李季 楊韻霏 張軍
摘要:隨著腹腔鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡下胃癌根治術(shù)已在臨床上廣泛開展,其中常見的手術(shù)方式包括腹腔鏡下近端胃癌根治術(shù)、遠端胃癌根治術(shù)和全胃切除術(shù)等。在保證腫瘤根治性的前提下,以最少的創(chuàng)傷與最安全的吻合給患者帶來最大的獲益是腹腔鏡手術(shù)的發(fā)展方向,術(shù)中消化道重建則是腹腔鏡下胃癌根治術(shù)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),也是手術(shù)的難點所在。本文就腹腔鏡下胃癌根治術(shù)術(shù)中的吻合方式和消化道重建現(xiàn)狀和進展進行綜述,服務(wù)于臨床,為手術(shù)醫(yī)生提供思路和參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:腹腔鏡手術(shù);胃癌;吻合方式;消化道重建
中圖分類號:R735.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.08.015
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)08-0043-05
Abstract:With the development of laparoscopic technology, laparoscopic radical gastrectomy has been widely carried out clinically. Among them, common surgical methods include laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for proximal gastric cancer, radical gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer, and total gastrectomy. Under the premise of ensuring the radicalness of the tumor, the greatest benefit to the patient with the least trauma and the safest anastomosis is the development direction of laparoscopic surgery, and intraoperative digestive tract reconstruction is the key link for laparoscopic radical gastrectomy,is also the difficulty of surgery. This article summarizes the anastomosis methods and the status and progress of gastrointestinal reconstruction during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. It serves the clinic and provides ideas and references for the surgeon.
Key words:Laparoscopic surgery;Gastric cancer;Anastomosis;Digestive tract reconstruction
胃癌(gastric cancer)是全世界最常見的消化道腫瘤之一,雖然近年來其發(fā)病率和死亡率均有下降趨勢,但在所有惡性腫瘤中,胃癌的發(fā)病率依然是第5位,死亡率則居第3位[1,2]。早期和進展期的胃腫瘤治療多采用手術(shù)切除病灶,并根據(jù)術(shù)后分期指導(dǎo)放化療。自Kitano S等[3]將腹腔鏡技術(shù)首次成功運用到遠端胃切除術(shù)以后,腹腔鏡技術(shù)開始被外科醫(yī)生所熟知和掌握。腹腔鏡技術(shù)在臨床上不斷進步和改良,使微無創(chuàng)成為胃癌手術(shù)方式的主要發(fā)展趨勢[4-6]。目前已有研究證實[7-9],腹腔鏡手術(shù)與開放手術(shù)相比,具有切口小,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等近期療效優(yōu)勢,同時其術(shù)后遠期效果相當(dāng)。近年來,隨著三角吻合(Delta吻合)、Roux-en-Y吻合等技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,腹腔鏡下胃癌根治術(shù)中各種消化道重建方式在臨床上迅速開展起來[10]。不同消化道重建方式的短期效果和遠期療效一直是臨床上關(guān)注的熱點。Toyomasu Y等[11]研究表明,與Roux-en-Y吻合相比,Billroth Ⅰ吻合術(shù)后患者發(fā)生缺鐵性貧血和V-D缺乏的機率更低。而Okuno K等[12]研究則認為就術(shù)后膽汁反流,殘留性胃炎和反流性食管炎的發(fā)生頻率而言,Roux-en-Y重建優(yōu)于BillrothⅠ重建。Ding W等[13]研究則發(fā)現(xiàn),三角吻合比腹腔鏡輔助Billroth吻合侵入性更少,患者恢復(fù)更快,尤其對于肥胖患者。Aburatani T等[14]報道,在腹腔鏡近端胃癌根治術(shù)中,雙管重建術(shù)在術(shù)后第一年的反流癥狀發(fā)生率(10.5%)低于食管殘胃吻合術(shù)(54.5%)。不同的消化道重建方式具有各自的優(yōu)點和缺陷,因此,根據(jù)臨床情況選擇合理的消化道重建方式尤為重要。本文將腹腔鏡下胃癌根治術(shù)中吻合技術(shù)和消化道重建現(xiàn)狀和進展進行綜述,以期為臨床醫(yī)生提供參考。
1腹腔鏡下遠端胃癌根治術(shù)
