【摘要】 背景 隨著老齡化進程的加快,癡呆的發(fā)病率正逐年增高,但目前尚無有效治愈手段且預(yù)后差。主觀認知下降(SCD)作為癡呆的臨床前期階段,認知功能仍有可塑性,探討其患病率及影響因素對癡呆的防控管理具有重大意義。目的 明確內(nèi)蒙古包頭地區(qū)60歲及以上人群SCD、輕度認知障礙(MCI)和癡呆的患病率及相關(guān)危險因素。方法 于2021年6月—2022年9月,采用多階段抽樣、整群抽樣、隨機抽樣相結(jié)合的方法,選擇內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)包頭市的3個旗縣區(qū)(昆都侖區(qū)、九原區(qū)、固陽縣)隨機抽取21個居委會、17個村委會的1 120例研究對象開展橫斷面調(diào)查。采用問卷調(diào)查法收集研究對象的一般資料并進行認知功能評估。依據(jù)認知功能將研究對象劃分為正常組(n=206)、SCD組(n=491)、MCI組(n=320)、癡呆組(n=103)。采用多因素Logistic回歸分析探究研究對象認知功能狀況的影響因素。結(jié)果 研究對象中位年齡68.0(63.0,73.0)歲,中位受教育年限9.0(5.0,11.4)年。無配偶〔OR=2.542,95%CI(1.139,5.674),P=0.023〕、肥胖〔OR=6.058,95%CI(2.281,16.093),Plt;0.001〕、以素食為主〔OR=3.037,95%CI(1.868,4.936),Plt;0.001〕、每晚睡眠時長lt;6 h〔OR=1.662,95%CI(1.099,2.516),P=0.016〕、吸煙史〔OR=1.971,95%CI(1.231,3.157),P=0.005〕、糖尿病史〔OR=1.975,95%CI(1.140,3.422),P=0.015〕、冠心病史〔OR=3.501,95%CI(1.016,12.062),P=0.047〕及視力下降史〔OR=2.454,95%CI(1.638,3.677),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群SCD患病的危險因素。居住農(nóng)村〔OR=2.636,95%CI(1.231,5.641),P=0.013〕、無配偶〔OR=2.843,95%CI(1.228,6.582),P=0.015〕、肥胖〔OR=5.626,95%CI(2.046,15.475),P=0.001〕、以素食為主〔OR=3.832,95%CI(2.212,6.640),Plt;0.001〕、以肉食為主〔OR=2.619,95%CI(1.536,4.465),Plt;0.001〕、吸煙史〔OR=1.912,95%CI(1.133,3.227),P=0.015〕、糖尿病史〔OR=2.544,95%CI(1.378,4.697),P=0.003〕、冠心病史〔OR=3.945,95%CI(1.110,14.016),P=0.034〕及視力下降史〔OR=2.846,95%CI(1.780,4.551),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群MCI患病的危險因素。受教育程度初中〔OR=0.180,95%CI(0.103,0.314),Plt;0.001〕、高中及以上〔OR=0.075,95%CI(0.041,0.136),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群MCI患病的保護因素。居住農(nóng)村〔OR=5.511,95%CI(2.306,13.170),Plt;0.001〕、無配偶〔OR=2.987,95%CI(1.152,7.746),P=0.024〕、肥胖〔OR=7.303,95%CI(2.436,21.890),Plt;0.001〕、以素食為主〔OR=7.025,95%CI(3.626,13.609),Plt;0.001〕、以肉食為主〔OR=2.255,95%CI(1.102,4.616),P=0.026〕、每晚睡眠時長lt;6 h〔OR=2.164,95%CI(1.206,3.883),P=0.010〕、吸煙史〔OR=2.661,95%CI(1.415,5.004),P=0.002〕、糖尿病史〔OR=2.186,95%CI(1.033,4.624),P=0.041〕、冠心病史〔OR=6.830,95%CI(1.809,25.783),P=0.005〕及視力下降史〔OR=3.267,95%CI(1.785,5.979),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群癡呆患病的危險因素。60~69歲〔OR=0.211,95%CI(0.074,0.597),P=0.003〕、70~79歲〔OR=0.218,95%CI(0.077,0.620),P=0.004〕、受教育程度初中〔OR=0.473,95%CI(0.229,0.977),P=0.043〕、高中及以上〔OR=0.227,95%CI(0.105,0.493),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群癡呆患病的保護因素。結(jié)論 內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)包頭市≥60歲老年人的SCD、MCI、癡呆患病率處于全國較高水平,居住農(nóng)村、高齡、無配偶、低受教育水平、肥胖、單純以素食或肉食為主飲食、每晚睡眠時間lt;6 h、吸煙、糖尿病、冠心病、視力下降是該地區(qū)老年人SCD、MCI、癡呆患病的主要危險因素。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 認知功能障礙;輕度認知障礙;癡呆;老年人;影響因素分析;內(nèi)蒙古;Logistic模型
【中圖分類號】 R 741 R 749.16 【文獻標(biāo)識碼】 A DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0004
【引用本文】 禹延雪,白茹玉,于文龍,等. ≥60歲人群認知功能障礙發(fā)生現(xiàn)狀及影響因素研究[J]. 中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2023,26(21):2581-2588. DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0004. [www.chinagp.net]
YU Y X,BAI R Y,YU W L,et al. Occurrence status and influencing factors of cognitive dysfunction in population aged 60 and above[J]. Chinese General Practice,2023,26(21):2581-2588.
