城市更新背景下景觀共享與品質(zhì)提升

“乘眾人之智，則無不任也；用眾人之力，則無不勝也?！秉h的十八屆三中全會(huì)首次正式使用“社會(huì)治理”的概念，鼓勵(lì)和支持社會(huì)各方參與，實(shí)現(xiàn)政府治理和社會(huì)自我調(diào)節(jié)、居民自治良性互動(dòng)。黨的十九屆六中全會(huì)指出，推動(dòng)社會(huì)治理重心向基層下移，建設(shè)共建共治共享的社會(huì)治理制度，建設(shè)人人有責(zé)、人人盡責(zé)、人人享有的社會(huì)治理共同體。社區(qū)作為城市更新的基本單位，是社會(huì)治理的基礎(chǔ)平臺(tái)，也是創(chuàng)新社會(huì)治理的重要突破口。實(shí)現(xiàn)共建共治共享的全過程人民民主是社區(qū)治理的關(guān)鍵，通過厘清多元主體，協(xié)同多方利益相關(guān)者，拓展多方參與渠道，優(yōu)化多元服務(wù)，構(gòu)建多元共治的社區(qū)治理模式，建立現(xiàn)代社區(qū)治理體系和社區(qū)良性社會(huì)生態(tài)，才能更好地激發(fā)社區(qū)活力，增進(jìn)居民福祉，推動(dòng)社會(huì)的和諧穩(wěn)定。

人口老齡化是今后較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)期內(nèi)中國(guó)的基本國(guó)情。2019年，中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院印發(fā)《國(guó)家積極應(yīng)對(duì)人口老齡化中長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃》明確指出，積極應(yīng)對(duì)人口老齡化是一項(xiàng)重大的國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略。2021年《中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于加強(qiáng)新時(shí)代老齡工作的意見》提出，要實(shí)施積極應(yīng)對(duì)人口老齡化國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略，把積極老齡觀、健康老齡化理念融入經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全過程，將無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)和適老化改造納入城市更新，加快構(gòu)建老年友好型社會(huì)。適老性一詞屬于多學(xué)科概念，一般是指室內(nèi)外環(huán)境、公共設(shè)施建設(shè)等的適老化，而景觀適老化則是指室外空間體系所涉及的住區(qū)景觀、公園綠地、附屬綠地等領(lǐng)域的空間及景觀營(yíng)造過程能體現(xiàn)對(duì)老年人生理及心理需求的考慮。

本期專題1“社區(qū)景觀共治”，主要探討了多元共建的實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制及基層治理共同體意識(shí)的培育路徑，通過納入公眾參與，形成可協(xié)調(diào)多方需求、可持續(xù)、居民滿意度高的社區(qū)景觀營(yíng)造，從而在參與過程中培養(yǎng)居民在地認(rèn)同感、歸屬感、幸福感。一方面，可促進(jìn)環(huán)境公平，實(shí)現(xiàn)在地自我更新與可持續(xù)發(fā)展；另一方面，重塑了社區(qū)關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)，不斷強(qiáng)化公眾“社區(qū)共同體”意識(shí)，有利于逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)“共建、共治、共享”的社會(huì)治理模式。專題2“適老化景觀品質(zhì)提升”，圍繞如何為老年群體提供服務(wù)設(shè)施和適應(yīng)其活動(dòng)需求的景觀，進(jìn)行了國(guó)內(nèi)近10年景觀適老性的研究綜述；揭示了鄰里空間感知對(duì)社區(qū)老年人群綠地活動(dòng)行為的影響；總結(jié)了從空間體系完善、適老功能置換與復(fù)合、適老設(shè)施嵌入式布局以及活動(dòng)組織等方面的公共空間優(yōu)化更新策略。本期兩個(gè)專題，從關(guān)注社區(qū)居民到聚焦老齡化群體，順應(yīng)“人民城市人民建，人民城市為人民”的理念，挖掘了存量空間的活化潛能，拓展了景觀更新治理的有效途徑。

