摘" 要" 既往研究積累了無損腦刺激(non-invasive brain stimulation, NIBS)技術(shù)干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)以改善負性情緒的大量證據(jù)??偨Y(jié)NIBS的情緒調(diào)節(jié)干預效果和適用范圍對于豐富情緒調(diào)節(jié)理論、促進轉(zhuǎn)化研究有重要意義。通過綜述文獻可發(fā)現(xiàn)NIBS能有效影響相關(guān)腦區(qū)(例如前額葉)的活動, 從而干預外顯與內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程; 通過改善情緒調(diào)節(jié)功能, NIBS具有改善精神障礙癥狀的潛在可能性。此領(lǐng)域尚需解決的問題如下:首先, 研究間異質(zhì)性太強導致結(jié)果不一; 其次, 情緒調(diào)節(jié)干預過程的腦神經(jīng)環(huán)路機制仍不明確, 情緒調(diào)節(jié)的衡量指標單一。此外, 以往NIBS方案存在定位精度不高、單時段效果微弱、現(xiàn)有方案難以滿足新需要, 以及具有一定的副作用等問題。據(jù)此, 未來有必要全面定量總結(jié)現(xiàn)有文獻, 結(jié)合神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)確定最優(yōu)靶點, 考察干預狀態(tài)下外顯/內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的腦神經(jīng)環(huán)路改變, 并從主觀體驗?生理指標?神經(jīng)特征多層面評估NIBS干預效果。未來還可采用多靶點NIBS方案, 或結(jié)合超掃描、神經(jīng)反饋等技術(shù)以提高研究效度, 為相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)化研究和臨床提供啟示。
關(guān)鍵詞" 無損腦刺激技術(shù), 前額葉, 情緒調(diào)節(jié), 神經(jīng)環(huán)路
分類號" B842; B845
1" 引言
情緒調(diào)節(jié)指的是人們有意或無意影響或調(diào)節(jié)情緒的產(chǎn)生、體驗與表達的過程(Gross, 1998)。有效的情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力是衡量個體心理健康與否的重要指標(Galderisi et al., 2015)。良好的情緒調(diào)節(jié)能帶來積極影響, 例如總體幸福感、工作表現(xiàn)、社會關(guān)系的改善(Gross amp; John, 2003)。相反, 情緒調(diào)節(jié)異?;蛘系K不僅容易使個體的身心健康受到不良壓力源的侵害(Crowell et al., 2015), 甚至可能導致某些精神疾病, 例如抑郁癥、焦慮癥、邊緣性人格障礙的產(chǎn)生或復發(fā)(Aldao et al., 2010)。改善和提高情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力, 有助于減輕個體在面臨生活或工作壓力源時的負性情緒反應, 增強面對負性情境或壓力時的心理韌性(resilience; Charles, 2013)。這對于疫情政策放開后國民調(diào)節(jié)負性情緒, 維護身心健康, 具有重大現(xiàn)實意義。
參與情緒調(diào)節(jié)的腦區(qū)包括前額葉皮層(prefrontal cortex, PFC)、扣帶前回(anterior cingulate cortex, ACC)、邊緣系統(tǒng)、頂葉, 以及這些腦區(qū)周圍的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。其中PFC在情緒的調(diào)節(jié)與控制中發(fā)揮著重要的作用(Buhle et al., 2014; Morawetz et al., 2020)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 個體在進行情緒調(diào)節(jié)的時候, PFC活動增強, 而當個體出現(xiàn)情緒失調(diào)的時候, 這些腦區(qū)活動減弱(Etkin et al., 2015)或過度興奮(Grimm et al., 2008)。通過外部手段提升PFC的激活水平可能是提高個體情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力的有效途徑(Smits et al., 2020)。
無損腦刺激(non-invasive brain stimulation, NIBS)技術(shù)是一種不會對人體造成損傷的, 可以靶向調(diào)控特定腦神經(jīng)區(qū)域活動的神經(jīng)調(diào)控技術(shù)。其工作原理是通過放置在頭部的外部設(shè)備的磁場或電流來改變(增強或減弱)大腦皮層神經(jīng)的興奮性(excitability; Ziemann et al., 2008)。NIBS主要包括經(jīng)顱磁刺激(transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS)、經(jīng)顱電刺激(transcranial electrical stimulation, TES)和經(jīng)顱超聲刺激(transcranial ultrasound stimulation, TUS)。其中經(jīng)顱電刺激又可分為:經(jīng)顱直流電刺激(transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS)、經(jīng)顱交流電刺激(transcranial alternating current stimulation, tACS)、經(jīng)顱隨機噪聲刺激(transcranial random noise stimulation)。其中, tDCS能通過電極片向頭皮特定區(qū)域施加微弱的直流電流(0.5~4 mA)來調(diào)控自發(fā)的神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(Brunoni et al., 2012; Farnad et al., 2021)。其調(diào)控效果取決于刺激極性:陽極能增強, 而陰極會抑制神經(jīng)元的興奮性(Nitsche amp; Paulus, 2000, 2001)。tACS的工作原理是將有節(jié)律的電流作用于腦皮層目標區(qū)域, 通過增強或減弱神經(jīng)元之間活動的同步性, 在大腦中產(chǎn)生內(nèi)源性震蕩, 以調(diào)節(jié)腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(Liu, V?r?slakos et al., 2018)。TMS則是通過在大腦皮層上放置電線圈, 利用快速產(chǎn)生的脈沖磁場穿過大腦頭骨來改變皮層下神經(jīng)細胞的膜電位, 從而影響腦內(nèi)代謝和神經(jīng)元活動, 對大腦神經(jīng)活動產(chǎn)生短暫性的干擾(Gershon et al., 2003)。根據(jù)脈沖個數(shù)以及刺激規(guī)律的不同, TMS被分為單脈沖TMS、雙脈沖TMS和重復性TMS (repetitive TMS, rTMS)。當前使用較為普遍的rTMS有高低頻rTMS兩種:低頻(≤ 1 Hz) rTMS被認為具有神經(jīng)抑制作用, 即降低特定腦區(qū)的興奮性和代謝活動, 而高頻(≥ 5 Hz) rTMS則被認為具有神經(jīng)興奮作用(Gershon et al., 2003; Rosa amp; Lisanby, 2012)。tDCS的空間聚焦率和刺激深度不及TMS (Keeser et al., 2011), 標準TMS中使用“8”字線圈最大刺激深度為距頭皮1.5~2.5 cm; 深部TMS中使用的“H”型線圈能刺激的最大深度達6 cm (Roth et al., 2007)。相比TMS和tDCS兩種調(diào)控技術(shù), TUS則具有更高的空間分辨率和更深的穿透力。它利用低強度聚焦超聲穿過顱骨作用于神經(jīng)組織來抑制或增強高空間特異性的神經(jīng)元活動(Mehi? et al., 2014)。以上技術(shù)已被眾多研究證明能有效提高認知功能和改善抑郁癥、癲癇等腦功能疾病的臨床癥狀(Wang et al., 2022; Hyde et al., 2022)。
