結(jié)果顯示,24對(duì)引物中,有17對(duì)引物可將野生酸棗與晉酸1號(hào)區(qū)分(表1),通過(guò)引物BFU1205測(cè)序后的區(qū)分結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖1。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
晉酸1號(hào)樹(shù)姿開(kāi)張,樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸。葉片卵狀披針形,長(zhǎng)2.5~6.8 cm,寬2.0~3.5 cm,葉基偏斜1.1~2.9 mm;葉柄長(zhǎng)3~6 mm;棗吊長(zhǎng)13~25 cm(圖2、圖3)。
2.2 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀和營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量
晉酸1號(hào)果實(shí)近圓形、果頂平,果皮薄,紅色,果個(gè)大(圖4)。平均單果質(zhì)量4.75 g,最大單果質(zhì)量5.8 g,平均橫徑1.9 cm,平均縱徑2.2 cm;果肉厚、汁液多、致密細(xì)脆、無(wú)渣、風(fēng)味酸甜、可食率84.7%、可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為27.6%、還原糖(以葡萄糖計(jì))含量為8.5%、總糖含量為27.04%、維生素C含量為419 mg·100 g-1,可滴定酸含量為1.032%;果仁飽滿、含仁率100%、平均單仁質(zhì)量0.1 g。該品種與對(duì)照品種(臨縣野生酸棗)的果實(shí)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀和營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量的對(duì)比見(jiàn)表2和表3。
2.3 物候期
晉酸1號(hào)在呂梁臨縣沿黃丘陵山地4月20日左右開(kāi)始萌芽,5月下旬進(jìn)入初花期,6月上旬進(jìn)入盛花期,9月中下旬果實(shí)進(jìn)入脆熟期,10月中上旬果實(shí)進(jìn)入完熟期,10月下旬落葉期。營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)170~180 d,果實(shí)生育期115 d左右,屬晚熟品種。比當(dāng)?shù)爻R?jiàn)野生酸棗品種晚熟20 d以上。該品種與對(duì)照品種(當(dāng)?shù)爻R?jiàn)野生酸棗)的主要物候期見(jiàn)表4。
2.4 果實(shí)抗裂性能
2017—2021年調(diào)查了晉酸1號(hào)和臨縣丘陵山地酸棗棗果的抗裂表現(xiàn)。在酸棗棗果成熟期遇到連陰雨天氣,晉酸1號(hào)由于具有成熟期極晚的特性,避開(kāi)當(dāng)?shù)赜昙?,未出現(xiàn)裂果,經(jīng)過(guò)連續(xù)5 a調(diào)查,晉酸1號(hào)酸棗棗果裂果率均低于1.0%。
2.5 主要用途
晉酸1號(hào)具有果個(gè)大、皮薄、肉多、商品性好等特點(diǎn),可作為鮮食品種或用于制作高檔果汁、果酒、果醬的重要原料。其果仁飽滿、果實(shí)含仁率高,也可作為優(yōu)異的仁用酸棗品種。除上述用途外也可將晉酸1號(hào)制干后作為休閑食品或零食。
2.6 適應(yīng)性
晉酸1號(hào)適栽于山西1200 m以下海拔區(qū)域及山西省中南部(太原以南)酸棗適生區(qū),該品種表現(xiàn)出早果豐產(chǎn),綜合品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,抗逆性、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),性狀穩(wěn)定等特點(diǎn),也適宜國(guó)內(nèi)同類氣候地區(qū)栽培。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 選地建園
晉酸1號(hào)建園時(shí)要選擇交通便利、通風(fēng)向陽(yáng)的山坡、丘陵、平原等地,地塊土壤濕度不能過(guò)大,黏性不能過(guò)重,具備良好的排水條件。
3.2 栽植密度
該品種適宜高密度栽培,建議株行距為1.0 m×2.0 m,每666.7 m2栽植333株。可依據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)赝寥兰巴恋丨h(huán)境條件、樹(shù)形及栽培模式等決定適宜的密度。
3.3 土肥水條件要求
該品種適應(yīng)性和抗逆性較強(qiáng),對(duì)土肥水條件要求不嚴(yán)格。秋季落葉后,結(jié)合擴(kuò)穴、施肥,深翻一次土壤,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤通透性。
3.4 樹(shù)形和整形修剪技術(shù)
嫁接幼樹(shù)期,采取夏季摘心、除蘗、抹芽,促進(jìn)嫁接新梢生長(zhǎng),延長(zhǎng)二次枝長(zhǎng)度,為以后連年豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)奠定基礎(chǔ);休眠期進(jìn)行整形修剪,擴(kuò)大樹(shù)冠,培養(yǎng)樹(shù)形。
盛果期,繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大樹(shù)冠,培養(yǎng)樹(shù)形,疏除過(guò)密枝、交叉重疊枝、機(jī)械損傷枝、下垂細(xì)弱枝等,及時(shí)抹除無(wú)用萌芽,創(chuàng)造通風(fēng)透光的良好條件。
3.5 高接換優(yōu)技術(shù)
選擇樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)旺盛、樹(shù)齡15 a以下棗樹(shù)進(jìn)行改接。棗樹(shù)發(fā)芽后1個(gè)月內(nèi)嫁接,北方地區(qū)一般在5月初開(kāi)始至6月初結(jié)束,可采用劈接或皮下嫁接法。改接后用愈合劑涂抹傷口促進(jìn)愈合,對(duì)有甲口蟲(chóng)等害蟲(chóng)侵染的果園,需涂抹殺蟲(chóng)劑預(yù)防害蟲(chóng)危害愈傷組織;及時(shí)除蘗、抹芽,新梢長(zhǎng)至30 cm左右時(shí),綁縛支架,預(yù)防風(fēng)折。
3.6 花果管理技術(shù)
采用摘心、拉枝、花期噴布1次赤霉素等措施促進(jìn)坐果。
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收稿日期:2023-08-02 接受日期:2023-11-27
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31301674);山西省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(2023CYJSTX07-18);山西臨猗縣農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局冬棗主要病蟲(chóng)害生態(tài)調(diào)控技術(shù)研究與示范(2022LYTSSG)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:楊海波,男,副研究員,碩士,主要從事酸棗資源收集利用及生態(tài)學(xué)研究。Tel:0354-6215019,E-mail:15234244215@139.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:xiaoxiaolong007@outlook.com