英文摘要

Abstracts

Making?Grand?Strategy?in?an?Era?of?Turbulence?and?Change

SONG?Dexing

Abstract：?In?an?era?of?turbulence?and?change，?international?power?has?become?decentralized?among，?above，?and?below?countries，?and?the?widespread?anxiety?it?has?spawned?has?made?this?the?“age?of?strategic?anxiety”.?Meanwhile，?the?evolution?of?the?basic?international?attitude?of?the?United?States?and?the?West，?characterized?by?populism，?and?the?strategic?tendency?of?self-interest，?directly?impact?the?relations?between?countries.?Americas?primary?geostrategic?concerns，?which?have?undergone?a?historic?shift?from?land?to?sea?in?the?21st?century，?have?promoted?the?formation?of?a?united?front?of?maritime?countries?against?China.?The?changes?in?the?above?strategic?environment?have?determined?that?the?making?of?Chinas?grand?strategy?must?attach?great?importance?to?domestic?development，?which?is?the?basis?for?its?success，?and?at?the?same?time，?attach?great?importance?to?the?optimization?of?the?external?strategic?environment，?effectively?enhance?strategic?thinking，?objectively?and?rationally?grasp?the?relationship?between?China?and?the?world，?and?master?the?art?of?using?power.?Therefore，?in?the?making?of?grand?strategy，?Beijing?need?to?pay?enough?attention?to?both?domestic?and?international?dimensions，?and?regard?it?as?a?process?that?needs?constant?adjustment?and?optimization?to?ensure?internal?dynamic?balance.

Keywords：?era?of?turbulence?and?change，?China，?grand?strategy，?geopolitics，?international?power

Germanys?National?Security?Strategy?Under?a?Triple?Strategic?Logic

ZHENG?Chunrong?and?LIN?Zhuoran

Abstract：?Germanys?first?National?Security?Strategy?（NSS）?has?attracted?widespread?attention?and?discussion.?This?paper?systematically?examines?Germanys?first?NSS?through?the?lens?of?three?political?logics?of?strategy-making：?grand?strategy，?opportunism，?and?risk?management.?Germanys?NSS?is?a?statement?of?broad?principles?of?action，?and?the?detailed?plan?of?action?derived?from?which?remains?to?be?seen.?As?Germanys?security?policy?centers?around?the?prevention?of?risk?factors，?its?risk?perception?is?significantly?affected?by?the?Russian-Ukrainian?conflict?and?great?power?rivalry，?and?risk?management?in?military，?economic，?and?institutional?terms?will?be?the?focus?of?Germanys?national?security?policy.?Germanys?NSS?is?also?characterized?by?opportunism，?but?the?degree?of?this?characteristic?is?limited，?indicating?that?Germanys?national?security?policy?is?more?stable.?In?short，?German?NSS?is?characterized?by?a?mixture?of?grand?strategy，?opportunism，?and?risk?management.?Guided?by?this?national?security?strategy?with?mixed?characteristics，?the?binding?force?of?Germanys?culture?of?restraint?will?be?further?weakened，?the?transatlantic?partnership?will?be?further?consolidated，?and?European?strategic?autonomy?will?be?hard?to?materialize?under?the?NATO?framework?in?the?foreseeable?future.?However，?the?implementation?of?Germanys?current?NSS?will?be?affected?by?a?combination?of?factors，?such?as?destabilizing?internal?affairs?and?possible?changes?in?U.S.?grand?strategy.

