郭鵬 劉日輝 張曉嬌 王永 欒波
【摘要】 目的:觀察逆向?qū)Ыz穿刺正向擴張球囊技術(shù)(BIRD)治療冠狀動脈慢性完全性閉塞性病變(CTO)效果及安全性。方法:選取遼寧省人民醫(yī)院2017年1月-2018年2月逆向PCI成功開通CTO患者60例,其中行傳統(tǒng)正向操控導(dǎo)絲及逆向?qū)Ыz內(nèi)膜下尋徑技術(shù)(CART)28例設(shè)為CART組,行BIRD的32例設(shè)為BIRD組,比較兩組冠脈造影情況及介入手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)。結(jié)果:兩組患者的J-CTO評分、病變血管情況、靶血管情況、側(cè)支血管情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。CART組X線曝光時間長于BIRD組,曝光劑量高于BIRD組,對比劑用量、逆向?qū)Ыz數(shù)目均多于BIRD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組術(shù)中靶血管夾層、側(cè)支血腫生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組術(shù)后30 d均未發(fā)生MACE。結(jié)論:與傳統(tǒng)CART術(shù)相比,BIRD術(shù)在逆向開通CTO病變的同時,減少了X線曝光時間及曝光劑量,降低了術(shù)中對比劑用量,并減少了逆向?qū)Ыz的應(yīng)用數(shù)量;在安全性方面,并未增加手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 正向操控導(dǎo)絲及逆向內(nèi)膜下尋徑技術(shù) 逆向?qū)Ыz穿刺正向擴張球囊術(shù) 慢性完全性閉塞性病變 經(jīng)皮冠脈血管成形術(shù)
Application of Balloon Inflated Retrograde Wire Deep-going Technique in Revascularization of Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion/GUO Peng, LIU Rihui, ZHANG Xiaojiao, WANG Yong, LUAN Bo. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(33): 061-065
[Abstract] Objective: To observe the efficiency and safety of balloon inflated retrograde wire deep-going technique (BIRD) during recanalization in the treatment of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). Method: A total of 60 patients with CTO successfully opened in People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province from January 2017 to February 2018 were included, including 28 patients who underwent traditional controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking (CART) as CART group, and 32 patients who underwent BIRD technique as BIRD group. The coronary angiography and related indexes of interventional surgery were compared between the two groups. Result: There were no statistically significant differences in J-CTO score, pathological vessels, target vessels and collateral vessels between the two groups (P>0.05). The X-ray exposure time of CART group was longer than that of BIRD group, and the exposure dose was higher than that of BIRD group, the amount of contrast media and the number of reverse guide wire were higher than those in BIRD group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in incidence of intraoperative target vessel dissection and collateral hematoma between the two groups (P>0.05). No MACE occurred in both groups 30 d after operation. Conclusion: Compared with traditional CART, the BIRD technique can reverse open CTO lesions, reduce X-ray exposure time and exposure dose, reduce the amount of intraoperative contrast media, and reduce the application number of reverse guide wire; in terms of safety, it does not increase the incidence of surgery related complications.