目前, 包括TMS和tDCS在內(nèi)的NIBS技術(shù)已是被廣泛用于研究大腦功能和治療精神疾病的神經(jīng)科學工具。在國家科技創(chuàng)新2030——“腦科學與類腦研究”重大項目實施方案中, 以NIBS為代表的神經(jīng)調(diào)控技術(shù)被多次提及, 并被作為新型干預手段應用到腦疾病治療、認知功能增強等多個研究領(lǐng)域中。例如, 對與認知和情緒功能相關(guān)的腦區(qū)(例如背外側(cè)前額葉皮層(dorsolateral PFC, dlPFC))施加rTMS可以有效改善抑郁癥和精神分裂癥患者的認知功能(Barr et al., 2013)。遺憾的是, 我們目前暫未找到TUS和tACS干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程的相關(guān)研究, 這兩類技術(shù)目前更多的是用于改善抑郁癥、癲癇、帕金森等腦功能疾病的臨床癥狀, 僅有一篇摘要性報道發(fā)現(xiàn)TUS刺激右額下回可以改變健康被試基于自我報告的情緒狀態(tài)(Sanguinetti amp; Allen, 2017)。因此本文無法介紹這兩種技術(shù)干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程的研究進展。基于以上, 本文以TMS和tDCS為主要介紹對象, 對NIBS在情緒調(diào)節(jié)上的研究與應用、發(fā)展動態(tài)、目前尚需解決的問題及建設(shè)性意見進行綜述。
2" 外顯/內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的腦機制及NIBS對情緒調(diào)節(jié)的影響
研究者們普遍把情緒調(diào)節(jié)劃分為外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)(explicit emotion regulation)和內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)(implicit emotion regulation; Braunstein et al., 2017)。外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)指在意識參與狀態(tài)下, 通過主觀努力啟動, 并需要一定水平的監(jiān)控來執(zhí)行的情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程; 而內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)指在沒有意識參與的狀態(tài)下由刺激本身自動引發(fā)和完成, 且無需監(jiān)控的情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程(Gyurak et al., 2011)。目前相當多的綜述或元分析已總結(jié)了情緒調(diào)節(jié)的腦成像研究(Etkin et al., 2015; Morawetz et al., 2020)。其核心神經(jīng)環(huán)路機制為負責認知控制功能的PFC腦區(qū)(主要包括dlPFC、腹外側(cè)前額葉皮層(ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, vlPFC)、頂葉、輔助運動區(qū))對負責情緒反應功能腦區(qū)(皮層下區(qū)域包括杏仁核、腹側(cè)紋狀體和中腦中央灰質(zhì), 皮層區(qū)域包括腦島和背側(cè)ACC)的調(diào)控。根據(jù)情緒調(diào)節(jié)目標、策略、被調(diào)節(jié)情緒效價等因素的不同, 還會有負責語言、記憶, 或動作控制等功能的腦區(qū)(包括扣帶中回、海馬旁回、角回、顳上回)參與。其中, 內(nèi)隱和外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)環(huán)路機制稍有不同, 前者主要依靠腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉(ventromedial PFC, vmPFC) (該腦區(qū)與腹側(cè)ACC有重疊)和腦島, 而后者更加依靠dlPFC、vlPFC、輔助運動區(qū)和頂葉(Etkin et al., 2015)。由于PFC是外顯/內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)環(huán)路中的核心觸發(fā)腦區(qū), 大部分基于NIBS的情緒調(diào)節(jié)干預研究, 其刺激靶點都位于此。然而, 研究者認為NIBS不僅改變了PFC的激活水平, 還進一步調(diào)節(jié)了更深層腦區(qū)的活動, 比如ACC、腦島及杏仁核等(Feeser et al., 2014)。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), TMS刺激vlPFC時會引起杏仁核活動增強。這表明以皮質(zhì)?皮質(zhì)下結(jié)構(gòu)連接為靶點可以增強頭皮TMS對皮質(zhì)下神經(jīng)活動的影響(Sydnor et al., 2022)。以上意味著NIBS不只是影響受刺激的靶點, 還會通過影響深層腦區(qū)和不同腦區(qū)之間的協(xié)變來達到干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)和改善情緒的目的(Berboth amp; Morawetz, 2021)。除了腦影像證據(jù)外, NIBS干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程也積累了一些來自腦電(electroencephalogram, EEG)研究的證據(jù)。一項TMS-EEG研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 在認知重評期間, 左側(cè)vlPFC上的單脈沖TMS增加了中央頂葉和右側(cè)PFC內(nèi)的腦電晚期正電位(late positive potential, LPP)幅度, 這為單脈沖TMS通過積極的認知重評來調(diào)節(jié)負性情緒體驗程度提供了一個神經(jīng)指標(Cao et al., 2022)。目前本文未能找到采用功能近紅外光譜(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)來證明NIBS對情緒調(diào)節(jié)有干預效果的相關(guān)研究。已有研究者探索了針對情緒障礙人群的fNRIS神經(jīng)反饋訓練, 在該實驗中, 被試能根據(jù)實時fNIRS反饋信號上調(diào)他們右側(cè)dlPFC的活動, 進而顯著改善了對負性情緒的調(diào)節(jié)(Yu et al., 2021)。