Keywords：?Germany，?national?security，?grand?strategy，?risk?management，?opportunism

Pluralized?Balancing：?Australias?Foreign?Strategy?in?the?Shifting?Indo-Pacific?Dynamics

LI?Yanliang

Abstract：?Abstract：?As?the?United?States?increasingly?shifts?its?strategic?resource?to?the?Indo-Pacific，?Australia?has?taken?on?a?more?prominent?role?in?regional?order?and?world?affairs.?The?relationship?between?Australia?and?China?has?also?experienced?major?setbacks?and?adjustments?since?2016.?Australia?believes?that?Chinas?rise?and?the?diminution?of?U.S.?leadership?pose?structural?challenges?to?the?international?system.?Amid?intensifying?security?challenges，?evolving?international?order，?and?unbalanced?economic?interdependence，?Australias?national?interests?is?facing?great?uncertainties.?Therefore，?Australia?is?advancing?its?cooperation?with?other?regional?actors，?while?adjusting?its?relations?with?United?States?and?China，?so?as?to?balance?the?challenges?in?a?pluralized?way.?On?the?security?front，?Australia?builds?on?the?U.S.-centered?alliance?system?to?strengthen?its?deterrence?capacity.?On?the?political?front，?Australia?tries?to?advance?its?leadership?for?a?“rules-based?order”?under?minilateral?mechanisms?with?like-mined?partners.?In?economic?terms，?Australia?attempts?to?sustain?trade?ties?with?China，?while?pursing?economic?integration?with?other?Asian?countries.?The?implementation?of?Australian?foreign?strategy?still?faces?limitations，?due?to?its?policy?dependency?on?United?States?and?domestic?political?environment.?China?needs?to?address?its?differences?as?well?as?its?common?interests?with?Australia.?It?also?needs?to?incorporate?Australia?into?the?process?of?reforming?the?international?political?and?economic?order，?so?as?to?relieve?Australias?strategic?anxiety，?and?further?advance?the?bilateral?relations.

Keywords：?China-Australia?relations，?U.S.-Australia?alliance，?Australian?foreign?policy，?middle?power，?Asia-Pacific?order

Global?Digital?Governance?Deficits：?Manifestations，?Causes，?and?Chinas?Practices

CAI?Cuihong?and?LI?Yuhua

Abstract：?With?the?rapid?development?of?digital?technology?and?digital?economy，?the?current?global?digital?governance?system?is?far?from?being?able?to?meet?the?needs?of?the?international?community，?and?a?global?digital?governance?deficit?has?emerged.?The?global?digital?governance?deficit?is?centered?on?two?aspects：?first，?the?deficit?on?the?supply?side，?i.e.，?capabilities，?institutions，?and?ideas，?manifested?in?the?further?widening?of?the?global?digital?divide，?the?lack?of?institution?building，?and?the?paucity?of?viable?ideas;?second，?the?deficit?in?governance?effectiveness，?which?is?undermined?by?digital?hegemony，?digital?protectionism，?and?digital?imperialism.?The?global?digital?governance?deficit?results?from?a?confluence?of?factors：?governance?environment，?governance?subjects，?and?governance?objects.?In?the?face?of?the?severe?global?digital?governance?deficit，?China?has?taken?up?the?responsibility?to?enhance?global?connectivity?and?bridge?the?global?digital?divide?by?deepening?cooperation?in?digital?infrastructure，?digital?economy，?digital?trade，?and?digital?talent.?China?is?also?enhancing?the?level?of?global?digital?institution?construction?by?taking?the?initiative?to?create?governance?mechanisms，?exploring?governance?norms，?and?actively?participating?in?the?alignment?of?international?digital?rules.?By?advocating?the?ideal?of?global?governance?based?on?broad-based?negotiation，?joint?efforts，?and?shared?benefits，?and?by?promoting?the?construction?of?a?digital?community?of?shared?future，?China?contributes?its?wisdom?to?the?global?digital?governance.

