徐小彪 廖光聯(lián) 黃春輝 賈東峰 鐘敏 曲雪艷 劉青 高歡
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230477
摘? ? 要:贛綠1號(hào)系從野生毛花獼猴桃(Actinidia eriantha Benth.)自然變異群體中選育而成的新品種。果實(shí)長圓柱形至長卵圓形,果喙微鈍凸,果面密被白色短茸毛。果實(shí)大小中等,均勻一致,平均單果質(zhì)量為46.22 g,最大單果質(zhì)量為73.50 g。果肉翠綠,肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩,風(fēng)味香甜,果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為18.4%~22.2%,可滴定酸含量為0.94%,可溶性糖含量為9.25%,干物質(zhì)含量為21.74%,抗壞血酸含量為662.6 mg·100 g-1。在江西省宜春市,盛花期為5月上旬,果實(shí)成熟期為10月底至11月上旬。植株樹勢(shì)較強(qiáng),耐熱抗旱,適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),果實(shí)均勻一致,富含抗壞血酸,易剝皮,鮮食品質(zhì)佳,果實(shí)耐貯藏,常溫下可貯藏30~50 d,綜合性狀優(yōu)良。
關(guān)鍵詞:毛花獼猴桃;新品種;贛綠1號(hào);甜香型
中圖分類號(hào):S663.4 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)02-0358-04
A novel sweet aromatic cultivar of Actinidia eriantha ‘Ganlü No. 1
XU Xiaobiao, LIAO Guanglian, HUANG Chunhui, JIA Dongfeng, ZHONG Min, QU Xueyan, LIU Qing, GAO Huan
(College of Agronomy/Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China)
Abstract: Actinidia eriantha Benth is a species of Actinidia genus in the Actinidiaceae family and is widely distributed in China, including Jiangxi Province. Its fruit is rich in ascorbic acid with great potential for development. However, the soluble solid content of the wild fruit is generally low (less than 14.0%). The fruit tastes sour and astringent, and doesnt meet the standard of fresh fruit. The sweet fruit has become an important target of genetic improvement in A. eriantha. The abundant germplasm resources of A. eriantha in China provide an opportunity for breeding cultivars with high sugar content. Fortunately, a strain (code: ‘MM-24) from wild seedlings with high sugar content was found in Nancheng County, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province. In February 2009, the scions were collected from the strain and grafted on the 8- year old trees of A. chinensis var deliciosa Miliang No. 1 for field trail. The leaf shape was oval, with no hairs. Each inflorescence had three to five single flowers. The flowers were corymbose. The color of petal and anther was pink and yellow, respectively. Each flower had 32 to 42 anthers. Both shoot and semi-lignified branch were densely covered with short gray hairs. The shape of pores on the branch was round or fusiform. The fruit was long cylindrical to oval, the beak was slightly obtuse, the surface of the fruit was densely covered with short white hairs. The fruit size was medium and uniform, with an average fruit mass of 46.22 g and a maximum fruit mass of 73.50 g. The flesh was green and had a sweet flavor. The soluble solid content of fruit was 18.4%-22.2%, the titrable acid content was 0.94%, the soluble sugar content was 9.25%, the dry matter content was 21.74%, and the ascorbic acid content was 662.6 mg·100 g-1. The full flowering period was in early May, and the fruit mature period was from late October to early November in Yichun City, Jiangxi Province. The vine had strong growth, heat resistance and drought resistance, and strong adaptability. Its fruits were uniform, easy to peel and could be stored at room temperature for 30 to 50 d, and the comprehensive traits were excellent. It was finally named as Ganlü No. 1 and granted new plant patent by China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2019. It would be recommended to use horizontal greenhouse frames or T-shaped small trellises for cultivation. During the bud stage, it was essential to promptly perform “zero bud” folding and pruning. Fruit thinning and bagging were required at the young fruit stage. The fruits could be harvested when the soluble solid content reached 6.5%. The comprehensive pruning methods of truncation, thinning and retracting should be adopted to renew and rejuvenate in time after the leaf fall in winter and before the next spring. The spacing of plant rows should be (2.5-3.0) m × (3.0-4.0) m. The pollination cultivar was A. chinensis var. chinensis Ganxiong No. 2. Generally, fertilization should be applied two to three times a year, mainly with nitrogen fertilizer in spring, and mainly with fast-available phosphorus, potassium and calcium fertilizer in summer, and mainly with organic fertilizer in autumn.