Occurrence Status and Influencing Factors of Cognitive Dysfunction in Population Aged 60 and Above YU Yanxue,BAI Ruyu,YU Wenlong,GUO Xia WU Li'e
Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College,Inner Mongolia University of Science amp;Technology,Baotou 014010,China
Corresponding authors:GUO Xia,Chief physician;E-mail:guoxia0424@163.com
WU Li'e,Chief physician/Professor;E-mail:dx6917@163.com
【Abstract】 Background With the accelerated aging process,the incidence of dementia is increasing year by year,but there is no effective cure and the prognosis is poor. The cognitive function is still plastic during subjective cognitive decline(SCD),which as a preclinical stage of dementia,it is of great significance for the prevention and management of dementia to investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of SCD. Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of SCD,MCI and dementia in population aged 60 and above in Baotou,Inner Mongolia. Methods From June 2021 to September 2022,a cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 1 120 objects in 21 neighborhood councils and 17 village committees randomly selected from 3 banner counties(Hondlon District,Jiuyuan District and Guyang County)of Baotou City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region by using the combination of multistage sampling,cluster sampling and random sampling. General information of the study subjects were collected by questionnaire and their cognitive function was assessed. According to cognitive function,the study subjects were divided into the normal group(n=206),SCD group(n=491),MCI group(n=320)and dementia group(n=103). Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of cognitive function. Results The median age of the study subjects was 68.0(63.0,73.0)years and the median number of years of education was 9.0(5.0,11.4)years. Absence of spouse〔OR=2.542,95%CI(1.139,5.674),P=0.023〕,obesity〔OR=6.058,95%CI(2.281,16.093),Plt;0.001〕,predominant vegetarian type of diet〔OR=3.037,95%CI(1.868,4.936),Plt;0.001〕,nightly sleep duration lt;6 hours〔OR=1.662,95%CI(1.099,2.516),P=0.016〕,smoking history〔OR=1.971,95%CI(1.231,3.157),P=0.005〕,diabetes history〔OR=1.975,95%CI(1.140,3.422),P=0.015〕,coronary heart disease history〔OR=3.501,95%CI(1.016,12.062),P=0.047〕,and vision loss history〔OR=2.454,95%CI(1.638,3.677),Plt;0.001〕were risk factor for the prevalence of SCD in population aged 60 and above. Rural residence〔OR=2.636,95%CI(1.231,5.641),P=0.013〕,absence of spouse〔OR=2.843,95%CI(1.228,6.582),P=0.015〕,obesity〔OR=5.626,95%CI(2.046,15.475),P=0.001〕,predominant vegetarian