Keywords：?global?digital?governance，?governance?deficit，?good?digital?governance，?digital?community?of?shared?future

Global?Climate?Governance?and?Chinas?Strategic?Options?in?the?Context?of?Great?Changes：?An?Analysis?of?the?First?Global?Stocktake

LI?Huiming?and?XIANG?Wenjie

Abstract：?The?2023?Dubai?Climate?Conference?completed?the?first?global?stocktake?of?the?Paris?Agreement，?clearly?stating?that?significant?collective?progress?has?been?made?under?the?Paris?Agreement，?but?Parties?are?not?yet?collectively?on?track?to?achieving?the?purpose?of?the?Paris?Agreement?and?its?long-term?goals，?and?there?is?still?a?huge?gap?to?achieve?the?goals.?This?climate?conference?has?also?established?a?roadmap?of?transitioning?away?from?fossil?fuels?in?energy?systems?and?reaching?net?zero?carbon?dioxide?emissions?by?2050，?which?marks?the?beginning?of?the?end?of?the?fossil?fuel?era?and?indicates?that?the?global?trend?of?green?transition?is?not?only?irreversible，?but?the?pace?of?transition?will?continue?to?accelerate?in?this?critical?decade.?The?world?is?currently?facing?great?changes?unseen?in?a?century，?and?the?urgency?of?global?climate?governance?is?significantly?increasing.?As?a?responsible?great?power?in?the?international?community?and?a?key?actor?in?global?climate?governance，?China?needs?to?firmly?promote?the?achievement?of?its?own?carbon?peaking?and?carbon?neutrality?goals，?actively?promote?and?take?a?lead?in?the?global?low-carbon?transition，?and?contribute?greater?efforts?to?achieving?global?climate?governance?goals，?starting?from?the?strategic?perspective?of?building?a?community?with?a?shared?future?for?mankind?and?taking?advantage?of?the?clear?signal?sent?by?the?first?global?stocktake.

Keywords：?Dubai?Climate?Conference，?global?climate?governance，?global?stocktake，?Paris?Model，?China

Ecological?Civilization?Institutional?Alignment?in?Chinas?Foreign?Relations

YU?Hongyuan?and?REN?Kanghua

Abstract：?The?Earth?is?grappling?with?an?unprecedented?ecological?crisis?marked?by?a?surge?in?extreme?weather?events，?environmental?degradation，?and?loss?of?biodiversity.?The?international?arena?of?climate?governance?has?long?been?characterized?by?political?discord?and?challenges，?including?the?dilemma?of?collective?action?and?disparities?in?governance?status?among?participants.?Urgent?action?is?needed?to?establish?a?fair?and?effective?multilateral?cooperative?governance?mechanism.?In?response，?China?has?proposed?a?global?initiative?to?jointly?construct?an?ecological?civilization?and?reform?the?global?environmental?and?climate?governance?system，?which?has?become?an?integral?component?of?Chinas?foreign?policy.?Since?the?18th?CPC?National?Congress，?China?has?emerged?as?a?significant?participant，?contributor，?and?leader?in?global?ecological?civilization?construction.?Central?to?this?endeavor?is?institutional?alignment，?a?critical?element?for?China?and?the?international?community?to?collaboratively?pursue?ecological?civilization?construction.?This?paper?identifies?three?key?aspects?of?this?institutional?alignment：?firstly，?multilateral?collaboration?anchored?by?the?United?Nations;?secondly，?bilateral?and?regional?cooperation?between?China?and?other?nations;?and?thirdly，?alignment?with?international?initiatives?independently?proposed?by?China.?Chinas?leadership?in?promoting?ecological?civilization，?underpinned?by?green?principles，?serves?as?a?pivotal?force?driving?institutional?alignment?in?foreign?relations?and?bolstering?international?contributions?in?this?realm.?China?should?seize?strategic?opportunities?to?enhance?alignment?and?foster?global?ecological?civilization?based?on?principles?of?extensive?consultation，?joint?contribution，?and?shared?benefits.

