趙麗娟,梁若愚,趙海英,徐志鈕*
一種高雙折射低限制性損耗光子晶體光纖設(shè)計(jì)
趙麗娟1,2,3,梁若愚1,趙海英1,徐志鈕1*
1華北電力大學(xué)電氣與電子工程學(xué)院,河北 保定 071003;2華北電力大學(xué)河北省電力物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,河北 保定 071003;3華北電力大學(xué)保定市光纖傳感與光通信技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,河北 保定 071003
本文設(shè)計(jì)了一種適用于長距離光纖通信的新型光子晶體光纖。該光纖包層內(nèi)橢圓形和圓形空氣孔呈交錯(cuò)排列,纖芯兩側(cè)為兩個(gè)小橢圓空氣孔。利用有限元分析方法對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)光纖的傳輸特性進(jìn)行分析并對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,確定了最佳結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)果表明,波長為1550 nm時(shí),此新型光子晶體光纖在最佳結(jié)構(gòu)下可提供高達(dá)3.51×10-2的高雙折射和低至1.5×10-9dB/m的限制性損耗。與現(xiàn)存的引入橢圓形空氣孔的光子晶體光纖相比,本文中的光子晶體光纖的雙折射系數(shù)有較大提高,限制性損耗系數(shù)降低了5個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)。另外,本文還詳細(xì)研究了光子晶體光纖的色散隨光子晶體光纖結(jié)構(gòu)的變化以及其布里淵增益特性,并分析了其可制造性?;谄涓唠p折射和低限制性損耗特性,此種光纖可應(yīng)用于長距離光纖通信系統(tǒng)。
光子晶體光纖;高雙折射;低限制性損耗;有限元分析法
光子晶體光纖(Photonic crystal fiber, PCF)是一種空氣孔沿軸向周期性排列的,端面呈二維周期性分布的光子晶體結(jié)構(gòu)[1],又稱為多孔光纖或微結(jié)構(gòu)光纖,具有許多傳統(tǒng)光纖無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的性能,近幾年在行業(yè)內(nèi)引起了極大的關(guān)注[2-4]。
與傳統(tǒng)的光纖相比,光子晶體光纖具有許多優(yōu)異特性,例如大負(fù)色散、非線性特性、限制性損耗和高雙折射等。同時(shí),雙折射特性、限制性損耗以及色散特性是長距離光纖通信系統(tǒng)中三個(gè)重要的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)光子晶體光纖的兩個(gè)偏振軸之間的不對(duì)稱程度越大,其雙折射系數(shù)越大,傳輸過程中兩個(gè)偏振軸之間的模式耦合程度會(huì)減小,有助于提升光信號(hào)的傳輸距離。同時(shí),較低的限制性損耗也有助于提升光信號(hào)的傳輸距離。另外,色散會(huì)引起光脈沖的展寬,極大地限制了傳輸信道的容量和光纖的帶寬[5]。因此,利用大負(fù)色散光纖進(jìn)行色散補(bǔ)償在高速度長距離光纖通信系統(tǒng)中也十分必要。
2011年,Yang等人[6]引入橢圓形空氣孔,使得光子晶體光纖的雙折射達(dá)到了0.87×10-2,限制性損耗為0.01 dB/m。2016年,Wu等人[7]設(shè)計(jì)的光子晶體光纖的雙折射系數(shù)達(dá)到2.21×10-2。2017年,Liao等人[8]通過在纖芯引入橢圓空氣孔得到了高達(dá)3.41×10-2的雙折射系數(shù)和低至-399.98 ps·km-1·nm-1的色散值。2019年,Liu等人[9]設(shè)計(jì)的光子晶體光纖的限制性損耗有了新的突破,達(dá)到了10-6dB/m,其數(shù)量級(jí)有明顯降低。劉旭安等人[10]提出了一種基于雙空氣孔單元四角晶格排列的光子晶體光纖,其雙折射為10-2量級(jí),限制性損耗為10-6dB/m量級(jí)。2020年,Agbemabiese等人[11]提出一種包層含圓形和橢圓形空氣孔的光子晶體光纖,其雙折射系數(shù)為2.018×10-2,限制性損耗為10-5dB/m量級(jí)。在目前現(xiàn)存的光子晶體光纖的設(shè)計(jì)中,空氣孔的分布較為單一,大大降低其偏振軸之間的不對(duì)稱性,影響雙折射系數(shù)的進(jìn)一步提高以及其他傳輸特性的優(yōu)化,因此,已無法滿足當(dāng)今通信系統(tǒng)高速增長的需求。
本文設(shè)計(jì)的光子晶體光纖與已有光纖最明顯的區(qū)別是本文光纖橫截面內(nèi)圓形與橢圓形空氣孔交錯(cuò)排列。利用有限元方法系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行數(shù)值分析之后,得出了所設(shè)計(jì)光纖最優(yōu)的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),并且分析了其傳輸特性和布里淵增益譜特性。研究結(jié)果表明,在1550 nm處,此光纖在最佳結(jié)構(gòu)下的雙折射系數(shù)可達(dá)3.51×10-2,限制性損耗低至1.5×10-9dB/m,偏振軸具有平坦色散,偏振軸色散值最低可達(dá)到-500 ps·km-1·nm-1。偏振軸和偏振軸的布里淵頻移分別為10.15 GHz和10.4 GHz。本文提出的光纖在光纖傳感,制作保偏光纖以及長距離光纖通信系統(tǒng)等領(lǐng)域具有一定的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
光纖的橫截面示意圖如圖1所示。橢圓形空氣孔與圓形空氣孔呈交錯(cuò)排列,孔間距為。圖中灰色區(qū)域?yàn)闄E圓形空氣孔,短半軸和長半軸分別用和表示;綠色區(qū)域?yàn)榘霃綖榈膱A形空氣孔;圍繞纖芯的黃色區(qū)域?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)小橢圓空氣孔,其短半軸和長半軸分別為1和,橢圓率用=1/表示;光纖半徑為。
圖1 光纖橫截面