type of diet〔OR=3.832,95%CI(2.212,6.640),Plt;0.001〕,predominant meat type of diet〔OR=2.619,95%CI(1.536,4.465),Plt;0.001〕,smoking history〔OR=1.912,95%CI(1.133,3.227),P=0.015〕,diabetes history〔OR=2.544,95%CI(1.378,4.697),P=0.003〕,coronary heart disease history〔OR=3.945,95%CI(1.110,14.016),P=0.034〕,and vision loss history〔OR=2.846,95%CI(1.780,4.551),Plt;0.001〕were risk factors for the prevalence of MCI in population aged 60 and above,education level of junior high school〔OR=0.180,95%CI(0.103,0.314),Plt;0.001〕,high school and above〔OR=0.075,95%CI(0.041,0.136),Plt;0.001〕were protective factors for MCI in population aged 60 and above. Rural residence〔OR=5.511,95%CI(2.306,13.170),Plt;0.001〕,absence of spouse〔OR=2.987,95%CI(1.152,7.746),P=0.024〕,obesity〔OR=7.303,95%CI(2.436,21.890),Plt;0.001〕,predominant vegetarian type of diet〔OR=7.025,95%CI(3.626,13.609),Plt;0.001〕,predominant meat type of diet〔OR=2.255,95%CI(1.102,4.616),P=0.026〕,nightly sleep durationlt;6 hours〔OR=2.164,95%CI(1.206,3.883),P=0.010〕,smoking history〔OR=2.661,95%CI(1.415,5.004),P=0.002〕,diabetes history〔OR=2.186,95%CI(1.033,4.624),P=0.041〕,coronary heart disease history〔OR=6.830,95%CI(1.809,25.783),P=0.005〕and vision loss history〔OR=3.267,95%CI(1.785,5.979),Plt;0.001〕were risk factors for the prevalence of dementia in population aged 60 and above. Age 60-69 years〔OR=0.211,95%CI(0.074,0.597),P=0.003〕,70-79 years〔OR=0.218,95%CI(0.077,0.620),P=0.004〕,education level of junior high school〔OR=0.473,95%CI(0.229,0.977),P=0.043〕,high school and above〔OR=0.227,95%CI(0.105,0.493),Plt;0.001〕were protective factors for the prevalence of dementia in population aged 60 and above. Conclusion The prevalence rates of SCD,MCI and dementia among the older adults aged 60 and above in Baotou region of Inner Mongolia is at a high national level. Rural residents,old age,absence spouse,low education level,obesity,predominant vegetarian or meat type of diet,sleep less than 6 hours per night,smoking,diabetes,coronary heart disease and vision loss are the main risk factors of the prevalence of SCD,MCI and dementia among the older adults in this region.
【Key words】 Cognitive dysfunction;Mild cognitive impairment;Dementia;Aged;Root cause analysis;Inner Mongolia;Logistic models
