整本書閱讀之寫作指導(dǎo)
——從Flipped 學(xué)習(xí)修辭手法

湖南

《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017 年版2020 年修訂）》明確提出了語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)內(nèi)容要求，首次將比喻、擬人、強(qiáng)調(diào)、反諷、夸張、對(duì)仗等修辭手段在語(yǔ)篇中的表意功能及常見(jiàn)的用法列為選修（提高類）的語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)內(nèi)容。讀后續(xù)寫的五檔作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也要求內(nèi)容豐富、詞匯豐富。整本書閱讀為豐富內(nèi)容和詞匯提供了具有可操作性的途徑?！垛袢恍膭?dòng)》（Flipped）這本書講述了其貌不揚(yáng)的小女孩和帥氣的小男孩之間的戀愛(ài)故事，有同名電影可以促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)故事情節(jié)的理解，詞匯難度適中，是適合高中學(xué)生閱讀的英文原著。其中的修辭手法比比皆是，有助于學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸入。但如若教師對(duì)修辭手法的功能和使用理解得不深刻，則易導(dǎo)致其在日常教學(xué)中忽視修辭手法。

本文參考The Oxford Essential Guide to Writing 指出修辭手法的四種功能：具體化功能、聚焦功能、評(píng)判功能、娛樂(lè)功能。在教學(xué)的過(guò)程中，教師應(yīng)當(dāng)明確修辭手法不是孤立存在的，而是作為一種思維的工具滲透于神態(tài)描寫、動(dòng)作描寫、語(yǔ)言描寫、心理描寫中的，是實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言豐富不可或缺的途徑。在整本書閱讀中，教師應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)“四步走”教學(xué)法：引導(dǎo)學(xué)生欣賞使用了修辭手法的例句——學(xué)生自行找出使用了修辭手法的例句賞析并模仿——在讀后續(xù)寫和隨筆中操練——共享佳作、同伴激勵(lì)。

一、修辭手法的功能

正如對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能越熟悉就越能最大化地利用產(chǎn)品、得到最佳的效果一樣，教師也應(yīng)當(dāng)熟知修辭手法的具體化功能、聚焦功能、評(píng)判功能、娛樂(lè)功能。

（1）Chapter 2:She never even put up her own chair at the end of the Day.The only muscles she exercised regularly were the ones around her mouth,and those she worked out nonstop.If there was an Olympic contest for talking,Shelly Stalls would sweep the event.（評(píng)判功能）

（2）Chapter 7:“To be held above the earth and brushed by the wind,” she said,“it’s like your heart has been kissed by beauty.” （娛樂(lè)功能）

（3）Chapter 8:I avoided him the rest of the Day,but by the end of school there was a tornado inside me,tearing me up from one end to the other.I jumped on my bike and rode home faster than I ever had before.The right pedal clanked against the chain guard,and the whole bike rattled and squeaked,threatening to collapse into a pile of rusty parts.（聚焦功能）

（4）Chapter 14:All I knew was that he had the most beautiful eyes I’d ever seen and that his smile melted my heart like the sun melts butter.（具體化功能）

針對(duì)以上原文中的例句設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題，引發(fā)學(xué)生思考：

①What kind of judgment Does the author convey when she says “The only muscles she exercised regularly were the ones around her mouth,and those she worked out nonstop.”?

②Which word in the sentence“it’s like your heart has been kissed by beauty.”brings you pleasure? How?

③What’s the characteristic of tornado? What kind of characteristic of“tornado”does the author want to stress here?

④What kind of feeling Does“smile”give people？What’s the picture in your mind when the sun melts butter?

通過(guò)問(wèn)題的設(shè)置、針對(duì)具體例句的分析，教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考修辭手法所具有的魅力。不同的修辭手法有不同的功能，但無(wú)論是何種修辭手法，它們的功能都是讓抽象事物具體化、賦予情感評(píng)價(jià)、聚焦事物的重點(diǎn)特征、給人以愉快的閱讀感受。修辭手法的四種功能給人的啟示在于：學(xué)生可以從寫作目的入手，在下筆前思考選用修辭手法的目的是什么，以及選用哪種修辭表達(dá)效果更佳。

二、修辭手法的運(yùn)用

修辭手法能夠幫助學(xué)生對(duì)人物進(jìn)行心理描寫、動(dòng)作描寫、神態(tài)描寫、語(yǔ)言描寫。指出修辭手法的運(yùn)用領(lǐng)域，能夠讓學(xué)生不只停留在理解層面，更有利于達(dá)到有效輸出修辭手法的目的。為了使語(yǔ)言更加豐富，學(xué)生可以從四個(gè)角度去觀察及概念化事物。