表1 光纖結(jié)構(gòu)及完美匹配層參數(shù)
在利用有限元分析法對(duì)建立的模型進(jìn)行計(jì)算時(shí),添加了一層厚度為的完美匹配層(perfectly matched layer,PML)作為邊界吸收條件,使計(jì)算結(jié)果更加精確。經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)地?cái)?shù)據(jù)分析,最終確定的部分結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)如表1所示。
本文仿真模擬基于表1中的光纖結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)。在本小節(jié)中取1=0.35 μm,=0.2。圖2為該結(jié)構(gòu)下光纖和偏振軸的模場分布。從圖2可以看出,偏振軸和偏振軸的模場分布分別呈現(xiàn)出橢圓形和矩形形狀,其模式電場關(guān)于軸和軸的分布失去了極軸對(duì)稱性,導(dǎo)致了該光子晶體光纖高雙折射系數(shù)的產(chǎn)生,不對(duì)稱性越高,光纖模式雙折射越高。
有效折射率(eff)是一個(gè)定量描述波導(dǎo)中單位長度相位延遲的量,隨著波長的增加,光束的場分布逐漸擴(kuò)展到包層區(qū)域,有效折射率隨之減小,如圖3所示。
當(dāng)發(fā)生變化時(shí),雙折射系數(shù)也會(huì)隨之發(fā)生改變,其變化趨勢如圖4所示。
如圖3、圖4所示,當(dāng)小于0.4 μm,波長小于1800 nm時(shí),同波長下偏振軸有效折射率和雙折射系數(shù)的差異較小。圖3中子圖部分為波長在1600 nm~2000 nm,在0.2 μm~0.35 μm范圍內(nèi)變化時(shí)光纖、偏振軸有效折射率的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,從圖中可以看出,在1800 nm后光纖偏振軸的有效折射率出現(xiàn)了一定程度的變化,而偏振軸差異較小,因此雙折射系數(shù)差異增大。而當(dāng)=0.4 μm時(shí),光纖雙折射系數(shù)有明顯下降,是因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)橢圓孔全部呈現(xiàn)圓形,降低了偏振軸和偏振軸的非對(duì)稱性。
當(dāng)小于0.4 μm時(shí)其值的大小對(duì)光纖特性影響較小,而偏大時(shí),其制造難度較低。計(jì)算表明在其他參數(shù)保持最優(yōu)的情況下,=0.35 μm接近最優(yōu)值。接下來我們僅優(yōu)化,PCF的其他參數(shù)如表1所示。
圖5顯示了在典型值=0.2、0.6和0.8時(shí)雙折射系數(shù)隨波長的變化情況,其中1分別對(duì)應(yīng)于0.08 μm,0.24 μm和0.32 μm。此外,在波長為1550 nm處標(biāo)注了參考文獻(xiàn)[8,12-15]中典型PCF的雙折射系數(shù)值以與本文提出的光纖結(jié)構(gòu)雙折射系數(shù)值進(jìn)行對(duì)比。如圖5所示,雙折射系數(shù)隨著的減小而增加,當(dāng)波長為1550 nm,=0.2時(shí)獲得了3.51×10-2的高雙折射。同時(shí)從圖5中可以看出,與文獻(xiàn)[8,12-15]中設(shè)計(jì)的光子晶體光纖相比,本文所提出的PCF結(jié)構(gòu)在=0.2時(shí)具有最高的雙折射系數(shù),這是因?yàn)樗岢龅目諝饪捉诲e(cuò)分布結(jié)構(gòu)大大提高了兩偏振軸之間的不對(duì)稱性,高雙折射光子晶體光纖可以有效減少光信號(hào)傳輸過程中兩個(gè)偏振軸之間的能量耦合,有助于增加光纖通信系統(tǒng)的傳輸距離[16-18]。
圖2 η=0.2時(shí)光纖LP01模式模場分布和能量等值線分布圖。(a), (b) x偏振軸;(c), (d) y偏振軸
圖3 光纖有效折射率隨a的變化
圖4 光纖雙折射系數(shù)隨a的變化
圖5 不同η下PCF的雙折射系數(shù) 隨波長的變化
圖6 光纖色散隨波長的變化
PCF的色散包括材料色散和波導(dǎo)色散[19]。在有限元計(jì)算過程中已經(jīng)包括了材料色散,因此本文僅計(jì)算波導(dǎo)色散,其計(jì)算式如下[20]:
其中:是波長,是真空中的光速,Re(eff)是模式有效折射率的實(shí)部。本文設(shè)計(jì)的PCF色散在不同下隨波長變化情況如圖6所示。
在光纖通信系統(tǒng)中,光纖色散會(huì)引起傳輸信號(hào)的畸變,使得通信質(zhì)量下降,限制通信容量和通信距離,在通信系統(tǒng)中加入適當(dāng)長度具有較低負(fù)色散的色散補(bǔ)償光纖可以改善色散對(duì)通信系統(tǒng)的影響;而色散平坦在超連續(xù)譜產(chǎn)生中發(fā)揮著重要作用,因此在光通信傳輸中的光纖設(shè)計(jì)可以綜合考慮色散平坦與負(fù)色散兩種特性。圖6是根據(jù)仿真計(jì)算結(jié)果得到的色散隨波長變化的曲線,當(dāng)在0.2~0.6范圍內(nèi)變化時(shí),其、偏振軸的零色散波長大概在600 nm~1100 nm范圍內(nèi)變化。當(dāng)=0.2時(shí),偏振方向的色散值可低至約-500 ps·km-1·nm-1;在偏振方向也可以提供相對(duì)平坦的負(fù)色散,同時(shí)具有零色散平坦的特性,近零平坦色散有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)非線性光學(xué)中的相位匹配、孤子脈沖的產(chǎn)生和傳輸以及超寬且平坦超連續(xù)譜的產(chǎn)生[5];當(dāng)=0.4時(shí),其具有比=0.2時(shí)更低的色散,但是其色散平坦度較差,不具有零色散平坦的特性;當(dāng)=0.6時(shí),其色散平坦度也較差。因此,本文設(shè)計(jì)的PCF在=0.2時(shí)同時(shí)有大負(fù)色散以及零色散平坦的特性,可用作高速率長距離傳輸系統(tǒng)中的色散補(bǔ)償光纖元件,在超連續(xù)譜產(chǎn)生方面也具有重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
