劉艷 王少華 周國嶺 周圓月 丁凱景 廖文靜 薛闖 朱慧麗
[關鍵詞] 兒童青少年;抑郁障礙;拒絕上學行為;相關性
[中圖分類號] R749.94? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)29-0008-05
Related factors for children and adolescents with depression disorder combined with refusal to go to school
LIU Yan? ?WANG Shaohua? ?ZHOU Guoling? ?ZHOU Yuanyue? ?DING Kaijing? ?LIAO Wenjing? ?XUE Chuang? ?ZHU Huili
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Center Affiliated to Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou? ?310007,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the related factors for children and adolescents with depression disorder combined with refusal to go to school. Methods A total of 84 children and adolescents diagnosed with depression disorder in our hospital from March to December 2019 were selected. The self-made general condition scale, self-rating depression scale (SDS), and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and Family Cohesion and Adaptability Scale (FACESⅡ) were used to assess the demographic characteristics, severity of clinical symptoms, and family functions of patients. Single-and multi-factor analyses were conducted to investigate the influencing factors for children and adolescents with depressive disorder combined with refusal to go to school. Results Single-factor analysis suggested that children and adolescents with gender as female, peer relationship tension, parents with low education level, being non-single child, and severe depression and anxiety had a higher rate of combined refusal to go to school, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Multi-factor analysis indicated that peer relationship tension, fathers′ low education level, being non-single child, and high degree of depression were risk factors for refusal to go to school in children and adolescents with depression disorder(P<0.05). Conclusion It is common for children and adolescents with depression disorder to refuse to go to school. Peer relationship tension, fathers′ low education level, being non-single child, and high degree of depression are risk factors for refusal to go to school in children and adolescents with depression disorder.
[Key words] Children and adolescents; Depression disorder; Refusal to go to school; Relevance
情緒障礙是世界各地的兒童和青少年最常見的精神疾病,其中抑郁障礙的患病率約為3%[1]。抑郁障礙是兒童青少年疾病負擔的主要因素[2],并導致一系列問題,如受教育問題、家庭或社交關系中的困難、抽煙或藥物濫用、身體的健康問題等[3-4]。拒絕上學行為(School refusal,SR)是一個復雜的問題,主要表現(xiàn)為回避上學,延長不上學的時間并伴隨情緒問題或軀體癥狀[5];對兒童青少年心身發(fā)展、家庭和學校均有重大影響;長期拒絕上學會增加自殺、危險性行為、輟學和社會適應問題的風險[6-8]。此外,縱向研究發(fā)現(xiàn),拒絕上學行為還會增加未來的就業(yè)不足及刑事訴訟的風險[9-10]。