[Key words] Controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking Balloon inflated retrograde wire deep-going technique Chronic total occlusion Percutaneous coronary angioplasty
First-author’s address: Liaoyang City Central Hospital, Liaoyang 111000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.33.016
冠狀動脈慢性完全性閉塞性病變(chronic total occlusion,CTO)的開通是冠脈介入手術(shù)治療領(lǐng)域最后的高地[1-3]。正向開通CTO手術(shù)失敗的原因集中于正向?qū)Ыz無法穿透近段的鈣化纖維帽進(jìn)入遠(yuǎn)端的血管真腔[4]。近年來隨著逆向?qū)Ыz技術(shù)及器械的發(fā)展,CTO的開通率由60%~70%提高至92%[5-6]。其中正向操控導(dǎo)絲及逆向?qū)Ыz內(nèi)膜下尋徑技術(shù)(controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking,CART)成為CTO術(shù)者的利器之一[7]。但CART技術(shù)對CTO術(shù)者導(dǎo)絲操控及經(jīng)驗有著極高的要求[8]。本研究擬將改良的CART手術(shù),即逆向?qū)Ыz穿刺正向擴張球囊術(shù)(balloon inflated retrograde wire deep-going technique,BIRD)與傳統(tǒng)的CART手術(shù)進(jìn)行對比研究,探討B(tài)IRD對開通CTO的有效性及安全性?,F(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 回顧性分析遼寧省人民醫(yī)院2017年
1月-2018年2月行逆向PCI手術(shù)的60例CTO患者,其中男53例,女7例,平均年齡(60.3±10.3)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)冠狀動脈造影提示冠狀動脈主支血管100%閉塞,閉塞血管遠(yuǎn)端前向血流TIMI 0級,閉塞血管的直徑≥2.0 mm,供血范圍較大;(2)閉塞處近段可見典型的鈣化影像;(3)CTO患者病史>3個月,閉塞時間根據(jù)既往心肌梗死史、主訴敘述情況(突發(fā)胸痛或胸痛突然加重)及既往冠狀動脈CTA、冠狀動脈造影等進(jìn)行確認(rèn)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)CTO遠(yuǎn)端血管直徑<2 mm;(2)CTO閉塞病變長且合并嚴(yán)重鈣化;(3)心、肺功能較差,合并腫瘤等疾病,預(yù)期壽命小于1年。所有患者均嘗試正向失敗后即刻轉(zhuǎn)為逆向?qū)Ыz技術(shù)。其中2017年1-8月行傳統(tǒng)CART手術(shù)28例設(shè)為CART組,2017年9月-2018年2月行BIRD手術(shù)32例設(shè)為BIRD組。本研究經(jīng)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。所有入選患者均知情同意并簽字。
1.2 方法 (1)BIRD組采用BIRD技術(shù)路線[9]。建立雙側(cè)血管入路,正向?qū)Ыz攜帶微導(dǎo)管至閉塞段近段,嘗試進(jìn)入閉塞段,導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入閉塞段(真假腔均可)或進(jìn)入閉塞段處邊支,交換微導(dǎo)管為球囊待用;沿逆向側(cè)支循環(huán)進(jìn)導(dǎo)絲至遠(yuǎn)段真腔內(nèi)嘗試逆向穿刺纖維帽,此時逆向?qū)Ыz進(jìn)入CTO斑塊中(真假腔均可),正向持續(xù)擴張球囊,逆向推送導(dǎo)絲向擴張球囊穿刺,此時導(dǎo)絲觸感及影像上雙重證實導(dǎo)絲已觸碰到球囊,推送導(dǎo)絲盡量沿球囊邊緣前進(jìn),然后同時釋放正向球囊,推送逆向?qū)Ыz進(jìn)入到正向真腔內(nèi),見圖1。(2)CART組采用傳統(tǒng)CART手術(shù),傳統(tǒng)CART技術(shù)是指正向PCI失敗而正向?qū)Ыz進(jìn)入CTO病變近端內(nèi)膜下假腔,且逆向?qū)Ыz也進(jìn)入CTO病變血管內(nèi)膜下假腔不能逆向通過病變進(jìn)入近端血管真腔時,經(jīng)逆向?qū)Ыz送入球囊在CTO病變局部內(nèi)膜下擴張,形成擴大的假腔空間,便于正向?qū)Ыz穿入該假腔到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)端血管真腔的方法。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組患者一般資料。收集兩組患者年齡、性別、既往史、個人史等。(2)比較兩組冠脈造影情況,包括J-CTO評分、病變血管情況,靶血管情況以及側(cè)支血管情況。其中,J-CTO評分根據(jù)既往PCI手術(shù)失敗史、閉塞的形態(tài)、鈣化、迂曲及病變長度>20 mm,各賦予1分[8]。Werner評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:①CC 0級為可視但不連續(xù)的細(xì)小側(cè)支;②CC 1級為可視的細(xì)小線狀連續(xù)側(cè)支但直徑≤300 μm;③CC 2級為可視的連續(xù)分支樣側(cè)支且直徑≥ 400 μm[8]。