Keywords：?global?ecological?civilization，?green?leadership，?institutional?alignment，?Global?Governance

The?Fetters?of?Alliance?System：?The?Interactive?Logic?of?Asia-Pacific?Minilateral?Security?Cooperation

LI?Dejie

Abstract：?Amid?profound?changes?in?the?Asia-Pacific?region，?the?United?States?and?its?allies?have?promoted?the?multilateralization?of?the?traditional?“hub-and-spoke”?alliance?system?in?order?to?cope?with?the?rise?of?China，?and?the?result?is?the?formation?of?minilateral?security?cooperation.?The?current?theoretical?frameworks?that?center?around?state-actors?strategic?motives?are?inadequate?in?explaining?the?emergence?of?minilateral?security?cooperation?stemming?from?the?multilateralization?of?alliance?system.?Therefore，?it?is?necessary?to?explicate?this?dynamic?both?externally?and?internally，?i.e.?the?United?States?relations?with?its?allies?inside?the?alliance?and?its?interactions?with?outside?partners.?Under?the?hierarchical?structure?of?the?alliance?system，?the?lopsided?dependence?of?allies?on?the?United?States?for?security?and?the?closure?of?the?system?itself?have?a?fettering?effect?on?its?multilateralization.?On?the?one?hand，?closer?cooperation?on?security?issues?weakens?the?unipolarity?of?the?alliance?system，?while?the?“critical?mass”?of?the?participation?in?the?issues?highlights?the?exclusiveness?of?the?system，?thus?forming?an?integrated?minilateral?security?cooperation.?On?the?other?hand，?the?extensive?security?cooperation?between?the?alliance?system?and?its?external?security?partners?leads?to?the?weakening?of?the?exclusiveness，?but?also?maintains?the?lopsided?security?dependence?due?to?the?strategic?autonomy?of?security?partners，?thus?forming?an?expanded?minilateral?security?cooperation.?By?examining?the?characteristics?of?trilateral?security?cooperation?between?the?United?States，?Japan，?and?South?Korea，?as?well?as?the?quadrilateral?security?cooperation?between?the?United?States，?Japan，?India，?and?Australia，?the?interactive?logic?of?these?two?types?of?cooperation?is?verified.

Keywords：?minilateral?security?cooperation，?“hub-and-spoke”?alliance，?fettering?effect，?security?dependency，?strategic?autonomy

Reshaping?the?Security?Role?of?Paramilitary?Forces：?A?Comparative?Analysis?of?Türkiye，?Poland，?and?Ukraine

WANG?Siyu

Abstract：?Paramilitary?forces?are?early?manifestations?of?the?nation-state?concept?and?the?modern?Western?military?system.?They?represent?a?semi-military?force，?sharing?similarities?with?traditional?armies?in?terms?of?organizational?structure，?culture，?and?functions，?while?also?possessing?significant?political?attributes.?The?emergence?of?fragile?nation-states?and?radical?nationalism?from?the?19th?to?the?early?20th?century?collectively?expanded?the?scope?and?moral?dimensions?for?the?utilization?of?informal?force，?thereby?reinforcing?the?influence?and?impact?of?military?elites?on?national?political?dynamics?and?agendas.?This?phenomenon?established?a?social?and?cultural?foundation?for?paramilitarism，?which?persisted?in?the?institutional?memory?and?symbolic?representation?of?national?identity?in?certain?countries?until?the?end?of?the?Cold?War.?The?onset?of?the?21st-century?global?era?of?nontraditional?security?challenges?has?prompted?adjustments?in?security?strategies?across?various?nations，?offering?paramilitary?forces?fresh?opportunities?for?redefining?their?security?roles.?A?comparative?analysis?of?the?formation，?evolution，?and?contemporary?role?adjustments?of?different?paramilitary?forces?in?Poland，?Türkiye，?and?Ukraine，?shows?that?the?“gray?attributes”?associated?with?paramilitary?forces?in?these?countries?have?diminished?under?the?influence?of?institutional?frameworks?and?norms.?Moreover，?a?clearer?delineation?of?roles?between?the?military?and?law?enforcement?agencies?has?emerged，?marking?a?transition?from?cultural?artifacts?to?institutional?mechanisms.

Keywords：?paramilitary?forces，?nontraditional?security，?Ukraine，?Poland，?Türkiye