查閱相關文獻,目前大量研究聚焦于兒童青少年情緒障礙與拒絕上學行為相關性,關注存在拒絕上學行為兒童青少年的情緒問題,并認為拒絕上學現(xiàn)象是兒童青少年抑郁障礙更易覺察的臨床表現(xiàn)[11]。然而,臨床發(fā)現(xiàn),合并拒絕上學行為的兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者的臨床治療效果較差,經(jīng)系統(tǒng)治療抑郁癥狀緩解后,也很難再次回歸到學校完成學業(yè)。本研究旨在通過了解兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者合并拒絕上學行為的相關因素,為該類患者群的個體化治療方案提供依據(jù),現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
本研究為橫斷面研究。收集2019年3—12月在杭州市第七人民醫(yī)院兒少心理科就診的兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者,由一名高年資精神科主治醫(yī)師及一名副主任醫(yī)師經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)精神檢查及追問病史判定是否存在拒絕上學行為。納入標準:①符合ICD-10(International statistical classification of diseases and related health problem 10th threvision,ICD-10)抑郁障礙的診斷標準[12](核心癥狀:心境低落、興趣和愉快感缺失、精力下降);②伴隨癥狀:注意力下降、自我評價低、自罪或無價值感、對前途悲觀、自傷或自殺觀念或行為、睡眠障礙、食欲下降;③癥狀標準:滿足至少2條的核心癥狀及至少兩條的伴隨癥狀;④病程標準:2周;⑤年齡9~18歲;⑥采用韋氏兒童智力量表修訂版測量智力商數(shù)IQ≥90[13]。排除標準:①具有腦外傷、癲癇等腦器質(zhì)性疾病或重大軀體疾病史者;②合并精神發(fā)育遲滯或智力邊緣狀態(tài)者;③合并品性障礙、多動性障礙、社交焦慮、精神分裂癥等其他精神障礙者。本研究經(jīng)杭州市第七人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理委員會審核及批準,所有被試及其法定監(jiān)護人均對本研究知情同意,并簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法
本研究通過訪談的方式對患者及患者監(jiān)護人進行問卷調(diào)查,問卷人員在研究前統(tǒng)一進行一致性培訓(kendall系數(shù)>0.9),采用一般情況調(diào)查量表,調(diào)查入組病例人口學資料;并通過人機對話的方式完成抑郁自評量表(Self-rating depression scale,SDS)[14]、焦慮自評量表(Self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)[14]及漢化版家庭親密度與適應性量表(Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale,F(xiàn)ACESⅡ)[15]的評估。
1.3 觀察指標及評價標準
1.3.1 拒絕上學行為判定標準? 拒絕上學行為具體表現(xiàn)為:一段時間完全不上學;上學,但在一天中會離開學?;蛉毕承┨囟ㄕn程;遲到(慢性遲緩);上學,但伴隨激烈的早晨不當行為,如發(fā)脾氣或拒絕離家,導致曠課;在校表現(xiàn)出不尋常的痛苦,以此向父母或他人請求以后不上學。本研究定義存在拒絕上學行為標準:在過去1 年內(nèi)存在拒絕上學表現(xiàn)任意一條,累計≥14 d[16]。
1.3.2 研究評定量表? ①一般情況調(diào)查量表:本研究通過該量表調(diào)查人口學特征,制訂一般情況調(diào)查量表前查閱相關文獻對相關因素進行歸納。調(diào)查條目主要包括人口學特征(性別、學齡、戶口所在地);治療相關因素(是否接受藥物治療、是否接受心理治療);家庭相關因素(父母受教育年限、是否獨生子女、家庭結(jié)構(gòu));人際關系相關因素(同伴關系);經(jīng)濟相關因素(父母職業(yè)、家庭年收入)。②抑郁自評量表(Self-rating depression scale,SDS)[14]:SDS量表由 Zung 等于 1965 年編制,共 20 個條目,每個條目分別采用 1~4 級評分,各條目得分總和乘以1.25后得到總分,得分越高提示抑郁水平越嚴重。③焦慮自評量表(Self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)[14]:SAS自評量表由Zung等于1971年編制,共包括20個條目,采用1~4級評分,得分越高表明焦慮越明顯。④漢化版家庭親密度與適應性量表(Family adaptability and cohesion scale,F(xiàn)ACESⅡ)[15]:該量表共含有30個條目,其Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.68~0.85,具備良好的信度及效度。該量表的評分為1~5級評分。分值越高表明其家庭親密度與適應性較高,量表得分可分為親密度因子與適應性因子。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用 SPSS 17.0 統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計數(shù)資料以[n(%)] 表示,采用χ2檢驗,計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用獨立樣本t檢驗;并采用二項多因素Logistic回歸分析兒童青少年抑郁障礙合并拒絕上學行為的相關性因素,檢驗水準 α=0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者合并拒絕上學行為的單因素分析