在PFC中, 左側(cè)PFC (包括dlPFC和vlPFC)是NIBS干預外顯/內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的主要靶點, 而內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層(包括背內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層(dorsomedial PFC, dmPFC)和vmPFC), 則是NIBS干預內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的主要靶點(Etkin et al., 2015)。已有的綜述文獻均支持NIBS激活 PFC能增強情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力的觀點。例如, Mondino等人(2015)總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn), 刺激dlPFC能夠影響情緒、情緒加工, 以及情緒刺激的注意加工。Plewnia等人(2015)則發(fā)現(xiàn)增強或減弱PFC的激活水平能相應地增強或減弱對情緒的認知控制能力。Amidfar等人(2019)的綜述也表明對dlPFC的刺激能提高對情緒的認知控制能力。Makovac等人(2017)通過元分析發(fā)現(xiàn)NIBS能降低自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的反應, 意味著NIBS可降低負性情緒伴隨的生理指標強度。最近的一篇元分析表明, NIBS能降低壓力帶來的負性情緒反應, 即支持了上述觀點, 然而卻發(fā)現(xiàn)單一時段(session)的NIBS效應量較低, 推薦多次重復NIBS以獲得理想的負性情緒下調(diào)效果(Smits et al., 2020)。既往研究積累了NIBS技術(shù)干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)以改善負性情緒的大量證據(jù)。但由于不同研究所用的NIBS參數(shù), 例如刺激深度、刺激強度、刺激部位和作用范圍等有很大區(qū)別, 因此本文將這些信息, 連同實驗設(shè)計、刺激材料、任務(wù)類型、情緒調(diào)節(jié)方向和策略, 以及實驗結(jié)果進行了梳理(見表1、表2), 以下分別介紹NIBS對外顯/內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的影響。
在要求被試使用外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略(例如認知重評、表達抑制、注意分散等)以進行主動情緒調(diào)節(jié)的情況下(表1):He, Zhao等人(2020)發(fā)現(xiàn)在激活右側(cè)vlPFC后, 個體對社會疼痛的體驗強度降低(主觀情緒評分以及LPP波幅降低), 情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力變強。進一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)rTMS激活右側(cè)vlPFC能促進對社會疼痛的調(diào)節(jié)且增強社會獎勵所帶來的情緒體驗(Li et al., 2022)。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 激活vlPFC顯著改善了認知重評策略條件下的負性情緒, 而激活dlPFC則顯著改善了分心策略條件下的負性情緒, 并且被試在重新評估中表現(xiàn)出比VLPFC激活組的分心塊更小的LPP振幅(Zhao et al., 2021) 。采用tDCS方案的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 左側(cè)vlPFC在積極重評中有功能特異性(Cao et al., 2021)。右側(cè)vlPFC的激活降低了個體在社會排斥情境下的負性情緒體驗強度和生理指標強度(瞳孔直徑), 提高其應對社會排斥時的情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力(He et al., 2018)。激活dlPFC或vlPFC能增強情緒調(diào)節(jié), 降低負性情緒的主觀體驗和生理指標的強度, 如皮電傳導水平(skin conductance level)和心率等(Van Erp et al., 2018)。而針對NIBS干預外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)時腦功能神經(jīng)環(huán)路改變的研究中, de Wit等人(2015)發(fā)現(xiàn)高頻rTMS刺激強迫癥患者的dlPFC, 影響了患者額葉與邊緣系統(tǒng)的功能性連接, 從而增強了情緒調(diào)節(jié)的能力。Chrysikou等人(2019)發(fā)現(xiàn), tDCS激活左側(cè)dlPFC期間, mPFC在情緒下調(diào)過程中被激活增強, 并削弱了mPFC與雙側(cè)杏仁核之間的腦功能連接, 從而影響了抑郁癥患者認知重評的表現(xiàn)。van Dam和Chrysikou (2021)卻發(fā)現(xiàn), 在刺激前, 健康對照組的右側(cè)杏仁核與視覺皮層在下調(diào)負性情緒時被激活, 然而左側(cè)dlPFC接受tDCS刺激期間卻未產(chǎn)生任何腦激活的改變。這項研究中tDCS效應微弱或缺失的原因除了樣本量較小之外, 還有兩大原因:其一, 中等強度(1.5 mA)的單側(cè)腦刺激可能難以刺激到對應或深層腦區(qū); 其二, 我們推測可能跟該研究設(shè)置的刺激方案有關(guān), 即陰極電極置于右側(cè)dlPFC (該腦區(qū)亦為情緒調(diào)節(jié)關(guān)鍵腦區(qū))。因此難以排除該效應的缺失是由陰極刺激抑制了右側(cè)dlPFC活動引起的。
在未要求被試完成任何情緒調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)(即僅考察了內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié))的情況下, 采用TMS方案的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 右側(cè)dlPFC的激活降低了個體對恐懼面部表情的效價與喚醒度評分(Notzon et al., 2018)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雙側(cè)dlPFC的激活能降低負性情緒體驗強度(如疼痛的情緒反應; Boggio et al., 2009; Rêgo et al., 2015)。采用tDCS方案的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), tDCS激活右側(cè)vlPFC減弱了個體對負性刺激的情緒反應(包括主觀情緒評分與皮膚電活動; Vergallito et al., 2018)。Riva等人(2012)發(fā)現(xiàn)激活右側(cè)vlPFC能降低社會排斥誘發(fā)的負性情緒反應(社會疼痛和攻擊性行為), 提升情緒控制能力; 而抑制右側(cè)vlPFC, 會增加社會排斥所帶來的的負性情緒反應(Riva et al., 2015)。Antal等人(2014)發(fā)現(xiàn)激活右側(cè)mPFC降低了對社會壓力的情緒反應(衡量指標為皮質(zhì)醇水平)。最近一篇研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使用tDCS激活vmPFC不但能增強被試內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的效果還能減少被試對負性刺激的注意偏向, 陽極刺激組的LPP波幅顯著低于偽刺激組(高可翔 等, 2022)。此外, 在探索NIBS干預內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)時腦功能神經(jīng)環(huán)路改變的研究中, Abend等人(2019)發(fā)現(xiàn), tDCS激活mPFC降低了個體對負性視頻材料的情緒強度評分, 還同步激活了負責內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的相關(guān)腦區(qū), 即vmPFC、膝下扣帶前回(subgenual ACC)和腹側(cè)紋狀體, 且改變了這些腦區(qū)間的功能連接性。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)vmPFC被tDCS激活后增強了對憤怒情緒的內(nèi)隱調(diào)節(jié), 同時減少了攻擊性行為(Gilam et al., 2018), 以及增強了對快樂面孔(而非恐懼面孔)的識別表現(xiàn)和神經(jīng)反應(Winker et al., 2018)。
3" NIBS對精神障礙人群情緒調(diào)節(jié)異常的改善
