葛利娜 黃向東
[關鍵詞] 紅細胞分布寬度;血小板計數(shù);漢族;腦梗死
[中圖分類號] R743.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)27-0037-04
Difference analysis of the ratio of red blood cell distribution width to platelet count in cerebral infarction with different causes in the Han population
GE Li′na? ?HUANG Xiangdong
Department of Neurology, Wenzhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou? ?325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the differences in the ratio of red blood cell distribution width to platelet count (RPR) in patients with cerebral infarction of different etiologies in the Han population. Methods According to the classification criteria of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment(TOAST), 197 patients with cerebral infarction admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to January 2021 were selected.They were divided into the Atherosclerotic Thrombotic Cerebral Infarction group(AT group), the Small artery lesion cerebral infarction group(SAD group), and another group. The RDW and PLT of the three groups were tested in the acute and recovery phase, and RPR was calculated. The differences of the above indicators among patients with cerebral infarction of different etiologies in the Han population were analyzed. Results In the acute phase of cerebral infarction, the RDW and RPR of the AT group were higher than those of the SAD group and another group. The PLT of the SAD group was higher than that of the AT group and another group.The RPR of another group was higher than that of the SAD group.The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In the recovery period of cerebral infarction, the RDW and RPR of the AT group were higher than those of the SAD group and another group.The PLT of the SAD group was higher than that of the AT group and another group.The RPR of another group was higher than that of the SAD group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion RDW and RPR are higher in AT group patients in the acute and recovery phases of cerebral infarction, while increased PLT and decreased RPR are the main manifestations in SAD group patients.
[Key words] Red blood cell distribution width; Platelet count; Han nationality; Cerebral infarction
腦梗死是全球重大公共衛(wèi)生問題,居世界范圍內(nèi)各疾病死亡率第二位,也是第三大常見致殘原因[1]。對于腦梗死患者而言,盡快給予靜脈重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑(Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rtPA)溶栓治療,是減輕腦組織受損、改善患者預后的關鍵環(huán)節(jié)[2]。但大量研究結果顯示,不同病因腦梗死患者接受溶栓治療后預后存在較大差異,且指出影響患者預后的原因可能與缺血性病變后炎癥反應所致腦損傷加劇有關[3-4]。研究表明,紅細胞分布寬度(Red cell distribution width,RDW)和血小板計數(shù)(Platelet count,PLT)比值(Ratio of red blood cell distribution width to platelet count,RPR)能夠反映腦梗死患者嚴重程度及預后質(zhì)量,其中,血小板激活后粘附于斑塊破裂的血管壁,是導致缺血性梗死的重要原因,而RPR則與梗死后炎癥反應乃至患者遠期主要不良事件密切相關[5]。本研究選取197例漢族人群腦梗死患者,就不同病因的患者RDW、PLT及RPR進行比較,為腦梗死的治療決策制定依據(jù)提供新的參考,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