（1）Chapter 1:The minute I walked into Mrs.Yelson’s second-grade classroom,I was Dead meat.（心理描寫）

（2）Chapter 2:When I couldn’t stand it any longer,I called,“Hi!”into the van,which made Bryce jump,and then quick as a cricket,he started pushing a box like he’d been working all along.（動(dòng)作描寫）

（3）Chapter 7:At Dinner that night he’d showered and changed back into his regular clothes and house slippers,but he Didn’t look the same.It was like someone had plugged him in and turned on the light.（神態(tài)描寫)

（4）Chapter 13:“Bryce,what is going on? You’ve been running back and forth to the Bakers’,climbing over their fence...You’re acting like the world’s on fire!” （語(yǔ)言描寫）

教學(xué)中，先復(fù)習(xí)細(xì)節(jié)描寫的方向thoughts（心理描寫）、body（動(dòng)作描寫）、face（神態(tài)描寫）、words（語(yǔ)言描寫），再針對(duì)以上原文中的例句設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題，引發(fā)學(xué)生思考：

①What kind of Description Does the example belong to?

②Do you think it’s a good Description? Why?

③Can you use one of these Descriptions to Describe an unforgettable moment?

知道修辭手法能夠運(yùn)用于心理描寫、動(dòng)作描寫、神態(tài)描寫和語(yǔ)言描寫，就找到了豐富語(yǔ)言的一把金鑰匙。在刺激學(xué)生需求的前提下，通過(guò)一系列的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)推出從整本書閱讀學(xué)修辭手法，緊抓兩條線進(jìn)行閱讀指導(dǎo)寫作：修辭的功能及運(yùn)用。

三、修辭手法的種類

筆者根據(jù)修辭手法在高中英語(yǔ)課本中出現(xiàn)的頻率以及學(xué)生使用的情況，挑選并闡明具有典型示范作用的四種修辭：比喻、擬人、夸張、排比。

（一）比喻

比喻包含明喻、隱喻和借喻。明喻最常見(jiàn)，同時(shí)具備本體、喻體和比喻詞。三者的區(qū)別在于有無(wú)比喻詞以及本體出現(xiàn)與否，三者的共同點(diǎn)在于用已知熟悉的事物映射新的抽象事物。教授修辭手法時(shí)，教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考兩方面的內(nèi)容：What kind of function Does it represent? What kind of Description is it?

（1）Chapter 1:He stuck Juli to me like glue.

（2）Chapter 7:No squeaking,no clanking,no scraping,no breathing...I swear,the guy moved through my room like a ghost.

（3）Chapter 8:It felt like blowing a Dandelion into the wind and watching all the little seeds float off,up and away.I was proud of my parents,and looking around the front yard,I was proud of me,too.

（4）Chapter 11:Instead,my mom was flying around the kitchen,slicing and Dicing and barking orders at Dad and me like the president was coming to Dinner.

例（1）體現(xiàn)了比喻的評(píng)判功能，膠水的粘著感并不惹人喜愛(ài)，讓人產(chǎn)生一種甩不掉的苦惱，此舉不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了動(dòng)作描寫還夾帶著某種感情色彩。例（2）體現(xiàn)了比喻的聚焦功能，“ghost”有很多特性而此句中只聚焦鬼魂的悄無(wú)聲息、驚悚嚇人的特征，借助“ghost”的喻體實(shí)現(xiàn)了動(dòng)作描寫。例（3）體現(xiàn)了比喻的具體化功能，將抽象的自豪感，比喻成吹蒲公英的動(dòng)作。蒲公英的種子吹起來(lái)四處飄散、輕盈且美麗，這樣一幅畫面足以形容主人公當(dāng)時(shí)的心情。它借助比喻具體化了心理變化。例（4）體現(xiàn)了比喻的娛樂(lè)功能，“我的媽媽在廚房忙進(jìn)忙出就好像總統(tǒng)要蒞臨我們家一樣”，這樣的比喻顯得非常有趣，在打趣中達(dá)到了動(dòng)作描寫的目的。學(xué)生在領(lǐng)會(huì)了比喻的功能及運(yùn)用領(lǐng)域之后，能更深刻地欣賞句子并加以模仿。

（二）擬人

擬人就是把物（無(wú)論是有生命的還是無(wú)生命的，抑或是抽象的概念）當(dāng)作人來(lái)寫。

Chapter 14:（1）“They look like they’re yawning,don’t they?”She cocked her head a bit and looked a little closer.“Yawning?”“Well,more stretching,I guess.Like they’re sitting up in their little bed of Dirt with their arms stretched way high,saying,Good morning,world!”（2）I got up and uncoiled the hose.“I think they（草）need a wakeup shower,don’t you?”