精神障礙往往伴有情緒調(diào)節(jié)異常(Koole, 2009)。大量綜述和元分析所總結(jié)的證據(jù)表明NIBS可以有效改善抑郁癥、焦慮癥、創(chuàng)傷后應激障礙等精神障礙的臨床癥狀(Begemann et al., 2020; Kan et al., 2020; Zhou amp; Fang, 2022; Hyde et al., 2022)。情緒調(diào)節(jié)異常作為眾多精神障礙的一大共性特征已受到廣泛關(guān)注(Koole, 2009)。然而遺憾的是, 在眾多NIBS研究中, 相比于干預和改善精神疾病嚴重程度的研究而言, 針對這些人群情緒調(diào)節(jié)的干預研究, 其數(shù)量仍然相當有限。目前該方向已有一定程度的有益嘗試, 發(fā)現(xiàn)情緒調(diào)節(jié)功能的改善也能間接地減少抑郁癥、創(chuàng)傷后應激障礙(post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD)、強迫癥(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)和焦慮癥的癥狀(Iannone et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2014; Watts et al., 2012)。我們以抑郁癥、焦慮癥、OCD以及PTSD為例, 分別介紹。
3.1" 抑郁癥
情緒調(diào)節(jié)障礙和認知缺陷是抑郁癥的核心特征, 其核心腦功能異常來源于PFC腦區(qū)在情緒調(diào)節(jié)時激活減弱, 這反映了抑郁癥人群對負性情緒認知控制功能的弱化(Rive et al., 2013; 何振宏 等, 2015)。研究者們據(jù)此考察NIBS激活PFC后, 能否增強認知控制功能, 達到改善抑郁癥患者負性情緒的目的。在NIBS干預抑郁癥患者的外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程中, 研究發(fā)現(xiàn), tDCS激活抑郁水平個體的右側(cè)vlPFC時可顯著提高被試對社會排斥的外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力(He, Liu et al., 2020)。采用TMS方案的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的結(jié)果, 即激活抑郁癥患者的右側(cè)vlPFC, 可有效提高患者對社會疼痛的外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力(莫李澄 等, 2021)。NIBS也能有效干預患者的內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程。例如, 在左側(cè)dlPFC施加陽極tDCS可以有效增強抑郁癥患者的認知控制表現(xiàn), 且完全消除了患者對負性情緒圖片的注意偏向。此外, 與偽刺激組相比, tDCS激活左側(cè)dlPFC能有效改善抑郁情緒體驗, 且30分鐘刺激相比于20分鐘效果更佳(Pavlova et al., 2018)。有研究還探索了tDCS激活vlPFC以提高抑郁癥患者對社會疼痛的內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力的可能性, 然而該研究僅發(fā)布了摘要性的報道(Hsu et al., 2018)?;谝陨线@些結(jié)果, 研究者認為可能的起效機制如下:NIBS可通過刺激認知控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)(cognitive control network)的dlPFC節(jié)點, 從而能直接影響情緒的認知控制過程, 最終達到上調(diào)或下調(diào)情緒的目的(Lantrip et al., 2017)。
3.2" 焦慮癥
焦慮癥可分為廣泛性焦慮癥、社交焦慮癥、恐懼癥等。情緒調(diào)節(jié)困難也是焦慮癥的特征之一, 這與包含了dlPFC的神經(jīng)回路活動異常有關(guān)。研究表明, rTMS能改善焦慮癥狀(Mantovani et al., 2010; Rodrigues et al., 2019)和焦慮型抑郁癥(Diefenbach et al., 2013)。然而, 針對焦慮癥患者的外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)這一細分領(lǐng)域的研究比較缺乏。已有一篇研究證明對廣泛性焦慮癥患者的右側(cè)dlPFC進行30次的低頻rTMS能顯著改善患者的情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力(Diefenbach et al., 2016), 但該研究僅采用自我報告的方式衡量情緒調(diào)節(jié)的困難程度, 缺乏神經(jīng)生理學上的證據(jù)。此外, Haeems (2018)發(fā)現(xiàn)對社交焦慮癥患者的PFC或小腦進行20分鐘的tDCS刺激, 能有效改善患者的認知重評能力。目前未能發(fā)現(xiàn)針對焦慮癥患者內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的NIBS干預研究。
3.3" 強迫癥
情緒調(diào)節(jié)受損是OCD患者過度情緒反應的基礎(chǔ)。在NIBS干預OCD患者的外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn), 使用高頻rTMS刺激dlPFC有助于增強OCD患者的認知重評過程, 降低負性情緒反應(de Wit et al., 2015)。Douw等人(2020)發(fā)現(xiàn)使用興奮性的rTMS刺激dlPFC能降低OCD患者的情緒痛苦程度。在針對恐懼消退(內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的一種)的研究中, 研究者利用陽極tDCS刺激mPFC, 發(fā)現(xiàn)該方案可顯著促進OCD患者的安全學習(safety learning)過程(一種通過學習新的安全線索從而抑制恐懼情緒的過程), 從而降低了患者的情緒困擾程度(Adams et al., 2021)。
3.4" 創(chuàng)傷后應激障礙
PTSD的主要特征是對恐懼性條件刺激的情緒反應失調(diào)(Parsons amp; Ressler, 2013)。神經(jīng)影像學研究表明PTSD患者在面對恐懼性條件刺激時, 杏仁核活動過度活躍, 而海馬和vmPFC活動顯著減少(Etkin amp; Wager, 2007; Shin et al., 2006)。以上腦神經(jīng)病理機制研究為NIBS干預PTSD患者的情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程提供了靶點參考。目前未能發(fā)現(xiàn)針對PTSD患者外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)的NIBS干預研究。在對內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的研究中, 研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)在恐懼消退學習之后, tDCS激活vmPFC可以改善PTSD患者對恐懼記憶的消退(Van't Wout et al., 2017)。針對PTSD患者的臨床試驗研究結(jié)果表明, 工作記憶訓練和tDCS的結(jié)合顯著改善了患者的認知功能和情緒表現(xiàn)(Kedzior et al., 2012; Saunders et al., 2015)。
4" 目前尚需解決的問題及建設(shè)性意見
綜上所述, NIBS已被證明能有效影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)腦區(qū)(例如PFC)的活動, 從而干預外顯與內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程。利用該機制的NIBS方案已在精神疾病的治療上展現(xiàn)出充分的潛力。然而, 此領(lǐng)域還有許多尚待解決的問題。例如, NIBS干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)的研究結(jié)果不一, 情緒調(diào)節(jié)干預過程中神經(jīng)環(huán)路的具體改變尚無定論, 刺激靶點定位精度不高等問題。接下來, 我們對每個問題分別介紹并給出相應的建設(shè)性意見。
