閱讀理解之“七選五”做題三步法

云南 莫霽華

高考英語“七選五”是高考英語閱讀理解中綜合性比較強的一道題目。它需要學生在理解語篇的基礎之上排除干擾項，選出正確的選項，這就需要學生具備扎實的基本功和較強的語篇邏輯分析能力，否則許多學生在“七選五”試題上便會頻頻丟分。筆者從事英語教學多年，針對該題型也在教學中不斷摸索和總結，下面就“七選五”的做題方法分享自己的教學經(jīng)驗。

一、題型解讀

試題模式：在一篇約300 詞的短文中挖出5 個空白，要求考生從所給的7 個選項中選出5 個最佳選項，使補全后的短文意思通順，前后連貫，結構完整。

考查重點：閱讀文章需要具備一定的語篇知識。文章作者常常會使用各種銜接手段使行文連貫。如果考生想要準確、深刻地理解文章，就必須把握住全篇的基本結構，厘清上下文的銜接關系，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關系。概而言之，“七選五”主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結構以及上下文邏輯關系的理解能力。

考查維度：句（句間邏輯/銜接手段）、段（段落結構/挖空句在段中的位置作用）、篇（文章框架結構）

選項特點：概括性句子（文章整體內(nèi)容）

過渡性句子（文章結構）

注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）

二、解題步驟

解題三步法：

一看位置定方向——觀察設空處是段首、段尾題，還是段中題；

二找詞匯定選項——鎖定選項與文中信息相關聯(lián)的詞匯；

三思邏輯核答案——思考選項與文中信息是否符合行文的邏輯關系。

1.看位置定方向

考生做題時要先學會觀察題目，要有方向和聚焦點，不同設題位置的試題所考查的點也會不同，因此觀察設空處的位置很重要。

（1）段首——主題句/承下

（2019 年全國卷Ⅰ） 40 While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin,they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working,and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D.

C.Being in nature refreshes us.

D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

【解題思路】40 題的設空在段首，設空在段首的試題主要考查主題句或主旨句，這就提醒考生在做這種類型的題時，要關注設空后面的文字。設空處在句首時一般起引出下文的作用，考生在閱讀之后可以發(fā)現(xiàn)“sun’s rays”“give us beneficial Vitamin D”與 選 項D 中“side benefit”“sunlight”對應。故選D。

（2）段中——承上啟下

（2019 年全國卷Ⅱ）Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. 36 Like the child on the diving board,you will stay undecided.

F.Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

G.Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

【解題思路】36 題的設空在段中，那么考生關注的焦點就應該是設空之前的內(nèi)容，認真閱讀后考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn)設空前的句子和G 選項中都出現(xiàn)了“motivation”“goal”，且G 選項承上啟下，符合語境。故選G。

（3）段尾——總結/首尾呼應

（2021 年全國乙卷）...If you can’t take their wine away,you should certainly try to take away their soapbox（講臺）.If you’re the host,you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation. 39 .

D.Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers

E.Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say

【解題思路】“If you’re the host,you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation.”是一種情景假設，“如果你是”對應的應該是“或者是”，它們是前后對應的關系，再結合句意可知，E 選項承接上文。故選E。

（2021 年新高考Ⅱ卷）If the only reading you ever do is the novel or magazine,the speed at which you read probably does not matter very much.But if you have to read a great deal for study,you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly. 36

A.Stop to have a rest now and then.

B.Spend a few minutes looking through the book.

C.This depends on the type of book you are reading.

D.Here are some tips to help improve your reading speed.

【解題思路】“But if you have to read a great deal for study,you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly.”在探討快速閱讀的好處。D 選項既是對前面的總結，同時也開啟下文的敘述。故選D。

段尾句可分為兩種：總結句——用于總結本段內(nèi)容，常常含有總結性的詞語；承上啟下句（此空處的答案）——能夠將上段和下段的內(nèi)容連貫起來，考生可以通過這些細節(jié)來觀察判斷。

2.找詞匯定選項

在這一步中的“找詞匯”主要是指考生能在語段中查找詞匯線索，從而幫助自己又快又準地從語段中找到答案，而選項中常常會出現(xiàn)原文中的詞，或是該詞的同義/近義詞或是同語義場的詞，詞匯復現(xiàn)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在考查文章前后銜接的試題中，即作者在文章的不同位置對同一概念進行重復描述。復現(xiàn)關系主要是指原詞復現(xiàn)、同義詞復現(xiàn)、近義詞復現(xiàn)、反義詞復現(xiàn)等，這些也應該是考生的關注點。

（2020 年全國卷Ⅲ） 37 Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores.Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains.Even if there isn’t a registry,a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with,like a piece of art or a plant.