例（1）（2）的共同之處在于都體現(xiàn)了擬人化的娛樂(lè)功能，通過(guò)將草擬人化帶給人愉快，且都是語(yǔ)言描寫。不同的是，例（1）還利用yawn,stretch,sit up,say 等詞對(duì)草的生長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行了一系列動(dòng)作擬人。運(yùn)用擬人能使形象更生動(dòng)，充分抒發(fā)情感、激發(fā)共鳴，令人浮想聯(lián)翩。這也啟發(fā)學(xué)生在日常生活中學(xué)會(huì)觀察，以充滿愛(ài)的眼光去看待世界，給世界的一花一木都賦予靈性。

（三）夸張

夸張是為了達(dá)到某種表達(dá)效果，對(duì)事物的形象、特征、作用、程度等方面著意夸大或縮小的修辭方式。

（1）Chapter 3:I made it past the crook,up a few limbs,and then — just to see how I was Doing — I looked Down.Mis-take! It felt like I was on top of the Empire State Building without a bungee.

（2）Chapter 5:Then she races across the street in a flood of tears.

（3）Chapter 7:I could feel her anger a mile away.

（4）Chapter 10:The checkers and customers at the registers seemed frozen with terror—like David was some sort of monster out to Destroy the world.

例（1）將爬上高枝向下看的感覺(jué)夸張為在帝國(guó)大廈頂樓不掛任何安全繩索，把站在高處帶來(lái)的恐懼心理具體化。例（2）將畫面定格在面部并夸張為淚如“洪水”（a flood of tears），通過(guò)夸張的神態(tài)描寫將畫面引入讀者的腦海。例（3）通過(guò)夸張的手法烘托出了人物極度憤怒的心理，且透露出一絲幽默感，充分體現(xiàn)了娛樂(lè)功能。例（4）將突然發(fā)狂的David叔叔比喻、夸張為摧毀世界的怪物，形象的動(dòng)作描寫也透露著作者的情感評(píng)判：對(duì)這樣的事實(shí)感到害怕以及無(wú)可奈何。任何事物都有很多的特征，而夸張能放大某些特征使得情感充分地表達(dá)、吸引人眼球。

（四）排比

排比是把結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似，語(yǔ)氣一致，意思密切相關(guān)的句子或句子成分排列起來(lái)的一種修辭手段。排比可以平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，或反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)某層意思，從而使語(yǔ)勢(shì)增強(qiáng)，感情加深。

（1）Chapter 8:Chet taught me how to plumb a line for the pickets,how to hold a hammer Down on the end of the handle instead of choking up on it,how to calculate an adjusted spacing for the pickets,and how to use a level to get the wood exactly vertical.We worked on the fence for Days,and the whole time we worked we talked.

（2）Chapter 13:And every time I s

aw her,she seemed more beautiful.She just seemed to glow.I’m not talking like a hundred-watt bulb; she just had this warmth to her.Maybe it came from climbing that tree.Maybe it came from singing to chickens.Maybe it came from whacking at two-by-fours and Dreaming about perpetual motion.I Don’t know.All I know is that compared to her,Shelly and Miranda seemed so...ordinary.

例（1）用how to 的短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)將Chet 教“我”怎樣修理草坪具體化，句式疊加的修辭手法使得動(dòng)作描寫一步步深入讀者的腦海，“我”對(duì)Chet 感激的情感也得到了強(qiáng)化。例（2）通過(guò)兩個(gè)seemed 的排比表現(xiàn)出Bryce 心中的各種不安，但又在自我探尋中找到了答案。通過(guò)三個(gè)Maybe it came from 暗示了Bryce 最終愛(ài)上Juli 的內(nèi)心變化，同時(shí)也夾雜著作者的情感評(píng)價(jià)：外表的美丑并不那么重要，重要的是要有豐盈的內(nèi)心世界。例如在學(xué)生的仿句練習(xí)中有佳句：When I listen to a happy song,I feel like becoming a happy rabbit jumping in the forest.When I listen to a sad song,it seems as if I were the composer.I could feel how he feels.用排比表達(dá)音樂(lè)已融入了作者的生活，以及其對(duì)音樂(lè)的細(xì)膩體驗(yàn)。

四、運(yùn)用修辭手法的實(shí)踐

教師可布置學(xué)生完成高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫或隨筆寫作，將修辭運(yùn)用到寫作中。通過(guò)輸出促進(jìn)輸入，形成輸出與輸入的交互作用，變短期記憶為長(zhǎng)期記憶。隨后在賞析同伴作品的過(guò)程之中，使整本書閱讀的效果得到強(qiáng)化。

【案例1】

When the sun was peeping over the horizon,my family set off for the park to enjoy our one-day trip.We walked to the park excited and relaxed,and I could even smell the fragrance of flowers hundreds of meters away! When we got to the park,I ran to the sea of colorful blossoms,and took a close look at these lovely flowers.The morning Dew twinkled in the grass like Drops of crystal.