限制性損耗是由PCF結(jié)構(gòu)引起的,在光信號(hào)傳輸過程中,光并不能完全束縛在纖芯進(jìn)行傳輸。因此,限制性損耗可認(rèn)為是由光的泄漏引起,表示為
光纖限制性損耗的大小直接影響傳輸距離以及中繼站間隔距離的遠(yuǎn)近。從圖7可以看出,當(dāng)波長一定時(shí),限制性損耗隨的增加而增大。在1550 nm處,=0.2時(shí),偏振軸的限制性損耗約為1.5×10-9dB/m,偏振軸的限制性損耗約為4×10-9dB/m。與文獻(xiàn)[16]相比降低了5個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),因此,它具有更優(yōu)異的傳輸性能,可以延長通信系統(tǒng)傳輸距離。
從圖4至圖7可知,當(dāng)=0.2時(shí),雙折射系數(shù)最高,負(fù)色散較為平坦且限制損耗最小,具有更好的性能。另外,制造難度隨著減小而增加。因此,我們可以確定=0.2為光纖包層中小橢圓空氣孔的最佳結(jié)構(gòu)。
圖7 光纖限制性損耗隨波長的變化。(a) x偏振軸;(b) y偏振軸
圖8 光子晶體光纖LP01模式的聲場分布
圖9 光子晶體光纖的布里淵增益譜
基于確定的光纖最佳結(jié)構(gòu),分析光子晶體光纖的布里淵增益頻譜特性。每個(gè)聲學(xué)模式對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)布里淵峰。布里淵增益與聲學(xué)模式的關(guān)系可定義為[22]
其中:和p分別是散射光和入射光的頻率;v和ω分別是布里淵散射譜中第個(gè)峰的布里淵頻移和線寬;是第個(gè)布里淵增益譜的峰值。
圖8為LP01模式的聲場分布,從圖中可以看到聲波的能量集中于纖芯分布,由于光場和聲場之間有相互作用,從而可以形成布里淵增益譜中的峰。
圖9為本文設(shè)計(jì)的光子晶體光纖的布里淵增益譜。從圖9中可以看出,偏振方向的布里淵頻移小于偏振方向的布里淵頻移,其布里淵頻移分別為10.15 GHz和10.4 GHz。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用當(dāng)中,根據(jù)布里淵頻移可直接算出聲速,由聲速可以算出彈性常數(shù),由聲速的變化可得到關(guān)于聲速的各向異性、弛豫過程和相變的信息等;由線寬可以研究聲衰減過程。另外,在分布式光纖傳感系統(tǒng)中,通過測量布里淵頻移的變化能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)光纖所處環(huán)境溫度與應(yīng)變的傳感[23-26],本節(jié)為所設(shè)計(jì)的PCF的進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。
表2為所提出的PCF與已有設(shè)計(jì)之間的雙折射系數(shù)(),色散()和限制損耗(())的比較。結(jié)果表明,本文提出的PCF性能有顯著提高,在高速率和長距離傳輸系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域中具有潛在的應(yīng)用。
近年來,在光子晶體光纖制造[29]方面,Sol-gel澆鑄法已變得越來越流行,它可以靈活地改變包層中空氣孔的形狀、大小和間距,而不會(huì)產(chǎn)生空隙。該方法先將熔融石英澆注到根據(jù)包層結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的模具中來制造纖維預(yù)制件,然后將預(yù)制件放入光纖拉伸器中進(jìn)行拉制[30]。此方法為我們提出的結(jié)構(gòu)的制造帶來了解決方案。然而,在拉制過程中圓形氣孔直徑仍不可避免地會(huì)有1%~2%的誤差。圖10顯示了制造偏差對(duì)光纖雙折射系數(shù)的影響。從圖中可以看出,圓形氣孔直徑的變化對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)光纖的雙折射系數(shù)的影響很小,因此降低了對(duì)制造精度的要求,大大提高了其可制造性。
本文設(shè)計(jì)了一種新型光子晶體光纖結(jié)構(gòu),包層中大橢圓形和圓形氣孔序列交錯(cuò)分布,纖芯周圍有兩個(gè)小橢圓形氣孔。通過有限元方法系統(tǒng)地研究了其傳輸特性。基于詳細(xì)的數(shù)值分析討論了小橢圓空氣孔橢圓率對(duì)光纖性能的影響,得到了PCF的最佳參數(shù)。本文的結(jié)論如下:
1) 當(dāng)波長為1550 nm時(shí),基于最佳參數(shù)的光纖雙折射系數(shù)和限制性損耗分別為3.51×10-2和1.5×10-9dB/m。與現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)果相比,所提出的PCF的雙折射增加了0.97×10-2,限制性損耗降低了大約5個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),大大提高了光信號(hào)在通信系統(tǒng)中的傳輸距離。
2)=0.2時(shí),PCF的偏振軸可以提供較平坦的大負(fù)色散,偏振軸的色散可低至-500 ps·km-1·nm-1,可用于制造色散補(bǔ)償元件,有效降低脈沖展寬對(duì)信道容量及帶寬的限制。
3) 最佳結(jié)構(gòu)下,光子晶體光纖和偏振方向的布里淵頻移分別約為10.15 GHz和10.4 GHz。
綜上所述,本文設(shè)計(jì)的PCF可以用于高速率長距離傳輸通信系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域,并在光纖傳感領(lǐng)域具有潛在的應(yīng)用前景。
表2 與現(xiàn)有光子晶體光纖的性能比較
圖10 當(dāng)圓空氣孔直徑(2b)有1%~2%的誤差時(shí) 雙折射系數(shù)隨波長的變化
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Design of a photonic crystal fiber with low confinement loss and high birefringence
Zhao Lijuan1,2,3, Liang Ruoyu1, Zhao Haiying1, Xu Zhiniu1*