Key words: Actinidia eriantha; New cultivar; Ganlü No. 1; Sweet flavor
毛花獼猴桃(Actinidia eriantha Benth.)隸屬于獼猴桃科(Actinidiaceae)獼猴桃屬(Actinidia),是中國特有且豐富的野生種質(zhì)資源,廣泛地分布在江西、浙江、福建、湖南等長江以南的廣大丘陵山區(qū)[1-2]。毛花獼猴桃果實(shí)富含抗壞血酸并含有大量的糖、氨基酸和人體必需的礦物質(zhì)。此外,毛花獼猴桃還具有高酚類物質(zhì)、抗病、耐熱、果皮易剝離等優(yōu)良特性,具有良好的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,是繼中華獼猴桃(A. chinensis var. chinensis)和美味獼猴桃(A. chinensis var. deliciosa)之后極具開發(fā)潛力的特色漿果[3-4],但野生狀態(tài)下毛花獼猴桃果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)普遍偏低(低于14.0%),口感偏澀,酸度較高,難以達(dá)到鮮果食用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。甜香型果實(shí)已成為毛花獼猴桃品質(zhì)育種的一個(gè)重要目標(biāo)性狀。
1 選育過程
自2008年秋季開始,筆者對(duì)江西省境內(nèi)主要山區(qū)的野生獼猴桃種質(zhì)資源進(jìn)行普查,定位觀察中華獼猴桃、毛花獼猴桃、闊葉獼猴桃等野生獼猴桃400余份,異位高接保存特異種質(zhì)38份[5]。其中,在江西省撫州市南城縣境內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了果實(shí)綜合性狀優(yōu)良的毛花獼猴桃高糖型變異單株(代號(hào)MM-24)。2009年2月,從該變異母樹采集接穗,進(jìn)行異位高接(砧木為8年生美味獼猴桃米良1號(hào)),開展該優(yōu)株的品種選育研究。2010年始果,對(duì)其無性系的生物學(xué)特性、果實(shí)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀及遺傳穩(wěn)定性等進(jìn)行觀測(cè)分析與系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),經(jīng)多年的高接觀察及區(qū)域試驗(yàn),該優(yōu)株綜合性狀表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良且遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定。2013年春季建立了子一代高接鑒定圃。同時(shí),優(yōu)株母樹接穗分別送到江西省奉新縣山維獼猴桃科技開發(fā)有限公司、贛州市信豐縣萇楚果業(yè)有限公司等地進(jìn)行高接觀察并開展相關(guān)品種區(qū)域試驗(yàn)。2017—2019年,以毛花獼猴桃贛獼6號(hào)為對(duì)照[6],進(jìn)行品比試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該品種生物學(xué)特性、果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀及染色體倍性等遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定,果實(shí)可溶性固形物和干物質(zhì)含量高,植株樹勢(shì)較強(qiáng),耐熱抗旱,適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),果實(shí)均勻一致,綜合性狀優(yōu)良,定名為贛綠1號(hào)(圖1)。該品種已獲中華人民共和國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部植物新品種權(quán)(品種權(quán)號(hào):CNA20191003213)。
2 主要特征特性
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
對(duì)毛花獼猴桃贛綠1號(hào)的植物學(xué)性狀進(jìn)行觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)其幼葉和成葉均為長卵圓形,尖端均呈銳尖狀,基部為開狀;成葉葉面無茸毛,平均葉長為16.64 cm,平均葉寬為11.69 cm。贛綠1號(hào)花常著生于結(jié)果枝基部第2~6節(jié)的葉腋處,單株花量較大;花為傘房花序,每花序單花3~5朵,每朵具有5~7瓣花瓣,24~28個(gè)花柱,32~42個(gè)花藥;花瓣為粉紅色,花藥為淡黃色,極具觀賞性。贛綠1號(hào)新梢、半木質(zhì)化枝條及1年生枝條均密被白色短茸毛,1年生枝平均直徑1.23 cm,節(jié)間平均長度6.58 cm;芽座微突呈垂直狀,被灰色短茸毛;木質(zhì)化枝綠褐色,皮孔圓形或梭形(表1)。