As the sun rose higher and higher,we went on a picnic.Surrounded by the giant trees,we enjoyed the beautiful singing of the birds and a faint wisp of scent blown to our face with breeze.Laying comfortably on the grass,I looked at the cute clouds similar to pieces of cotton candy in the sky.

As time went by,it was time to go back.I reluctantly said good bye to the trees and flowers in the park and the trees were also waving to us.We went back home tired but enjoyable.How unforgettable the experience was!（陳同學(xué)，“難忘的一次回憶”話題寫作）

點(diǎn)評(píng)：行文流暢，心理描寫和動(dòng)作描寫完美交織，實(shí)現(xiàn)了修辭的具體化、聚焦、娛樂(lè)功能。一切景語(yǔ)皆情語(yǔ)，作者借助陽(yáng)光（the sun）、花香（fragrance of flowers）、微風(fēng)（breeze）、露珠（dew）、小鳥(niǎo)（birds）、青草（grass）、樹(shù)木（trees）等，表達(dá)欣喜、滿足之情。巧妙地運(yùn)用了修辭手法，如擬人（the sun was peeping over the horizon）、比 喻(The morning Dew twinkled in the grass like Drops of crystal.和the cute clouds similar to pieces of cotton candy in the sky）、夸張（smell the fragrance of flowers hundreds of meters away 和ran to the sea of colorful blossoms）。一幅生動(dòng)、美好的旅行畫面呈現(xiàn)在了讀者面前。

【案例2】

Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse.However,out of curiosity,I Decided to catch this guy.With my feet pedaling heavily,my horse began increasing his speed quickly like a rocket rising to the sky.“Wait!”shouted my Dad sharply,“Stop,or we will get lost!”Actually,the horse was out of control and I just Dragged the rope in vain,scared and helpless.Fortunately for me,he came to a stop finally.But we indeed got lost.

We had no idea where we were and it got Dark.I looked at the increasingly Dark sky in anxiety.“We should keep calm.”said my Dad,“Never give up and never Despair.” With his company,we started to search for the track.All of a sudden,after going through thick bushes,we Discovered the sheep grazing outside.And soon,the farm house came into my sight and out of which stood Uncle Paul looking around anxiously.Through such a Dreadful experience,I understood that keeping calm is a significant weapon against emergencies.（蘇同學(xué)，2018 年6 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷讀后續(xù)寫)

點(diǎn)評(píng)：本文顯示出深厚的基本功，且關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)的修辭用得恰到好處。基本功具體體現(xiàn)為：形容詞疊加作狀語(yǔ)描繪出“我”的焦急；句式多變，如采用了倒裝句型；語(yǔ)篇的小詞銜接到位。錦上添花之處則在于修辭手法的使用：第一段將“rabbit”擬人為“this guy”，給讀者帶來(lái)一絲親切感，而將突然加速的馬兒比喻為沖向空中的“rocket”非常有畫面感，兩者皆因加速而向上沖。同時(shí)通過(guò)夸張的修辭方法將作者的焦急心理描寫得淋漓盡致。第二段在最后總結(jié)句之處用比喻句進(jìn)行情感評(píng)價(jià)：保持冷靜是應(yīng)對(duì)突發(fā)事件的重要武器。此句可謂點(diǎn)睛之筆，將整篇文章升華到理論層面。

整本書閱讀有太多的寶藏可以挖掘，但切忌各個(gè)地方都挖一口淺井，應(yīng)當(dāng)選定一個(gè)有潛力的區(qū)域，不斷地深挖，直至挖到活水涌流。修辭手法非常繁雜有二十種之多，但是在高中階段筆者推薦學(xué)生掌握四種典型的修辭手法：比喻、擬人、夸張、排比。修辭和細(xì)節(jié)描寫相輔相成：修辭為描寫增添表達(dá)力；神態(tài)描寫、動(dòng)作描寫、語(yǔ)言描寫、心理描寫為學(xué)生操練修辭提供了演練場(chǎng)。教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生領(lǐng)略全英文作品遣詞造句的美，為學(xué)生自學(xué)文學(xué)作品搭建了支架，再通過(guò)優(yōu)秀作品的榜樣激勵(lì)作用和同伴壓力以讀促寫，促進(jìn)學(xué)生由賞析、模仿到獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作。學(xué)會(huì)欣賞文學(xué)作品的美、并創(chuàng)造美是培養(yǎng)高中生的英語(yǔ)核心素的養(yǎng)重要組成部分。