存量時(shí)代的共享語境下，風(fēng)景園林師改變傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)流程，有效整合政府、社區(qū)組織、其他非盈利組織、社區(qū)單位與居民之間的資源與力量，正在推進(jìn)景觀“政府主導(dǎo)”到“多元共治”的轉(zhuǎn)變。期待未來有更多學(xué)者關(guān)注該領(lǐng)域，以“多元共治”促進(jìn)更大范圍和更高層面的資源共享，加快建立完善適老化景觀設(shè)計(jì)體系，構(gòu)建美好人居環(huán)境共享模式，尤其是從風(fēng)景園林師的角度，為加強(qiáng)社會(huì)治理制度建設(shè)貢獻(xiàn)智慧和力量。

主編

2022年7月15日

Landscape Sharing and Quality Improvement in the Context of Urban Renewal

“Only with organization can the wisdom of the collective be given full play.” The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee of ficially used the concept of “social governance” for the first time to encourage and support the participation of all sectors in the society, so as to realize the benign interaction between government governance, social self-regulation and residents’ self-governance. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee pointed out that the focus of social governance should be shifted to the grassroots level. As the basic unit of urban renewal, the community is the basic platform for social governance and an important breakthrough for innovative social governance. Realizing people’s democracy in the whole process of co-construction, co-governance and co-sharing is the key to community governance. By clarifying multiple subjects,coordinating multiple stakeholders, optimizing multiple services, and building a community governance model of multiple co-governances, we can better stimulate the vitality of the community, enhance the well-being of residents, and promote social harmony and stability.

Population aging is the basic national condition of China for a long period of time in the future. In 2019, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the National Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Actively Responding to Population Aging, which clearly pointed out that actively responding to population aging is a major national strategy.In 2021, the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Strengthening Aging Work in the New Era proposed that it is necessary to implement the national strategy to actively respond to population aging, integrate the concept of positive aging and healthy aging into the entire process of economic and social development.The term “elderly-oriented” belongs to a multidisciplinary concept,generally referring to the suitability of aging in indoor and outdoor environments, public facilities construction, etc., while “elderly-oriented landscape” refers to the suitability of residential landscapes, park green spaces, auxiliary green spaces and other fields involved in the outdoor space system. The process of creating space and landscape can reflect the consideration of the physical and psychological needs of the elderly.

The topic 1 of this issue, “Community Landscape Cogovernance”, mainly discusses the realization mechanism of multiple co-constructions and the cultivation path of community awareness of grassroots governance. By incorporating public participation,a community that can coordinate the needs of multiple sectors, is sustainable, and has high residents’ satisfaction. On the one hand,it can promote environmental fairness and achieve local self-renewal and sustainable development; on the other hand, it reshapes the community relationship network and continuously strengthens the public’s awareness of community, which is conducive to form the social governance model of “co-construction, co-governance and cosharing”. Topic 2 “Elderly-Oriented Landscape Improvement”focuses on how to provide service facilities for the elderly and landscapes that adapt to their activity needs. A review of this issue in the past 10 years in China was conducted; the impact of perception of neighborhood space on the elderly in the community was revealed; the optimization and updating strategies of public space from the aspects of space system improvement were provided. The two special topics in this issue, from focusing on community residents to focusing on aging groups, interpret the concept of “We are the cities we make”, tap the activation potential of the existing space, and expand the effective way of landscape renewal governance.

In the context of sharing in the stock era, landscape architects change the traditional design process, effectively integrate the resources and forces between the government, community organizations, other non-profit organizations, community units and residents, and are promoting the landscape transformation from “government-led” to“multiple co-governance”. It is expected that more scholars will pay attention to this field in the future, promote the sharing of resources on a larger scale and at a higher level with “multiple co-governance”,accelerate the establishment and improvement of the aging-friendly landscape design system, and build a beautiful living environment sharing model. As landscape architectures, we should spare no efforts to contribute wisdom and strength to strengthening the construction of the social governance system.

Editor-in-Chief

July 15th, 2022