本研究共納入病例84例,平均年齡(13.40±1.58)歲,其中男32例,女52例;其中合并拒絕上學行為率為66.67%,其中女性合并拒絕上學行為率高出男性(P<0.05);同伴關系緊張者合并拒絕上學行為率高出同伴關系和諧者(P<0.05);而父母受教育水平在大學及以上者合并拒絕上學行為率低于父母受教育水平在高中及以下者(P<0.05);非獨生子女者合并拒絕上學行為率高于獨生子女者(P<0.05);且合并拒絕上學行為的兒童青少年患者的抑郁焦慮程度更嚴重(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者合并拒絕上學行為的多因素Logistic回歸分析
以是否合并拒絕上學行為為因變量(無拒絕上學行為=0,存在拒絕上學行為=1),在單因素非條件Logistic回歸分析基礎上,采用逐步回歸法擬合影響因素與拒絕上學行為的多因素Logistic回歸模型,設置進入和退出模型的標準分別為0.05和0.10。結(jié)果顯示,同伴關系緊張、父親受教育水平低、非獨生子女、抑郁程度高是兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者出現(xiàn)拒絕上學行為的危險因素(P<0.05)。見表2。
3討論
本研究結(jié)果顯示,在兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者中合并拒絕上學行為率高達66.67%;遠遠高于國內(nèi)學者在普通中學生的拒絕上學行為檢出率22.5%[17]。既往多項研究均提示兒童青少年拒絕上學行為與抑郁障礙高度相關[11,18],而本研究的樣本為抑郁障礙患者,故不難理解拒絕上學行為檢出率遠高于普通人群。本研究結(jié)果顯示,女性抑郁障礙患者更易合并拒絕上學行為,而在普通人群中拒絕上學行為并無性別差異[17],這一差異還需大樣本研究進一步驗證。另外,同伴關系緊張的抑郁障礙患者更易出現(xiàn)拒絕上學行為,與既往多項研究結(jié)果一致。有研究顯示,人際關系緊張是出現(xiàn)拒絕上學行為的高危因素[19];國內(nèi)外有研究顯示,人際關系,無論是同學關系、師生關系亦或是親子關系均是兒童青少年心理健康的重要影響因素,并影響其在學校的表現(xiàn),甚至是輟學[7,20]。而父母的受教育程度高是兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者免于合并拒絕上學行為的保護因素;父母受教育程度高,意味著教養(yǎng)方式更合理,家庭氛圍更為和諧,家庭經(jīng)濟收入更高,而家庭環(huán)境及養(yǎng)育方式不良均是拒絕上學行為的危險因素[21],同樣家庭收入高是拒絕上學行為的保護因素[6]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,非獨生子女是出現(xiàn)拒絕上學行為的危險因素,而是否獨生子女是養(yǎng)育方式的重要影響因素[22]。另外,本研究結(jié)果還顯示,合并拒絕上學行為的兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者的抑郁焦慮體驗更明顯;抑郁焦慮程度嚴重的患者更易出現(xiàn)注意力、記憶力等認知功能的損害[23],導致學習困難及人際關系緊張等問題[24],而上述問題是出現(xiàn)拒絕上學行為的高危因素[6]。
本研究多因素回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者合并拒絕上學行為的危險因素依次是父親的受教育程度低、非獨生子女、同伴關系緊張、抑郁程度高,提示在青少年抑郁障礙患者是否合并拒絕上學行為的影響因素中,似乎家庭環(huán)境、學校環(huán)境的影響力要高于抑郁本身帶來的影響。國內(nèi)有研究提示,父親的受教育程度直接影響學生對學習的態(tài)度,父親受教育程度高是出現(xiàn)輟學或?qū)W習困難的保護因素[25],且高學歷水平與自我效能呈正相關,而家庭中父母的自我效能高是拒絕上學行為的保護因素[7]。盡管兒童期間的行為問題在獨生子女與非獨生子女之間并無差異[26],但獨生子女是影響家庭氛圍及父母教養(yǎng)方式的重要因素[27],而父母教養(yǎng)方式與兒童青少年抑郁焦慮情緒及拒絕上學行為密切相關。
綜上所述,在治療合并拒絕上學行為的兒童青少年抑郁障礙患者時,除關注患者的抑郁程度,更需關注其家庭環(huán)境、教養(yǎng)方式及同伴關系。臨床治療需加強家庭治療及人際關系指導等綜合治療,以期更好地幫助該類患者回歸學校。
鑒于本研究樣本量有限,且屬橫斷面研究,研究結(jié)果還需進一步擴大樣本量,多中心研究進一步驗證。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-09)