隨著中國人口老齡化進程的加快,癡呆的發(fā)病率正逐年增高,阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)是引起癡呆常見的病因之一,預(yù)計到2050年,我國由AD引起的癡呆患者將達到2 800萬,給家庭和社會帶來極大的負擔(dān)[1]。鑒于目前癡呆尚無有效治愈手段且預(yù)后差,針對癡呆前期即輕度認知障礙(MCI)階段尚無有效的藥物治療方法,因此越來越多的研究者把目光放在更早期階段—癡呆臨床前期[2]。主觀認知下降(SCD)被認為是癡呆臨床前期的指征[3],針對該階段進行干預(yù)可能維持和提高認知功能[4]。因此,本研究調(diào)查了內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)包頭市老年人認知現(xiàn)狀,明確SCD、MCI、癡呆的影響因素,從而為制定老年人健康干預(yù)措施提供理論依據(jù)。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象 于2021年6月—2022年9月,采用多階段抽樣、整群抽樣、隨機抽樣相結(jié)合的方法,選擇內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)包頭市的3個旗縣區(qū)(昆都侖區(qū)、九原區(qū)、固陽縣)隨機抽取21個居委會、17個村委會開展橫斷面調(diào)查。納入對象為居(村)委會年齡≥60歲、知情并同意參與本研究的常住居民。排除存在嚴(yán)重聽力、視力、精神障礙等影響測查的疾病的患者。研究顯示SCD的患病率為12.3%~46.5%,我國≥60歲人群MCI和癡呆的總體患病率分別為19.0%、6.0%[5-7],根據(jù)樣本量計算公式n=z2α p(1-p) /δ2及10%失訪率得出所需最大樣本量,共納入1 175例研究對象,其中1 120例研究對象完成本次調(diào)查,應(yīng)答率為95.3%。本研究已通過內(nèi)蒙古科技大學(xué)包頭醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院倫理審批〔臨研倫理第(2023001)號〕。
1.2 資料收集 采用問卷調(diào)查法收集研究對象資料。問卷內(nèi)容包括(1)一般資料:社會人口學(xué)變量(居住地、性別、年齡、民族、婚姻狀況、受教育程度、BMI)、生活習(xí)慣〔飲食習(xí)慣、每晚睡眠時長、吸煙史(每天至少吸1支香煙,持續(xù)1年以上)、飲酒史(每周飲酒≥1次,連續(xù)1年以上)〕和既往史(高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、聽力下降、視力下降);其中婚姻狀況分為有配偶(已婚)和無配偶(未婚、離異、喪偶),BMI分級為體質(zhì)量偏輕(lt;18.5 kg/m2)、體質(zhì)量正常(18.5~23.9 kg/m2)、超重(24.0~27.9 kg/m2)、肥胖(≥28.0 kg/m2);(2)認知評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及方法:受試者均完成主觀認知下降問卷(SCD-Q9)[8]、簡易精神狀態(tài)檢查(MMSE)[9]、蒙特利爾認知評估(MoCA)[10]。對MMSE分值小學(xué)以下lt;17分、小學(xué)lt;20分、初中及以上lt;24分者進行日常生活功能量表(ADL)評估。
1.3 質(zhì)量控制 在正式調(diào)查前對所有調(diào)查員進行統(tǒng)一規(guī)范化培訓(xùn),通過小范圍預(yù)調(diào)查進行調(diào)查員考核及問卷質(zhì)量評估,在充分聽取專家意見、結(jié)合實際情況的基礎(chǔ)上對問卷進行修改、完善,調(diào)查問卷結(jié)束后進行復(fù)查檢閱,以避免漏填或錯填。所有調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)進行雙錄入,經(jīng)一致性檢驗后上傳。
1.4 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)SCD:與以前正常狀態(tài)相比,自我感覺持續(xù)的認知能力下降,且與急性事件無關(guān);經(jīng)年齡、性別和受教育程度校正后,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)認知測試正常,未達到MCI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。除外MCI、AD或癥狀表現(xiàn)由其他原因或疾病引起的認知能力下降,如嚴(yán)重精神障礙疾病、藥物濫用等[3,11]。(2)MCI診斷參考Petersen標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[12]:①患者、知情人和/或臨床醫(yī)生報告或發(fā)現(xiàn)其存在認知損害;②存在至少1個不限于記憶的認知功能域損害的客觀證據(jù),本研究主要依據(jù)MMSE和MoCA得分;③保留獨立的功能性能力,工具性能力可能輕微受損(由ADL評估);④未被診斷為癡呆。(3)癡呆診斷參考《2018中國癡呆與認知障礙診治指南(一):癡呆及其分類診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[13]:對于既往智能正常,之后出現(xiàn)獲得性認知功能下降(記憶、執(zhí)行、語言或視空間能力損害)或精神行為異常,影響工作能力或日常生活,且無法用譫妄或其他精神疾病來解釋的患者,可擬診為癡呆;認知功能或精神行為損害可通過病史采集或神經(jīng)心理評估客觀證實,且至少具備以下5項中的2項:①記憶及學(xué)習(xí)能力受損;②推理、判斷及處理復(fù)雜任務(wù)等執(zhí)行功能受損;③視空間能力受損;④語言功能(聽、說、讀、寫)受損;⑤人格、行為或舉止改變。