1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei 071003, China;2Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei 071003, China;3Baoding Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Optical Communication Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei 071003, China
ection of the proposed PCF
Overview:Optical fiber communication is a system in which the light waves are used as the information carriers and the optical fibers are used as the transmission media. Optical fiber is more excellent than the transmission of cable and the microwave communication due to its wide transmission band, high anti-interference ability and low confinement loss, and has become the main transmission method. At the same time, with the development of communication technology, optical fiber communication systems have higher requirements for the performance of optical fibers. Traditional single-mode fibers can no longer meet the demands. Compared with conventional fibers, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have many unique characteristics, including no cut-off single mode transmission, highly tunable dispersion, excellent nonlinear effect, birefringence effect and so on. Therefore, PCFs have attracted considerable interests in recent years. In 2011, K. Yang proposed a PCF with elliptical air holes distributing on the inner rings. The birefringence of this PCF achieves 0.87×10-2, and the confinement loss is 0.01 dB/m. In 2016, the birefringence of the PCF designed by L. Wu reaches 2.21×10-2. In 2017, by introducing the elliptical air holes in the core, a birefringence of 3.41×10-2and a dispersion of -608.93 ps·km-1·nm-1was obtained by J. Liao. In 2019, the birefringence of the PCF with two elliptical air holes in the core proposed by Q. Liu is 1.4207×10-2, and the order of the confinement loss achieves 10-4dB/m. However, the existing studies with simple arrangement of air holes in the cladding show poor asymmetry, affecting the further improvement of the properties such as the birefringence and the confinement loss, so it could not meet the rapidly growing demands for optical fiber communication.
To fix the above problems, we proposed a novel PCF for long distance communication with crossly distributed elliptical and circular air holes sequences in the cross-section in this paper. The birefringence and confinement loss of the proposed PCF were systematically analyzed by using of the full vector finite element method. Then, we obtained the optical structure parameters by systematically numerical analysis and explored the Brillouin gain spectrum characteristics of the PCF. The results reveal that the proposed PCF offers an ultrahigh birefringence of 3.51×10-2with the confinement loss as low as 1.5×10-9dB/m for the optimal structure of the PCF at the wavelength of 1550 nm, and the Brillouin frequency shift of- and-polarization are about 10.15 GHz and 10.4 GHz respectively. In addition, the PCF proposed in this work may be helpful for applications in the field of fiber optical sensing, the polarization-maintaining fiber, and the long-distance transmission of optical signal.