B.It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.

C.You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.

D.If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts,keep them in a safe place.

【解題思路】閱讀后可知本題與“喬遷派對”的事宜有關，語篇中出現(xiàn)了“gift”“a good housewarming gift”，然而在B、D 選項中都出現(xiàn)了“gift”一詞，但將選項帶入段落中根據(jù)句意很容易排除D 選項。故選B。

（2021年全國甲卷）● 38 .They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their“new”clothes home.

F.Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots

G.Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition

【解題思路】根據(jù)設空處后一句可知，他們應該要準備一些可以回收再利用的袋子來裝這些新的衣物。從同語義的范疇來考慮可知，new=in good condition。故選G。

在詞匯線索中，代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，考生不可忽略代詞的作用。在精讀各段和各選項的過程中，考生一定要注意句子中出現(xiàn)的人稱代詞或指示代詞，尤其要注意選項中以及空格處前后句中出現(xiàn)的代詞。根據(jù)代詞的單復數(shù)形式及其在句中所作的成分，考生可以找出代詞指代的名詞或句子，這有助于他們選出最佳選項。

（2019 年全國卷Ⅰ）Recently,people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing（治愈）.38 In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green,growing things can reduce stress,lower blood pressure,and put people into a better mood（情緒）.Greenery is good for us.Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. 39 It gives us a great feeling of peace.

C.Being in nature refreshes us.

F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.

G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

【解題思路】根據(jù)38 題下一句提到的代詞“these places”可以推知它指代上文的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)語意可知，these places 指Healing Gardens。故38 題選G。

39 題的前文介紹的是“康復花園”中的綠色植物對于病人康復的積極作用：綠色的茁壯成長的植物可以減輕壓力、降低血壓，使人情緒良好。39 題后一句提到“它給予我們一種平和感”，故39 空起著承上啟下的作用。前文主要講身處“康復花園”這種自然環(huán)境中的好處，那么后句中的“It”指代的就是這種情況了。選項C“身處大自然可以使人精神煥發(fā)”與前后句銜接自然流暢。故39 題選C。

通過對這兩道題的分析，考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在做題時要關注的點是多方面的，以這兩道高考題為例，這類試題的突破口在于考生要利用詞匯線索中的代詞法，找到指代對應的內(nèi)容，驗證之后就可以得出正確答案了。

3.思邏輯核答案

一篇文章往往是一個有機的整體，各部分之間存在著一定的聯(lián)系，無論是利用詞匯線索，還是借助代詞去尋找答案，考生都要判斷句與段，段與選項之間的聯(lián)系，思考它們之間的關系。從邏輯意義上來看，句子與句子之間常常有并列、順承、遞進、轉折、總分、解釋、例證、因果、過渡等關系，表示并列關系的標志詞語有：and，first(ly)...second(ly)，first...then/next，to begin with，some...others...，for one thing...for another thing，then/next，finally/last 等。若空格前后兩句之間是邏輯上的層進關系，則空格處很有可能是個表示遞進的句子。表示遞進關系的標志詞語有：too，also，besides，further，furthermore，moreover，likewise，similarly，what’s more，what’s worse，in addition，as well，to make matters worse，not...but...，not only...but also 等。若空格前后的某句是為了證明另一句而舉的例子，則空格處很有可能是個表示例證的句子。例證的形式具有多樣性，思維過程基本是歸納（從例子到觀點）和推理（從觀點到例子）。常見的表示例證關系的標志詞語有：for example，for instance，in fact/as a matter of fact，actually，in other words/that is to say等。表示因果關系的標志詞語有：so，therefore，thus，consequently（結果），as a result (of)，so/such...that...，so that...等。若空格前后兩句之間是邏輯上的逆轉關系，則空格處很有可能表示轉折。表示轉折關系的標志詞語有：but，however，yet，while/though/although，or/otherwise，on the contrary，instead，nevertheless（然 而），still，in contrast/comparison，by comparison 等。

因此，考生閱讀材料時一定要把握文章脈絡，弄清其中的邏輯關系。如果文中或選項中出現(xiàn)了邏輯關系詞，考生就可以利用其來進行推理判斷；如果文中或選項中未出現(xiàn)邏輯關系詞，考生就需要全面理解文章大意，根據(jù)上下文語境弄清文章內(nèi)在的邏輯關系，做出正確的判斷。

（2021 年全國甲卷）●Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection. 37 ,and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.