1.5 分組 依據(jù)認知功能將研究對象劃分為正常組(n=206)、SCD組(n=491)、MCI組(n=320)、癡呆組(n=103)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。不符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以M(P25,P75)表示;計數(shù)資料以相對數(shù)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。采用多因素Logistic回歸分析探究研究對象認知功能狀況的影響因素。以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 研究對象的一般資料比較 研究對象中位年齡68.0(63.0,73.0)歲,中位受教育年限9.0(5.0,11.4)年。SCD組和正常組研究對象居住地、婚姻狀況、BMI分級、飲食習(xí)慣、每晚睡眠時長、吸煙史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、視力下降史比例比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05);MCI組和正常組研究對象居住地、婚姻狀況、受教育程度、BMI分級、飲食習(xí)慣、每晚睡眠時長、吸煙史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、聽力下降史、視力下降史比例比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05);癡呆組和正常組研究對象居住地、年齡、婚姻狀況、受教育程度、BMI分級、飲食習(xí)慣、每晚睡眠時長、吸煙史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、聽力下降史、視力下降史比例比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05),見表1~3。
2.2 研究對象認知功能影響因素的多因素Logistic回歸分析 以研究對象認知功能狀況為因變量,以單因素分析有差異的變量為自變量進行多因素Logistic回歸分析(各變量賦值情況見表4),結(jié)果顯示無配偶〔OR=2.542,95%CI(1.139,5.674),P=0.023〕、肥胖〔OR=6.058,95%CI(2.281,16.093),Plt;0.001〕、以素食為主〔OR=3.037,95%CI(1.868,4.936),Plt;0.001〕、每晚睡眠時長lt;6 h〔OR=1.662,95%CI(1.099,2.516),P=0.016〕、吸煙史〔OR=1.971,95%CI(1.231,3.157),P=0.005〕、糖尿病史〔OR=1.975,95%CI(1.140,3.422),P=0.015〕、冠心病史〔OR=3.501,95%CI(1.016,12.062),P=0.047〕及視力下降史〔OR=2.454,95%CI(1.638,3.677),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群SCD患病的危險因素。居住農(nóng)村〔OR=2.636,95%CI(1.231,5.641),P=0.013〕、無配偶〔OR=2.843,95%CI(1.228,6.582),P=0.015〕、肥胖〔OR=5.626,95%CI(2.046,15.475),P=0.001〕、以素食為主〔OR=3.832,95%CI(2.212,6.640),Plt;0.001〕、以肉食為主〔OR=2.619,95%CI(1.536,4.465),Plt;0.001〕、吸煙史〔OR=1.912,95%CI(1.133,3.227),P=0.015〕、糖尿病史〔OR=2.544,95%CI(1.378,4.697),P=0.003〕、冠心病史〔OR=3.945,95%CI(1.110,14.016),P=0.034〕及視力下降史〔OR=2.846,95%CI(1.780,4.551),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群MCI患病的危險因素,文化程度初中〔OR=0.180,95%CI(0.103,0.314),Plt;0.001〕、高中及以上〔OR=0.075,95%CI(0.041,0.136),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群MCI的保護因素。居住農(nóng)村〔OR=5.511,95%CI(2.306,13.170),Plt;0.001〕、無配偶〔OR=2.987,95%CI(1.152,7.746),P=0.024〕、肥胖〔OR=7.303,95%CI(2.436,21.890),Plt;0.001〕、以素食為主〔OR=7.025,95%CI(3.626,13.609),Plt;0.001〕、以肉食為主〔OR=2.255,95%CI(1.102,4.616),P=0.026〕、每晚睡眠時長lt;6 h〔OR=2.164,95%CI(1.206,3.883),P=0.010〕、吸煙史〔OR=2.661,95%CI(1.415,5.004),P=0.002〕、糖尿病史〔OR=2.186,95%CI(1.033,4.624),P=0.041〕、冠心病史〔OR=6.830,95%CI(1.809,25.783),P=0.005〕及視力下降史〔OR=3.267,95%CI(1.785,5.979),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群癡呆患病的危險因素。60~69歲〔OR=0.211,95%CI(0.074,0.597),P=0.003〕、70~79歲〔OR=0.218,95%CI(0.077,0.620),P=0.004〕、文化程度初中〔OR=0.473,95%CI(0.229,0.977),P=0.043〕、高中及以上〔OR=0.227,95%CI(0.105,0.493),Plt;0.001〕是≥60歲人群癡呆患病的保護因素,見表5。
3 討論
老年癡呆是一個全球性人類健康問題。本研究結(jié)果顯示,60歲及以上老年人SCD患病率為43.8%,高于國內(nèi)HAO等[14]的研究結(jié)果。本研究MCI及癡呆的患病率分別為28.6%、9.2%,高于全國平均水平[6]。考慮與包頭地區(qū)獨特的地理環(huán)境、多元文化、飲食習(xí)慣有關(guān)。