Zhao L J, Liang R Y, Zhao H Y,Design of a photonic crystal fiber with low confinement loss and high birefringence[J]., 2021, 48(3): 200368; DOI:10.12086/oee.2021.200368
Design of a photonic crystal fiber with low confinement loss and high birefringence
Zhao Lijuan1,2,3, Liang Ruoyu1, Zhao Haiying1, Xu Zhiniu1*
1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei 071003, China;2Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei 071003, China;3Baoding Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Optical Communication Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei 071003, China
A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for long distance communication was proposed in this paper. The circular and elliptical air holes distribute in the cladding, and there are two small elliptical air holes around the core in cross section of the PCF. The characteristics of the PCF were analyzed by using the finite element method (FEM) systematically. The results show that the PCF offers an ultrahigh birefringence of 3.51×10-2and the confinement loss as low as 1.5×10-9dB/m with the optimal structure at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Compared with the existing photonic crystal fibers with elliptical air holes, the birefringence has a large increase, and the confinement loss reduces by 5 orders of magnitude. Additionally, we also analyzed the relationship between the dispersion of the PCF and the wavelength, and obtained the Brillouin gain spectrum characteristics. In general, the PCF can be used in long distance communication system.
photonic crystal fiber; high birefringence; low confinement loss; finite element method
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51607066, 61775057), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (E2019502177), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2019MS085)
10.12086/oee.2021.200368
TN818
A
* E-mail: wzcnjxx@sohu.com
趙麗娟,梁若愚,趙海英,等. 一種高雙折射低限制性損耗光子晶體光纖設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 光電工程,2021,48(3): 200368
Zhao L J, Liang R Y, Zhao H Y,Design of a photonic crystal fiber with low confinement loss and high birefringence[J]., 2021, 48(3): 200368
2020-10-12;
2021-02-05
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51607066, 61775057);河北省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(E2019502177);中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目(2019MS085)
趙麗娟(1981-),女,博士,副教授,主要從事光纖傳感與光纖通信的研究。E-mail:hdzlj@126.com
徐志鈕(1979-),男,博士,副教授,主要從事分布式光纖傳感及其在電氣設(shè)備狀態(tài)監(jiān)測和故障診斷中的應(yīng)用的研究。E-mail:wzcnjxx@sohu.com
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