2.2 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
果實(shí)長圓柱形至長卵圓形,果皮綠褐色,果面密被白色短茸毛。果柄平均長度1.99 cm。果實(shí)中型,平均單果質(zhì)量46.22 g,最大單果質(zhì)量73.50 g。果實(shí)縱徑6.32 cm,橫徑2.51 cm,果形指數(shù)為2.52(表1)。果喙微鈍凸,果肩斜。果肉翠綠色,果心淡黃色,髓射線明顯。種子黑色,種子縱徑0.19 cm,橫徑0.11 cm,種形指數(shù)為1.73。果實(shí)橫截面種子數(shù)24.6粒,平均單果種子數(shù)521.5粒,千粒質(zhì)量約0.96 g。果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量20.3%,可溶性糖含量9.25%,可滴定酸含量0.94%,干物質(zhì)含量21.74%,抗壞血酸含量662.6 mg·100 g-1(表2)。果實(shí)后熟達(dá)到食用狀態(tài)時(shí)(果肉硬度為0.8~1.0 kg·cm-2)易剝皮,肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩,風(fēng)味甜香。
2.3 生長結(jié)果習(xí)性與物候期
毛花獼猴桃贛綠1號(hào)及贛獼6號(hào)的傷流期均在2月上中旬,萌芽期為2月中下旬,展葉期3月上旬,花期為5月上旬,果實(shí)成熟期為10月底至11月上旬,12月中下旬落葉。毛花獼猴桃贛綠1號(hào)結(jié)枝率高(91.5%),連續(xù)結(jié)果能力強(qiáng),正常生長的營養(yǎng)枝均可成為翌年的結(jié)果母枝。坐果率在95%以上,落花落果少,果實(shí)生育期約170 d。豐產(chǎn)性好,異位高接子一代第3年平均株產(chǎn)12.59 kg,第4年平均株產(chǎn)19.5 kg。果實(shí)及樹體在田間表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的耐熱性及抗旱性,田間未發(fā)現(xiàn)潰瘍病危害。
2.4 DNA指紋圖譜鑒定
利用自主開發(fā)的4對(duì)SSR分子標(biāo)記,對(duì)贛綠1號(hào)與已報(bào)道的毛花獼猴桃品種華特、贛獼6號(hào)及贛綠2號(hào)進(jìn)行鑒定。分子鑒定結(jié)果表明,贛綠1號(hào)與已報(bào)道的毛花獼猴桃品種在DNA水平上存在顯著差異(圖2)。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 適宜區(qū)域
適宜在江西省、浙江省、福建省、湖南省、貴州省、云南省等具有相同或相近生境的地區(qū)種植,選擇土壤疏松肥沃、灌溉方便、海拔50~1000 m地段種植。宜選擇在無霜期130 d以上,土壤pH 6.0~7.0、土壤疏松肥沃、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量豐富、灌溉方便的砂質(zhì)土壤建園。
3.2 整形修剪
以水平大棚架或T形小棚架栽培為宜,結(jié)果枝率高,正常生長的營養(yǎng)枝均可成為翌年的結(jié)果母枝。蕾期及時(shí)“零芽”折梢修剪;花期疏除弱花、過密花、晚開花;幼果期疏掉小果、畸形果、病蟲果和多余果,然后按結(jié)果蔓的強(qiáng)弱適當(dāng)留果;花后30 d選擇白色單層袋進(jìn)行套袋;果實(shí)10月底至11月上旬成熟,以果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量達(dá)6.5%時(shí)為最佳采收期;采用單干雙主蔓多側(cè)蔓整形方式,冬季落葉后至翌春傷流前宜采用短截、疏剪和回縮的綜合修剪方法,及時(shí)更新復(fù)壯;對(duì)較旺的結(jié)果母蔓在結(jié)果部位以上留8~10節(jié),普通的結(jié)果母蔓在結(jié)果部位以上留6~8節(jié),較弱的結(jié)果母蔓在結(jié)果部位以上留2~4節(jié),太弱的蔓直接疏除。
3.3 栽培密度及授粉品種
授粉品種為中華獼猴桃贛雄2號(hào),采用噴霧或噴粉方法授粉均可。定植株行距以(2.5~3.0) m×(3.0~4.0) m為宜。
3.4 肥水管理
平衡施用氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂等大量元素和錳、鋅、硼等微量元素。成齡獼猴桃園一般每年施肥2~3次,萌芽肥以氮肥為主;壯果肥以速效磷、鉀、鈣、鎂肥為主;秋季基肥以有機(jī)肥為主,約占全年施肥量的90%。
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收稿日期:2023-11-22 接受日期:2023-12-15
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(32160692);江西省科技廳重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(20192ACB60002)
作者簡介:徐小彪,男,教授,研究方向?yàn)楣麡浞N質(zhì)資源與生物技術(shù)。E-mail:xbxu@jxau.edu.cn