積極干預(yù)引起癡呆的可控制危險因素是降低癡呆患病率的有效途徑[7]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常組相比,SCD、MCI組和癡呆組有相似的危險因素,包括無配偶、肥胖、吸煙史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、視力下降史等。作為AD或其他癡呆臨床前期的MCI患者,尤其是被認為可能處于AD超早期階段的SCD患者[11],其認知功能仍然存在可塑性[15]。因此,探討其發(fā)生的影響因素,并進行有針對性的預(yù)防和干預(yù),對緩解或阻止癡呆的發(fā)展進程、減輕家庭及社會的巨大負擔(dān)有重要意義。
在我國農(nóng)村地區(qū)MCI、癡呆患病率更高[7],且高齡已被多項研究證實是癡呆的危險因素[16],本研究結(jié)果與之一致。本研究結(jié)果顯示無配偶是SCD、MCI、癡呆的危險因素,與既往研究結(jié)論一致[7],這可能與社會和情感支持不足導(dǎo)致老年人處于孤獨狀態(tài),焦慮、抑郁等負面情緒產(chǎn)生增加,使腦細胞長期處于非活躍的不良狀態(tài),從而降低認知功能有關(guān)[17]。文化程度在SCD中的作用尚存在爭論[18],本研究未觀察到其對SCD的調(diào)節(jié)作用,ZAHODNE等[19]的研究亦有類似發(fā)現(xiàn)。而較高的教育水平是MCI及癡呆的保護因素[6],本研究與之結(jié)果一致,這可能與受教育程度年限較長的人有著更高的認知儲備和更發(fā)達的神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò),從而保護認知功能有關(guān)[20]。BMI與老年人認知功能有顯著相關(guān)性,但結(jié)論不一致[21]。本研究結(jié)果顯示肥胖會增加SCD、MCI、癡呆的患病風(fēng)險,同BENITO-LEóN等[22]的研究結(jié)果一致??赡芘c肥胖通過胰島素抵抗、慢性炎癥以及影響血管內(nèi)皮功能和破壞血-腦脊液屏障等途徑增加認知功能障礙的發(fā)病風(fēng)險有關(guān)[23]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),生活方式對認知功能的改變有影響。認知功能下降可能與高脂肪、高蛋白、低碳水化合物的飲食模式有關(guān),素食主義可能會增加高齡老年人認知障礙的患病風(fēng)險[24]。與本研究飲食單純以素或肉食為主的老年人患SCD、MCI及癡呆風(fēng)險更高的結(jié)果一致,提示應(yīng)合理均衡飲食。流行病學(xué)研究表明,睡眠時長會影響認知功能,表現(xiàn)為睡眠時間過短[25]或過長[26]可能增加老年人認知障礙的風(fēng)險,或兩者呈倒U形關(guān)系[27],但也有研究結(jié)果顯示兩者無關(guān)聯(lián)[28]。研究結(jié)果的差異可能與研究對象的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、對睡眠時長的評價和分類、混雜因素的調(diào)整等不同有關(guān)。與KEAGE等[25]的研究結(jié)果一致,本研究結(jié)果顯示老年人平均每晚睡眠時長lt;6 h是SCD及癡呆的危險因素,考慮與睡眠不足可能會導(dǎo)致大腦中代謝物β-淀粉樣蛋白沉積有關(guān)[29]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有吸煙史老年人患SCD、MCI及癡呆的風(fēng)險均增高,這與既往大多數(shù)研究結(jié)果一致[30],考慮與吸煙通過釋放自由基和其他氧化物質(zhì)引起氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥反應(yīng),從而損傷認知功能有關(guān)[31]。本研究證實糖尿病、冠心病是SCD、MCI及癡呆的危險因素[32-33]。有關(guān)視力與認知功能關(guān)系的研究結(jié)論尚有爭議,本研究結(jié)果顯示視力下降老年人患SCD、MCI及癡呆的風(fēng)險增高,與ZHENG等[34]的研究結(jié)果相一致,可能的機制為視覺障礙通過影響老年人參與社會活動來影響認知功能,視力障礙會降低老年人參與有助于維持健康的活動的能力,并導(dǎo)致大腦刺激減少,這可能成為認知功能下降的風(fēng)險因素。
綜上所述,包頭地區(qū)SCD、MCI及癡呆的患病率較高,老年人中居住于農(nóng)村、年齡≥80歲、無配偶、較低的文化程度、肥胖、單純以素食或肉食為主的飲食模式、每晚睡眠時長lt;6 h、吸煙、糖尿病、冠心病、視力下降患者發(fā)生認知功能障礙的風(fēng)險增加,對該重點人群采取針對性干預(yù)措施,從而預(yù)防或延緩不良結(jié)局的發(fā)生。
本研究存在一定不足,本研究為橫斷面調(diào)查,無法進行研究因素與認知功能的因果關(guān)系推斷,以后還需進一步開展前瞻性隊列研究來分析認知功能的影響因素、動態(tài)觀察SCD、MCI的轉(zhuǎn)歸情況。
作者貢獻:禹延雪負責(zé)文章的問卷調(diào)查、數(shù)據(jù)整理及分析、論文的撰寫;白茹玉、于文龍參與問卷調(diào)查;郭霞負責(zé)研究的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計,參與論文的修訂;吳麗娥負責(zé)研究項目規(guī)劃及執(zhí)行的管理、協(xié)調(diào)、監(jiān)督和領(lǐng)導(dǎo),文章整體的審閱及修訂。
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(收稿日期:2022-11-21;修回日期:2023-02-05)
(本文編輯:鄒琳)