“七選五” 閱讀解題方法談

胡瑞明

與一般的閱讀理解不同，“七選五”是一種更側(cè)重于先了解文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)和大意，然后顧及細(xì)節(jié)的閱讀。它考查的重點(diǎn)在于文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，需要同學(xué)們具有較強(qiáng)的邏輯思維、判斷推理和整合的能力，能夠從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系，理解句子之間、段落之間的關(guān)系，對(duì)諸如連貫性、一致性等語(yǔ)段特征有較強(qiáng)的意識(shí)和熟練的把握，并具備運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)理解和分析長(zhǎng)難句的能力。現(xiàn)結(jié)合2017高考英語(yǔ)試題來(lái)講解如何做好“七選五”閱讀理解題。

[依托詞匯線索]

詞匯線索主要包括代詞線索和詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)兩種情況。

1. 代詞線索

英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中，代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高。代詞主要是為避免重復(fù)，用于指代前面提到的人或物，有時(shí)也用于指代前面提到的名詞或概念。巧妙利用這樣的指代關(guān)系可以有效地幫助我們作出正確的選擇。

例1 （2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ） 39 We have done a lot of it since. Recently， we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. Thereis a separate bedroom， a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.

A. This time there was no tent.

B. Things are going to be improved.

C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

解析 F?？崭窈竺婢渥又械闹髡Z(yǔ)代詞We可知，空格所在的所填句子中應(yīng)含有與we相一致的復(fù)數(shù)概念，再結(jié)合空格后面句子的句意“從那以后我們進(jìn)行了很多次野營(yíng)”可知應(yīng)選F“這次野營(yíng)之后，我的家人都對(duì)野營(yíng)非常感興趣了”。前句中的my family與后句中的we形成了段意上的一致。

2. 詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)

詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)指相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用、同義詞和近義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)或同一范疇詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)。英語(yǔ)的線性思維表現(xiàn)為第一句話的賓語(yǔ)，往往是第二句的主語(yǔ)，或者前后句有相同或重疊的詞語(yǔ)。這種前后句語(yǔ)義的銜接常以句子中關(guān)鍵詞（常為名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞）的同義詞、近義詞組或反義詞組復(fù)現(xiàn)的方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。解題時(shí)可以利用這些詞作為解題線索。

例2 （2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ） When you need to talk someone， dont do it in your own office. 39 ， its much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.

A. If youre busy， dont feel bad about saying no

B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C. Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D. If youre in the other persons office or in a public area

E. Its important that you let them know when youll be available

F. It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G. Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not

解析 D。解答本題可利用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)作為解題線索。對(duì)比本空以及所給的選項(xiàng)，可以看出空格前的in your own office與D項(xiàng)中的in the other persons office相對(duì)應(yīng)。前文說(shuō)“不要在自己的辦公室談事情”，后文說(shuō)“如果你在別人的辦公室或公共場(chǎng)合，借口要回去工作要容易得多”才是符合語(yǔ)境的。

[依據(jù)邏輯和銜接關(guān)系]

文章由段落組成，圍繞中心話題展開(kāi)。各段、句之間形成一定的語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系，有總分、并列、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比、解釋、例證、因果關(guān)系等?！捌哌x五”閱讀理解的解題策略之一就是理清這些關(guān)系，并據(jù)此選出正確答案。我們要熟記常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系的標(biāo)識(shí)詞。如：

表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的however， though， yet， on the contrary等；

表示因果關(guān)系的so， therefore， thus， as a result等；

表示順序的at first， later， after， finally等；

表示并列與遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的and， whats more， not only ... but also， firstly， secondly等；

表示列舉的some ... others， the second ...， the third ...， for one thing ... for another等。

例3 （2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ） ... We slept in a tent， cooked over an open fire， and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work， recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctors bill for my sons food poisoning.