(3)比較兩組介入手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)。包括IVUS應(yīng)用情況、逆向?qū)Ь€數(shù)量、X線曝光時間、X線曝光劑量、對比劑用量、術(shù)中相關(guān)并發(fā)癥(靶血管夾層、側(cè)支血腫)和術(shù)后30 d主要不良心血管事件(MACE)發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料采用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用[例(%)]表示,組間比較采用字2檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者一般資料比較 兩組患者年齡、性別、高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙史、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)、肌酐、不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、陳舊性心肌梗死、既往PCI史比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
2.2 兩組冠脈造影情況比較 兩組患者的J-CTO評分、病變血管情況、靶血管情況、側(cè)支血管情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。
2.3 兩組介入手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較 CART組X線曝光時間長于BIRD組,曝光劑量高于BIRD組,對比劑用量、逆向?qū)Ыz數(shù)目均多于BIRD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)中靶血管夾層、側(cè)支血腫發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組IVUS應(yīng)用情況比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。兩組術(shù)后30 d均未發(fā)生MACE。
3 討論
CTO病變在病理生理學(xué)上主要分為四種,分別為機化的血栓伴有纖維蛋白的沉積,富含蛋白多糖的機化血栓,鈣化的CTO病變,富含I型膠原的非鈣化CTO病變[9-11]。其中鈣化的CTO病變近段的纖維帽鈣化,正向?qū)Ыz難以穿透正向CTO病變到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)端真腔,這時逆向開通CTO成為此種病變的首選[12-13]。CART術(shù)式作為逆向開通的首選,不僅可以提高手術(shù)成功率,還可明顯減少PCI術(shù)中并發(fā)癥[4,14-15]。CART術(shù)式操作過程中,當(dāng)正向?qū)Ыz與逆向?qū)Ыz無限靠近的時候,用正向球囊擴張血管腔后,正/逆向?qū)Ыz穿刺斑塊進(jìn)入血管真腔是該技術(shù)的核心部分。然而此技術(shù)失敗主要原因為:(1)當(dāng)正/逆向?qū)Ыz二維影像上互相靠近時,三維影像上可能仍距離較遠(yuǎn),貿(mào)然擴張球囊可能使假腔擴大,導(dǎo)致兩導(dǎo)絲無法相交[16];(2)即使兩導(dǎo)絲在三維空間內(nèi)無限靠近,正向球囊擴張后,由于血流沖擊等因素血管腔隙過度擴張,正/逆向?qū)Ыz無法進(jìn)入到被假腔壓迫的狹窄血管遠(yuǎn)端真腔[17-19]。所以CART技術(shù)對術(shù)者手感及空間構(gòu)象能力要求較高,對于青年CTO術(shù)者可重復(fù)性差,臨床推廣困難。文獻(xiàn)[9]報道的BIRD術(shù)式改良了傳統(tǒng)的CART術(shù)式,簡化了逆向開通CTO流程,在本中心得到了推廣應(yīng)用。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BIRD術(shù)式因其手術(shù)過程簡單易操作,不僅能明顯縮短X線曝光時間,降低X線曝光劑量,減少對比劑用量,減少可能因此產(chǎn)生的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,此外還減少了逆向?qū)Ыz的數(shù)量。兩組的術(shù)中并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)均無MACE發(fā)生。傳統(tǒng)CART手術(shù)中術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗及對導(dǎo)絲的操控力往往決定了手術(shù)的成功率[20],BIRD技術(shù)在一定程度上降低了CTO手術(shù)的難度,使得更多的患者獲益[21]。
綜上所述,與傳統(tǒng)的CART術(shù)式比較,BIRD術(shù)式具有安全性高、可操作性強等優(yōu)點。但在手術(shù)實踐中,BIRD術(shù)式仍有自身的不足,它主要強調(diào)對逆向?qū)Ыz的操控,對側(cè)支損傷可能性更大,需盡量用跟蹤性好的sion系列導(dǎo)絲運用“沖浪”等技術(shù)進(jìn)行操作,避免側(cè)支的損傷。此外,在逆向穿刺球囊時,應(yīng)更換為反饋能力及穿刺能力均衡的Gaia系列導(dǎo)絲以增加穿刺成功概率。但本研究受樣本量及隨訪時間限制,仍需進(jìn)一步臨床大樣本證實。
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(收稿日期:2021-04-07) (本文編輯:張爽)