將我院2020年1月至2021年1月收治的197例腦梗死患者納入此次前瞻性對照研究,納入標準:①經(jīng)影像學檢查明確腦梗死診斷;②發(fā)病至入院時間<24 h;③漢族;④年齡≥18歲;⑤擬于我院接受相關治療。排除標準:①既往有顱內(nèi)出血,包括可疑蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血者;②血液系統(tǒng)疾病患者;③嚴重肝、腎功能異?;颊?④合并免疫系統(tǒng)疾病或感染性疾病患者。參照類肝素藥物Org10172治療急性缺血性腦卒中試驗(Trial of Org10172 in acute stroke treatment,TOAST)標準[6],將患者分別納入大動脈粥樣硬化血栓形成性腦梗死組(Atherosclerotic thrombotic cerebral infarction,AT組)(n=54)、小動脈病變性腦梗死小動脈病變性腦梗死組(Small artery lesion cerebral infarction,SAD組)(n=81)、其他組(n=62),其他組患者病因包括心源性腦梗死、不明原因腦梗死等。三組患者年齡、性別、發(fā)病至入院時間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究已征得患者知情同意,研究方案經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會審核批準,批準號2019-03-018。
1.2 方法
對于發(fā)病至到院時間<4.5 h且排除靜脈溶栓禁忌的腦梗死患者予以rtPA(注射用阿替普酶,商品名愛通立,Boehringer Ingelheim制藥公司,注冊證號S20160055,規(guī)格50 mg)治療,rtPA劑量按0.9 mg/kg給藥,這部分患者溶栓24 h后及所有未能溶栓患者均于我院接受腦梗死常規(guī)綜合治療,包括抗血小板聚集、調(diào)控血壓、降血糖、調(diào)血脂等,患者治療期間禁用血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑。
1.3 觀察指標
分別于患者急性期(入院后治療前)、恢復期(治療2周后)抽取其肘靜脈血5 mL,檢測其RDW、PLT并計算RPR,RPR=RDW/PLT×100%。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),計數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗,計量資料均符合正態(tài)分布,以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用雙側t檢驗或F檢驗(方差分析),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 三組患者急性期RDW、PLT、RPR檢測結果比較
腦梗死急性期,AT組RDW、RPR高于SAD組與其他組,SAD組PLT高于AT組與其他組,其他組RPR高于SAD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 三組患者恢復期RDW、PLT、RPR檢測結果比較
腦梗死恢復期,AT組RDW、RPR高于SAD組與其他組,SAD組PLT高于AT組與其他組,其他組RPR高于SAD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
3討論
不同病因腦梗死不僅有著截然不同的發(fā)病機制,其預后也存在一定差異,既往研究顯示,穿支動脈區(qū)孤立性梗死患者普遍預后較好,行溶栓治療后出血轉(zhuǎn)化風險較低,且神經(jīng)功能結局較理想[7-8]。而AT患者普遍伴有全血黏度、血漿黏度、紅細胞壓積、紅細胞聚集性、纖維蛋白原的升高,且患者病情發(fā)生發(fā)展過程持續(xù)伴隨著血液流變學的異常[9]。
在腦梗死的進展過程中,炎癥反應扮演著重要角色,而RDW則與機體炎癥反應程度密切相關:有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),炎癥可通過抑制紅細胞生成素誘導的紅細胞成熟,促使RDW升高,而高RDW也伴隨著機體更強烈的應激反應,同時表明機體抗氧化水平受抑制,此時紅細胞膜損傷明顯、紅細胞脆性增加[10-11]。而在腦梗死患者的缺血再灌注過程中,氧化應激與抗氧化水平與神經(jīng)元的損傷及修復有著密切關聯(lián),對患者預后也有著直接影響。本研究顯示,AT患者急性期、恢復期均有著更高的RDW水平,意味著AT患者普遍存在更為強烈的機體炎癥反應,考慮與AT多由頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂引發(fā)有關,頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂所致紅細胞聚集、血液黏度上升,不僅導致血流減緩,還造成血小板、白細胞與損傷血管壁直接接觸,從而促進血小板活化,誘導血栓形成[12]。因此,AT組僅見RDW顯著升高,而PLT則未見明顯變化,故RPR在急性期、恢復期均高于SAD組與其他組。
SAD的血液流變學特性主要表現(xiàn)為血小板聚集性升高、全血黏度上升[13-14],患者頸動脈粥樣斑塊硬化普遍較輕,故RDW上升不明顯,同時,患者全身微血管病理損害相對AT而言程度較輕,故PLT消耗減少、生成增加[15-17],進而導致PLT數(shù)量上升甚至體積增加,是導致血栓形成的重要機制。因此,本研究結果顯示,SAD組患者RDW較其他組上升不明顯,但PLT顯著上升,是造成RPR下降的主要原因。既往研究認為,RPR升高是腦梗死患者預后不佳的獨立預測指標[18-20],但本研究中,SAD組患者存在明顯的RPR下降,提示RPR下降也可能與腦梗死預后不良有關,值得進一步關注。
相較于AT組、SAD組而言,其他組病因較復雜,但其病因普遍與大、小動脈病變無關,故患者RDW、PLT異常情況均未較AT組、SAD組突出,各種復雜病因所致腦血流量減少,可能是導致其他組患者腦梗死發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要原因。
通過上述分析,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),漢族人群不同病因腦梗死患者RDW、PLT及RPR均存在顯著差異,且患者恢復期仍普遍存在RPR異常,因此,在腦梗死的治療中,應強調(diào)根據(jù)患者病因調(diào)節(jié)RPR,如針對AT所致腦梗死,可考慮從降低RDW入手,而針對SAD所致腦梗死,下調(diào)PLT水平可能是改善患者預后的重要手段。
綜上所述,無論是腦梗死急性期還是恢復期,AT患者RDW、RPR均較高,而SAD患者則以PLT升高、RPR下降為主要表現(xiàn),應根據(jù)患者病因開展個體化治療,以調(diào)控RPR比值、改善其預后。
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(收稿日期:2021-04-30)