4.1" 研究間異質(zhì)性太強導致結(jié)果不一, 可定量總結(jié)已有文獻, 通過多靶點調(diào)控技術(shù)以減少實驗中額外變量的影響
目前此領(lǐng)域多數(shù)研究支持了NIBS的情緒調(diào)節(jié)干預效果。然而部分研究未能發(fā)現(xiàn)該干預效果(Mungee et al., 2016; van Dam amp; Chrysikou, 2021)。這可能是由研究之間的異質(zhì)性所致, 例如被試個體差異、刺激深度、刺激參數(shù)、離線(NIBS與實驗任務(wù)分開進行)與在線(NIBS與實驗任務(wù)同時進行) NIBS等因素。這些因素在一定程度上掩蓋了NIBS效應的普遍性與可靠性。異質(zhì)性因素具體表現(xiàn)為:(1)被試個體差異會導致實驗結(jié)果的不同。例如Hofhansel等人(2020)對罪犯和正常健康被試使用陽極tDCS刺激dlPFC, 發(fā)現(xiàn)罪犯的腦興奮性明顯降低而不是增加, 這就挑戰(zhàn)了傳統(tǒng)觀點認為的tDCS二分效應(dichotomous tDCS effects):即陽極具有興奮作用, 陰極具有抑制作用。此外, 使用陽極tDCS刺激右側(cè)vlPFC能有效下調(diào)低抑郁水平個體的社會疼痛, 但在高抑郁水平個體中效果微弱(He, Liu et al., 2020); (2)在刺激深度上, 傳統(tǒng)的TMS (如標準“8”字形線圈)僅能刺激頭骨下方約1~2 cm的淺層腦區(qū)(Deng et al., 2013), 這就難以保證與情緒調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)的更深層腦區(qū)(如mPFC、杏仁核)得到刺激。因此刺激深度太淺很可能是一些研究未能發(fā)現(xiàn)NIBS對情緒調(diào)節(jié)有干預效果的原因之一(Kirkovski et al., 2017)。深部TMS能深入刺激到頭骨以下4 cm的更深層腦區(qū)(Tendler et al., 2016)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 采用深部TMS刺激mPFC后, 被試對負性社會反饋的預期顯著增強(Zhang, Ao et al., 2022); (3)刺激參數(shù)(如刺激靶點、極性)的選擇也會影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)效果:在刺激靶點上, 研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 陽極tDCS激活右側(cè)vlPFC可加強認知重評能力從而減弱負性情緒體驗(張丹丹 等, 2019)。該刺激方案也能顯著上調(diào)或下調(diào)對負性圖片的情緒效價評估, 而刺激dlPFC則不能達到預期效果(Marques et al., 2018)。在刺激極性的選擇上, Abend等人(2016)發(fā)現(xiàn)陽極tDCS刺激mPFC不能減少恐懼消退, 甚至會誘發(fā)對中性刺激恐懼反應的泛化, 但其他研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)陽極tDCS刺激vmPFC能夠增強恐懼消退(Dittert et al., 2018; van't Wout et al., 2016)。在使用陰極tDCS的研究中也出現(xiàn)了矛盾結(jié)果:有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)陰極tDCS抑制右側(cè)dlPFC對健康被試的恐懼消除沒有效果(Mungee et al., 2016), 但別的研究則顯示了陽性結(jié)果(Ganho-ávila et al., 2019); (4)離線與在線NIBS也會影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)效果。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 采用在線tDCS刺激左側(cè)dlPFC未能增強對厭惡圖片的情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力(Clarke et al., 2020), 而離線tDCS同樣是刺激左側(cè)dlPFC卻能增強調(diào)節(jié)能力, 甚至能提高對正性情緒圖片的感知能力(Hansenne amp; Weets, 2020)。
鑒于NIBS的干預效果不一, 未來研究可以結(jié)合以下思路進行改進:(1) 開展更全面的元分析來驗證NIBS對情緒調(diào)節(jié)的有效性和普遍性, 并找出影響干預結(jié)果的潛在因素。目前已有3篇相關(guān)的元分析或綜述考察了NIBS對情緒調(diào)節(jié)的影響。Smits等人(2020)的元分析顯示tDCS在減少與壓力相關(guān)的情緒反應上有微弱且顯著的效果, 但是沒有給出證據(jù)表明rTMS作用于PFC能影響個體的情緒反應。Markovic等人(2021)的綜述表明tDCS與rTMS都能有效調(diào)節(jié)個體的恐懼記憶和恐懼消退過程。最新的一篇元分析表明單次時段的NIBS對下調(diào)負性情緒有顯著的影響, 其中rTMS對負性情緒的下調(diào)有中等顯著的影響, 而tDCS則沒有顯著的影響(Zhang, Li et al., 2022)。然而, 這3篇文章聚焦的點還不夠全面:首先, Markovic等人僅綜述了NIBS對恐懼情緒的調(diào)節(jié)作用, 但沒有提供相應的元分析或系統(tǒng)綜述的證據(jù)。Smits等人主要關(guān)注NIBS如何影響壓力性的情緒應激反應, 甚少提及情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程。Zhang等人分析的負性情緒調(diào)節(jié)效果以主觀的自我報告來衡量, 因此結(jié)果難以避免存在偏差。其次, 3篇文章都只納入了單時段(session)腦刺激的實證研究, 這就缺少了與多時段腦刺激的研究結(jié)果的量化比對。此外, 它們僅分析了單向的情緒調(diào)節(jié)目標(只有下調(diào), 沒有上調(diào))。(2) 采用多靶點調(diào)控技術(shù)以減少實驗中額外變量的影響。以雙線圈TMS為例, 其相比于單線圈的突出優(yōu)勢在于:①雙線圈隨機刺激模式可以減少被試在單點刺激中產(chǎn)生的干擾性心理因素(如期望效應、注意分散); ②比起單線圈TMS, 多線圈TMS不僅是刺激深部皮質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的另一種方案(即深部TMS的替代), 還能保證刺激靶點的精度(Tzabazis et al., 2013); ③雙線圈TMS可用來研究不同腦區(qū)間的功能連接性和可塑性, 有助于揭示眾多精神疾?。ㄈ缇穹至寻Y、自閉癥)的病理生理學機制(Lafleur et al., 2016)。再如多灶性tDCS (multifocal tDCS)。作為多靶點NIBS的一種應用, 其一般使用兩個以上的電極(如1個陽極電極和4個及以上的陰極電極)。與傳統(tǒng)雙極tDCS方案相比, 其空間精度更高(Ruffini, Fox et al., 2014; Ruffini, de Lara et al., 2017), 誘發(fā)的皮質(zhì)興奮性更強(Fischer et al., 2017)。在臨床治療上, 多靶點NIBS已被證明可以緩解神經(jīng)性慢性疼痛(Chodakiewitz et al., 2013)和帕金森患者的行動障礙(Stefani et al., 2009), 甚至能改善長期意識障礙患者的疼痛敏感性(Zhang, Li et al., 2021)。已有研究采用多靶點NIBS方案同時對重度抑郁癥患者的左側(cè)dlPFC和dmPFC進行高頻rTMS刺激, 發(fā)現(xiàn)能顯著改善抑郁癥狀(Carpenter et al., 2017)。Corlier等人(2021)的摘要性報道表明同時刺激左側(cè)dlPFC和初級運動皮層的多靶點rTMS方案, 比單靶點rTMS更能有效改善抑郁癥癥狀。在一項針對OCD患者恐懼消退的研究中, 研究者采用1個陽極電極片刺激mPFC和5個陰極電極片置于其周圍的方案, 發(fā)現(xiàn)能顯著增加額極與額中、額上回的功能連接性, 并促進了被試在暴露療法中的安全學習效果(Adams et al., 2021)。然而, 目前采用多靶點方案來干預正常人和精神障礙人群情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程的文獻仍非常缺乏。未來可著眼于探索多靶點NIBS對情緒調(diào)節(jié)對應腦區(qū)的精準調(diào)控(例如, 采用雙線圈TMS技術(shù), 探討不同腦區(qū)在外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)中的工作時序), 同時結(jié)合功能性核磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)、腦電圖(electroencephalogram)等腦觀測技術(shù), 觀察在多靶點NIBS共同作用下神經(jīng)機制的變化, 以更加明確各個腦區(qū)在情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程中的因果關(guān)系。