I was， nevertheless， talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead， we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

A. This time there was no tent.

B. Things are going to be improved.

C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

解析 A。由前文We sleep in a tent， cooked over an open fire， and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom可知作者第一次露營(yíng)時(shí)住帳篷，露天生火做飯，走很遠(yuǎn)的距離去洗澡、上廁所，條件很艱苦。再根據(jù)后文中的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的副詞instead后的敘述“我們這次有野營(yíng)車，里面有舒適的床和空調(diào)”可知作者第二次野營(yíng)條件變好了，不再用帳篷了，故選A。

[依據(jù)空格位置]

1. 空格在段首

在一段的第一句設(shè)空的內(nèi)容通常是該段的主旨句，解題時(shí)需要通過(guò)認(rèn)真研讀該段的內(nèi)容，然后從選項(xiàng)中查找下文的同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞或句，從而確定答案。

例4 （2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ） 40 It must be true that sooner or later， everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.

A. This time there was no tent.

B. Things are going to be improved.

C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

解析 E。本文是一篇記敘文，文章講述了作者由不喜歡野營(yíng)到喜歡野營(yíng)的過(guò)程。本空位于文章最后一段，根據(jù)整篇文章的行文思路來(lái)看，最后一段是在總結(jié)、升華文章的中心思想，故結(jié)合本空格的后一句“每一個(gè)人遲早都會(huì)找到回歸自然的方式”可判斷出選E。

2. 空格在段中

段中設(shè)空可為段落主題句或展開(kāi)句。解題時(shí)要注意分析空前后的邏輯關(guān)系。設(shè)空除了可能在以轉(zhuǎn)折手法引出的主題句，或者是用來(lái)承上啟下的過(guò)渡句，也可能是補(bǔ)充前文的具體的事實(shí)、事例和說(shuō)明。因此第一步需要依據(jù)信息詞將部分選項(xiàng)排除之后，把剩下的幾個(gè)可能正確的選項(xiàng)依次代入設(shè)空處，最終確定哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)和空白處前后內(nèi)容能達(dá)到語(yǔ)意連貫，邏輯關(guān)系清晰，從而得出正確答案。

例5 （2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ） When people try to interrupt you， have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that youll find them then. 38 . It can help to eliminate（消除） future interruptions.

A. If youre busy， dont feel bad about saying no

B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C. Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D. If youre in the other persons office or in a public area

E. Its important that you let them know when youll be available

F. It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G. Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not

解析 E?？涨耙痪湔f(shuō)“當(dāng)有人試圖打擾你時(shí)，提出新的溝通時(shí)間，讓他們?cè)陬A(yù)約時(shí)間過(guò)來(lái)或者你去找他們”，空格后說(shuō)“這樣做能幫助你消除未來(lái)受到打擾的可能”，E項(xiàng)“讓他們知道你什么時(shí)候有空是很重要的”可起承上啟下的作用，故選E。

3. 空格在段尾

段尾句多為承上啟下句或總結(jié)、概括句。解題時(shí)可從這個(gè)角度去思考：這一空是歸納本段主旨還是引出下一段的內(nèi)容？如果在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時(shí)可考慮與下一段開(kāi)頭是否體現(xiàn)出了銜接。認(rèn)真閱讀下一段的開(kāi)頭幾句，看是否能與選項(xiàng)的最后一句緊密連接起來(lái)。

例6 （2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ）

Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If youre tired out by Friday night， sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week， a recent study found. 39

A. Get a sleep specialist.

B. Find the right motivation.

C. A better plan for sleep can help.

D. And consider setting a second alarm.

E. If the steps you take are working， keep it up.

F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time， no matter the day.

G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.

解析 F。由本段首句可知本段是在講述“在周末要堅(jiān)持執(zhí)行你的睡覺(jué)和起床時(shí)間表”。本空位于段尾且其后再無(wú)內(nèi)容，故其應(yīng)是起總結(jié)歸納本段主旨的作用而非是引出下一段的內(nèi)容。F選項(xiàng)的句意“堅(jiān)持你所設(shè)定的就寢和起床時(shí)間，不管是哪天”和本段主旨相符。故選F。endprint