A.Less people than that

B.Hold a clothing swap

C.If two people are competing

【解題思路】先看37 題的設空位置，考生要注意前句和后句的關系，主題句是“邀請5～10 個人，這樣便于你選擇”，37 題設空后的句子中出現(xiàn)2 個“and”，考生可以考慮它的兩種關系“并列”或“解釋”，利用詞匯線索法考生可以找出相關的選項A 和C，之后把選項帶入原文進行核驗，分析“l(fā)ess than that,more than that”的關系可知，語句的邏輯關系是解釋例證關系。故選A。

（2021 年全國甲卷）●Set a starting time.Maybe you say“go”,or turn on a certain song,or whatever. 40 .And don’t forget to put out some cookies and fruits.Remember,it’s a party!

D.Just keep music playing throughout

E.Donate whatever clothes are left over

【解題思路】這段話中出現(xiàn)了并列連詞“or”和“And”，因此考生可以推測40 題的選項應該和上一句是承接關系，且上一句中的關鍵詞語“song”對應D 選項中的“music”，這兩句話的邏輯關系貼切。故選D。

（2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷）My husband and I just spent a week in Paris. 36 So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.

F.Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.

【解題思路】上文“My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.（我丈夫和我剛在巴黎待了一周）”交代了背景；下文“So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.（所以我們做的第一件事就是租了一個非常昂貴的公寓，在第六層，只有一個櫥柜那么大）”是空格處內(nèi)容的結果，因此空格處需要填原因；根據(jù)F 項“Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.（我們的目標是看看我們是否在某種程度上可以活得像巴黎人）”可知，作者想體驗巴黎人的生活，所以需要租房子，兩句構成因果關系。故選F。

（2018 年北京卷） 55 However,anger can easily turn violent,and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence.With these main reasons in mind,we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.

C.Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait,and is usually advised to reduce it.

D.Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.

【解題思路】觀察這道題我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)段落的中心詞是“anger”，那么可以將答案鎖定在C 項和D 項，再根據(jù)設空后的“However（然而，但是）”可知，設空句與其后句子為轉折關系，D 選項中的“Anger is a particularly strong feeling”與文中的“anger can easily turn violent”構成轉折關系。故選D。

（2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷）Parisians are different from you and me.They never look lazy or untidy.As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago,they eat great food and never gain weight. 38 French strawberries do not taste like cardboard.Instead,they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.

G.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.

【解題思路】上文“...they eat great food and never gain weight.（他們吃得很好，而且從不發(fā)胖）”提及了食物。下文“French strawberries do not taste like cardboard.Instead,they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.（法國草莓嘗起來不像紙板。相反，它們會像小炸彈一樣在你嘴里爆炸）”說明法國的草莓很好吃。結合上下文可知，因為法國的食物質量很高，所以不用吃很多就能很滿足，同時吃得少也就不會發(fā)胖了。G 項“The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.”與后一句構成因果關系，并符合語境要求。故選G。

（2018 年全國卷Ⅰ）Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas,dinner tables or bookshelves.39 .They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones,and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【解題思路】設空處在段中，所填句子應是過渡句。該空前一句的主要內(nèi)容是“Medium color choices”，是G 項中“small ones”的語義升級。該空后一句介紹了兩種方式的顏色選擇，與G 項中的“two major ways”相呼應，G 項與該段內(nèi)容是順承遞進的關系。故選G。

通過以上對近幾年高考英語“七選五”試題的分析，筆者對“七選五”的解題思路梳理如下：

筆者在這里要提醒考生：在做“七選五”試題時，即使在語段中能找到相關提示詞匯，也要核驗選項與語段之間的邏輯關系，如果找不到詞匯線索來輔助做題的話，那就應該更加深入地思考句與段之間的邏輯關系，核查它們之間的關系是否合理才能推斷出正確的答案，這一步十分重要且必不可少。筆者希望考生謹記以上解題思路及注意事項并堅持練習、不斷總結，最終取得好成績。