4.2" 情緒調(diào)節(jié)干預過程的神經(jīng)環(huán)路有待進一步研究
使用NIBS技術(shù)刺激dlPFC的方案已被證明能有效調(diào)控情緒反應和認知缺陷(Kuo et al., 2014)。但是結(jié)合腦成像技術(shù)探測NIBS干預外顯情緒調(diào)節(jié)的腦神經(jīng)機制的變化截至目前只有3篇(Chrysikou et al., 2019; de Wit et al., 2015; van Dam amp; Chrysikou, 2021)。這些研究的樣本量較小, 且都為單時段(session)刺激, 容易導致得出的研究結(jié)論效應量不足。目前尚未有研究采用特定內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)(例如情緒標記任務(wù)、情緒 Stroop 任務(wù)等)探討NIBS干預過程下的腦神經(jīng)環(huán)路機制。因此在個體進行外顯/內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的過程中, PFC被NIBS技術(shù)激活的同時有哪些深層腦區(qū)同步受到影響以及PFC-深層腦區(qū)連接性會發(fā)生怎樣的改變等問題, 還需進一步的實證研究予以解答。
結(jié)合fMRI技術(shù)來研究NIBS干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程中的神經(jīng)環(huán)路機制是當下的研究思路, 但是其發(fā)展還受到一定程度的技術(shù)限制。例如, 采用在線TMS方案結(jié)合fMRI, 我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)TMS的電流脈沖與MRI掃描儀的磁場會相互作用, 從而發(fā)出刺耳的噪聲, 這種噪音不僅會引起被試的不適, 而且會破壞線圈的機械穩(wěn)定性, 存在安全隱患(Bungert, 2010)。因此大多數(shù)fMRI研究更多采用離線NIBS方案。目前在技術(shù)層面上已實現(xiàn)在線tDCS與fMRI的結(jié)合(Baeken et al., 2018; van Dam amp; Chrysikou, 2021), 可以在某種程度上作為在線TMS與fMRI的代替。然而, tDCS的刺激空間精度相較于TMS來說更低, 難以達到滿意的刺激效果。當前, TMS-fMRI技術(shù)正在不斷發(fā)展, 有研究已提出新的與fMRI兼容的TMS線圈設(shè)計方案, 并有效改進了TMS的機械穩(wěn)定性(Cobos Sanchez et al., 2020)。
NIBS干預下的情緒調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)環(huán)路研究還有潛在的臨床應用價值。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果可促進轉(zhuǎn)化研究, 甚至有指導精神障礙人群的NIBS干預策略的可能性。例如:(1) NIBS激活PFC的效果可以通過fMRI探測到, 因此MRI可以準確地找到患者PFC中的目標區(qū)域??紤]到精神障礙人群在解剖學和電生理學上存在個體差異, 該系統(tǒng)也許能為精神障礙人群中對TMS/tDCS治療無反應的個體(noresponder)優(yōu)化刺激部位和刺激頻率, 實現(xiàn)個體化的NIBS治療方案(Cash et al., 2021; Modak amp; Fitzgerald, 2021); (2)由于對PFC的NIBS刺激效果可以投射到大腦深部區(qū)域, 如vmPFC、杏仁核和腦島, 因此除了外側(cè)PFC區(qū)域這些表層靶點, 大腦深部區(qū)域也可以是NIBS用于治療精神障礙相關(guān)癥狀的靶點(Downar amp; Daskalakis, 2013); (3)鑒于PFC-NIBS能調(diào)節(jié)情緒調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)腦區(qū)之間的功能連接, 那么未來NIBS干預方案下的目標就可以是遠程改變功能連接的強度, 從而改善情緒調(diào)節(jié)功能(Hiser amp; Koenigs, 2018; Myers- Schulz amp; Koenigs, 2012)。
4.3" NIBS的刺激靶點定位精度不高, 可采用神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)提高定位精確度
為精確定位情緒調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)腦區(qū), 以最大化NIBS靶點區(qū)域的電場強度或聚焦度, 以往多數(shù)研究通過手動或依據(jù)10-20國際標準腦電電極位置系統(tǒng)定位刺激靶點。然而這些定位方法未能充分考慮到頭部大小、形狀, 以及腦皮層形態(tài)的個體差異(Gordon et al., 2017)。因此這些研究是否精準地刺激到預定靶點值得懷疑。采用MRI等腦影像指導下的神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)(neuronavigation)則可解決該問題。該技術(shù)借助光學或磁學跟蹤儀顯示出腦結(jié)構(gòu)圖像以進行個體化建模, 精確地衡量刺激靶點位置、角度、深度, 并直觀地引導NIBS刺激線圈對刺激靶點進行定位追蹤, 從而實現(xiàn)對每名被試刺激靶點定位方案的“量體裁衣” (Cash et al., 2021)。結(jié)合電生理學與神經(jīng)影像學的神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)還可以回答NIBS在何處、何時以及如何進行刺激的問題, 并能同時提供神經(jīng)元活動的在線和離線數(shù)據(jù)(Bergmann et al., 2016)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 通過神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)與10-20系統(tǒng)定位出的dlPFC靶點位置、刺激范圍和電流強度具有顯著差別(De Witte et al., 2018)。這很有可能說明以往大多數(shù)研究并未精準刺激到目標腦區(qū), 因此有必要采用神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)優(yōu)化刺激靶點的定位精度, 驗證以往研究結(jié)果的可靠性。
目前已有研究做了神經(jīng)導航與NIBS技術(shù)的結(jié)合。例如, 在針對OCD患者情緒反應性增加的神經(jīng)機制的研究中, 研究者利用實時神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)精準定位dlPFC, 實現(xiàn)了對rTMS干預效果的優(yōu)化(de Wit et al., 2015)。采用與tDCS兼容的MRI神經(jīng)導航系統(tǒng)能精準定位左側(cè)dlPFC, 更好地排除頭部移動帶來的干擾因素(Baeken et al., 2018)。此外, 采用光學神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)也展示出優(yōu)于手動定位刺激靶點的效果。比如, 進行離線rTMS期間, 光學導航系統(tǒng)能自動定位和監(jiān)測每個被試的左額下回(left inferior frontal gyrus), 從而實現(xiàn)刺激靶點的個體化和自動化監(jiān)測(Urgesi et al., 2016)。
4.4" 單個刺激時段(session)的NIBS效果微弱, 可采用多時段刺激以增強干預效果
此前有元分析指出, 單時段或較少時段的NIBS對情緒調(diào)節(jié)的干預效果微弱, 建議采用多時段重復性刺激以增強干預效果(Smits et al., 2020)。比如, 在情緒調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)中, 抑郁傾向人群難以從單時段刺激中獲益(He, Liu et al., 2020; Zhang, Liu et al., 2021), 這可能與刺激次數(shù)較少, 刺激時長較短有關(guān)。同樣, 在抑郁癥患者的認知控制任務(wù)中, 單時段tDCS效果遠沒有健康被試的好(Wolkenstein amp; Plewnia, 2013)。單時段短時間的tDCS刺激右側(cè)vlPFC后, 高抑郁水平被試的負性情緒強度下降程度明顯不如低抑郁水平被試(張丹丹 等, 2019)。對特殊人群(罪犯)的單時段tDCS也未能發(fā)現(xiàn)他們與正常人在情緒調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)中有不同的神經(jīng)反應(Hofhansel et al., 2020)。然而, 采用連續(xù)多時段重復NIBS有望成為驗證干預效果的更優(yōu)方案。它不僅能有效提高皮層興奮性(Bergmann et al., 2016), 還能增強其對工作記憶或認知控制的干預效果(Elmasry et al., 2015; Hill et al., 2016)。Molavi等人(2020)發(fā)現(xiàn)采用連續(xù)多時段tDCS (1次/20分鐘/天, 共10天)方案刺激邊緣型人格障礙患者的雙側(cè)dlPFC, 能有效提高他們的認知重評能力和執(zhí)行功能。在NIBS對于情感障礙的治療應用上, 20~30個時段的刺激為推薦值(Martin et al., 2018)。刺激時段越長(30 vs. 20分鐘), 帶來的臨床療效越好(Woods et al., 2016)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)提示了在健康或抑郁人群中使用多次重復性NIBS增強干預情緒調(diào)節(jié)效果的可能性。
4.5" 情緒調(diào)節(jié)效果的衡量指標單一, 可從多層面評估NIBS的干預效果
情緒調(diào)節(jié)效果是通過比較情緒指標在調(diào)節(jié)前后的差異來衡量的。反映情緒的指標主要包括主觀體驗與生理指標。主觀體驗即個體對情緒主觀感受的自評和情緒問卷的得分。當負性情緒產(chǎn)生時, 被試主觀體驗的負性情緒強度分數(shù)增加, 情緒問卷的得分變高(Gross amp; John, 2003)。生理指標主要指自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(the autonomic nervous system, ANS)的指標, 包括心率、血壓、瞳孔直徑, 以及皮電傳導水平等。當負性情緒產(chǎn)生時, ANS迅速反應, 引起心率加快、血壓升高、瞳孔直徑增大, 以及皮電傳導水平上升等反應(Levenson, 2014)。此外, 負性情緒還可誘發(fā)其他腦神經(jīng)特征反應, 例如腦電的LPP波幅增加以及負責情緒反應功能腦區(qū)(例如杏仁核)的激活等(Hajcak et al., 2010; Kragel amp; LaBar, 2016)。以往研究主要通過主觀體驗的方法衡量情緒調(diào)節(jié)效果, 然而被試受社會贊許性或從眾效應的影響, 容易隱瞞自己真實的主觀體驗強度, 但生理指標強度和神經(jīng)特征卻確是不受干擾的真實反應(Mauss amp; Robinson, 2009)。因此, 僅考察情緒的主觀體驗, 不足以涵蓋與揭示情緒調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)生過程的全貌, 應通過主觀體驗、生理指標以及神經(jīng)特征相結(jié)合的方式來驗證情緒調(diào)節(jié)的發(fā)生及調(diào)節(jié)效果。
4.6" 現(xiàn)有NIBS方案難以滿足新興情緒調(diào)節(jié)研究領(lǐng)域的需要, 亟需發(fā)展新的NIBS方案
以往研究探討的情緒調(diào)節(jié)更多只是針對個體自身的情緒調(diào)節(jié)(intrapersonal emotion regulation), 較少涉及多人情境下的情緒調(diào)節(jié), 例如人際情緒調(diào)節(jié)(interpersonal emotion regulation), 而這是一個新興研究熱點(Niven, 2017; Ray-Yol amp; Altan- Atalay, 2022; Zaki amp; Williams, 2013)。人際情緒調(diào)節(jié)是指在社會互動的情境下, 個體有目標地影響他人情緒體驗的過程(Zaki amp; Williams, 2013)。目前, 已有的NIBS方案也僅能匹配個體自身的需要進行情緒調(diào)節(jié)干預, 無法研究和干預多人情境下的人際情緒調(diào)節(jié)中的相關(guān)指標, 例如腦間同步性(interbrain synchronization), 即腦間耦合的指標, 可用來衡量兩個或多個互動個體間大腦信號的動態(tài)相似性(Hasson et al., 2012; Liu, Liu et al., 2018; Valencia amp; Froese, 2020)。針對該問題, 采用多腦NIBS與超掃描技術(shù)(hyperscanning)結(jié)合的研究方案是個潛在的研究思路。研究表明, 在兩個大腦中同步二者的神經(jīng)節(jié)律可以有效地促進人際間的信息流動(Lakatos et al., 2019)。使用同頻率的tACS同時刺激雙腦的下額葉腦區(qū), 可以增強個體間的社會互動與學習(Pan et al., 2021)。使用多腦NIBS來模擬人類腦間同步的外源性條件, 并測量對應刺激腦區(qū)對社會行為的影響, 觀察腦間同步性是否能因果地調(diào)節(jié)社會互動, 并最終能在行為上和神經(jīng)腦機制上對腦間同步性做出科學的解釋。由此我們或許能找出抑郁癥、廣場恐懼癥、社交恐懼癥等精神障礙人群在人際情緒調(diào)節(jié)異常的潛在治療方案(Novembre amp; Iannetti, 2021)。
4.7" NIBS具有一定副作用, 可通過神經(jīng)反饋技術(shù)加以彌補
NIBS是一種外源性的神經(jīng)調(diào)控技術(shù), 雖對人體沒有損傷, 但實施階段仍然伴隨著一些副作用, 例如tDCS的電流刺激, 以及TMS的噪聲和振動刺激等。這些副作用都會一定程度上影響NIBS的情緒調(diào)節(jié)干預效果。相較于此, 內(nèi)源性的神經(jīng)調(diào)控例如實時神經(jīng)反饋(real-time neurofeedback)能達到真正意義上的無損和無副作用。神經(jīng)反饋是一種訓練大腦功能進行自我調(diào)節(jié)的方法, 它通過視覺、聽覺或其他感官系統(tǒng)向自己或他人展示自身大腦當下的活動, 并允許個體改變相應的大腦功能和行為(Marins et al., 2019; Papoutsi et al., 2018)。在情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略的運用訓練中, 相比于傳統(tǒng)的方法, 神經(jīng)反饋加持下的訓練更有效, 且已被成功用于改善情緒調(diào)節(jié)(Linhartová et al., 2019)。神經(jīng)反饋技術(shù)與fMRI的結(jié)合是研究情緒調(diào)節(jié)的新興技術(shù)方案, 可用于增強某些與情緒調(diào)節(jié)障礙相關(guān)的精神障礙群體的情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力。例如, Herwig等人(2019)利用fMRI-實時神經(jīng)反饋技術(shù)對健康被試進行情緒調(diào)節(jié)訓練。結(jié)果顯示, 相比于對照組, 實驗組能顯著下調(diào)自身杏仁核的活動信號, 并成功下調(diào)負性情緒。該技術(shù)也能有效訓練抑郁癥患者使用認知重評策略, 同時顯著增強了患者左側(cè)vlPFC的興奮性, 這些經(jīng)過神經(jīng)反饋訓練的患者能將情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略成功應用于日常生活中(Keller et al., 2021)。研究者還采用神經(jīng)反饋技術(shù)與fNIRS的結(jié)合方案。實驗中, 被試能根據(jù)實時fNIRS反饋信號上調(diào)右側(cè)dlPFC的活動以改善對負性情緒的調(diào)節(jié)(Yu et al., 2021)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 患有PTSD、邊緣型人格障礙和精神分裂癥的患者在接受神經(jīng)反饋訓練后癥狀減輕(Linhartová et al., 2019)。未來針對情緒障礙人群的fMRI實時神經(jīng)反饋訓練, 可以把情緒調(diào)節(jié)重要腦區(qū)以及重要的腦功能連接靶點作為目標。在已有假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上, 要求患者自我調(diào)控相關(guān)腦區(qū)功能并給予實時神經(jīng)反饋。例如, 基于如下假設(shè):即抑郁癥患者的杏仁核對負性刺激反應過度, 而對正性刺激反應減弱(Groenewold et al., 2013), 相應的神經(jīng)反饋目標可能是讓抑郁癥患者在體驗負性情緒時降低杏仁核活動, 或在體驗積極情緒時促進杏仁核活動, 從而達到調(diào)節(jié)情緒的目的。目前神經(jīng)反饋技術(shù)與NIBS結(jié)合主要用于神經(jīng)性疼痛、失眠癥等探索性研究(Kosari et al., 2019; Najafabadi et al., 2021), 但在情緒調(diào)節(jié)領(lǐng)域尚處空白, 有待更多的探索與嘗試。
5" 小結(jié)
NIBS技術(shù)因其無創(chuàng)、無痛、安全和靈活性等優(yōu)點, 已在多個學科和應用領(lǐng)域大量使用, 且大量研究表明該技術(shù)能有效地輔助治療抑郁癥、PTSD等精神障礙疾病。近年來的研究證據(jù)表明, NIBS技術(shù)作為干預手段, 能影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)并降低負性情緒, 對心理健康的改善具有潛在價值, 因而受到學界內(nèi)外廣泛關(guān)注, 相關(guān)研究在迅速積累, 然而, 該干預過程背后的腦機制研究和相關(guān)臨床研究尚存大量空白, 仍需更多隨機雙盲對照的臨床實驗提供更有力的證據(jù)。我們認為未來有必要全面定量總結(jié)現(xiàn)有文獻, 結(jié)合神經(jīng)導航技術(shù)來確定NIBS靶點的通用方案和個性化精準治療方案, 考察干預狀態(tài)下外顯/內(nèi)隱情緒調(diào)節(jié)的腦神經(jīng)環(huán)路改變, 并從主觀體驗?生理指標?神經(jīng)特征多層面評估NIBS干預效果。此外, 我們認為多靶點NIBS方案、NIBS與神經(jīng)反饋等技術(shù)的結(jié)合在提高此領(lǐng)域?qū)嶒炐Ф壬嫌休^大前景, 有待相關(guān)研究者的挖掘。
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Abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques can effectively intervene in emotion regulation processes and down-regulate negative emotions. Summarizing the effects and applicability of NIBS for emotion regulation interventions is of great significance for enriching existing emotion regulation theories and promoting translational research. Through literature review, we found that when NIBS is used to modulate emotion regulation, it produces a top-down change in brain circuits, which has a positive effect on both explicit and implicit emotion regulation. Additionally, NIBS may potentially improve symptoms of psychiatric disorders by enhancing the emotion regulation processes. However, several existing problems need to be addressed. Firstly, the findings are mixed due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Secondly, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the effects of NIBS on emotion regulation remain unclear, and measurements of emotion regulation effects need to be enriched. Moreover, previous NIBS protocols have several limitations, such as poor localization accuracy, weak effects due to single-session stimulation, inability to meet new needs, and inevitable side effects. Therefore, future studies could provide comprehensive quantitative summaries of existing literature, optimize the cortical targets with the help of neuronavigation techniques, investigate the changes in the brain neural circuit when applying NIBS in explicit and implicit emotion regulation, and measure the NIBS effect using a combination of subjective experience, physiological indexes, and neural characteristics. In the future, we believe that multi-target NIBS protocols, a combination of hyperscanning and NIBS, and NIBS-neurofeed back techniques can effectively improve the validity of the study, providing insights for relevant trans lational research and clinical therapeutics.
Keywords: non-invasive brain stimulation, prefrontal cortex, emotion regulation, neural circuit