1.1 Billroth-Ⅰ(B-Ⅰ)重建? B-Ⅰ重建是遠端胃切除術(shù)后最常用的重建方法之一,在1881年由Billroth首次完成[4]。該術(shù)式保留了消化道的生理解剖位置,吻合部位僅一個,無殘端或輸入袢,可以在腹腔鏡輔助或完全腹腔鏡下進行。其中,Delta吻合是應(yīng)用最廣泛的體內(nèi)B-Ⅰ吻合方式,即三角吻合,將殘胃與十二指腸后壁通過直線切割吻合器進行端端吻合,吻合口在外觀上表現(xiàn)為三角形,最早由Kanaya S等[15]于2002年報道。高峽等[16]和尹克寧等[17]研究認為,該技術(shù)是一種安全的重建方式,具有創(chuàng)傷小、出血少、能夠加快患者術(shù)后機體恢復(fù)等特點。Wang SY等[18]對2450名患者進行非隨機隊列研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)三角吻合比傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡輔助B-Ⅰ吻合術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)的回收率更高,術(shù)后首次流質(zhì)飲食時間更早。但Noshiro H等[19]研究則指出,三角吻合在切割過程中可能影響吻合口的血液供應(yīng),并增加與吻合并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險,但還需要進一步證實。三角吻合的另一個局限性是術(shù)中難以定位腫瘤位置以獲得病理學(xué)上的安全范圍,保證陰性的手術(shù)切緣[20]。因此,選擇時仍然需要結(jié)合患者實際情況和術(shù)者操作經(jīng)驗綜合考慮。
1.2 Billroth-Ⅱ(B-Ⅱ)重建? B-Ⅱ重建是遠端胃切除術(shù)后另一種常用的重建方法,該方法的主要優(yōu)點是腫瘤的位置對吻合過程影響小,同時術(shù)后吻合口張力不高,術(shù)中也無需對十二指腸進行分離。由于B-Ⅱ重建是胃大彎側(cè)與空腸的側(cè)側(cè)吻合,改變了消化道正常生理結(jié)構(gòu),因此無法避免堿性反流性胃炎和吻合口炎的發(fā)生[21,22],術(shù)后殘胃癌的發(fā)生率也較高[23]。周典偉等[24]在Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合了Braun吻合,通過輸入袢和輸出袢短路吻合,有效地減少了并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。費樂學(xué)等[25]通過回顧性研究觀察了23例術(shù)前合并2型糖尿病的接受Billroth-Ⅱ重建的胃癌患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者手術(shù)后3、6和12個月的空腹及餐后2 h血糖較術(shù)前均明顯降低,術(shù)后各階段的糖化血紅蛋白較術(shù)前也明顯降低且差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,這說明術(shù)前合并2型糖尿病的患者可能更適合進行Billroth-Ⅱ重建。
1.3 Roux-en-Y和Uncut Roux-en-Y重建? Roux-en-Y吻合是在遠端胃大部切除后,將十二指腸殘端封閉,并在距Treitz韌帶后方12~15 cm處離斷空腸,殘余胃與遠端空腸吻合,再分別于近端空腸及遠端空腸對側(cè)系膜緣開口處進行空腸-空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合,最后關(guān)閉共同開口的吻合方式,適合作為靠近幽門位置的腫瘤切除后的首選重建方式[26]。Inokuchi M等[27]和Kim CH等[28]研究證明,Roux-en-Y重建相比B-Ⅰ和B-Ⅱ組,術(shù)后食物殘留,食管炎,胃炎和術(shù)后膽汁反流的發(fā)生率明顯降低。He L等[29]研究經(jīng)過長期隨訪,證明Roux-en-Y重建相比B-Ⅱ重建,患者術(shù)后總體發(fā)病率更低,這說明RY重建遠期療效更好。但由于Roux-en-Y重建是兩個部位的吻合,導(dǎo)致RY的手術(shù)時間和吻合時間明顯長于B-Ⅰ和B-Ⅱ,多個吻合口也增加了吻合口漏發(fā)生的風(fēng)險[30]。同時,Roux-en-Y吻合容易發(fā)生以“惡心、嘔吐、腹脹”為表現(xiàn)的Roux淤滯綜合征。于是原本的重建開始改良,讓殘胃和空腸的吻合在不離斷空腸的前提下進行,并且通過加入輸入袢與輸出袢空腸的側(cè)側(cè)吻合,在阻斷輸入袢空腸的同時保留了小腸電節(jié)律的連續(xù)性[31,32],即Uncut Roux-en-Y重建。陳光新等[33]和An JY等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Uncut Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)Roux-en-Y吻合相比,具有操作簡便、創(chuàng)傷小、手術(shù)時間短、術(shù)中出血少的特點,同時更大程度減少了術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。Yang D等[34]研究卻報道,Uncut Roux-en-Y重建術(shù)后1年吻合口并發(fā)癥較高,比例約13%。因此,未來仍需要大規(guī)模的前瞻性隨機臨床試驗來評估Uncut Roux-en-Y重建的優(yōu)缺點。
2腹腔鏡下近端胃癌根治術(shù)
2.1食管胃單純吻合和管狀吻合? 食管殘胃單純吻合適用于早期胃癌,腫瘤距離賁門2 cm以內(nèi),切除1/3以下胃組織或基礎(chǔ)情況不佳對手術(shù)耐受較差的患者[35],由于吻合部位僅僅一個,吻合方便,因此在臨床上應(yīng)用較多。但由于胃括約肌的切除,常常會在術(shù)后導(dǎo)致嚴重的反流性食管炎等并發(fā)癥。Yamashita Y等[36]開發(fā)了一種新的食管殘胃吻合側(cè)重疊與胃底折疊術(shù)(SOFY),通過研究觀察到該吻合方式(1/14)比普通食管殘胃吻合(5/16)發(fā)生反流性食管炎和吻合口狹窄的機率更低,但研究中涉及的臨床病例較少。雙瓣(DF)則是另一種新興的改良吻合技術(shù)。簡而言之,在殘余胃的前壁上制造一個DF窗口,再通過腹腔鏡手動吻合食道的后壁和殘余胃的粘膜上開口,并用皮瓣覆蓋吻合口,形成吻合瓣[37]。Kuroda S等[38]回顧性分析了546例接受雙瓣食管胃吻合的患者術(shù)后相關(guān)指標,發(fā)現(xiàn)接受該方法的患者術(shù)后反流性食管炎和吻合口并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯降低。而食管管狀胃吻合,則是將殘胃做成管狀胃,通過延長胃液反流距離和切除部分可分泌胃酸的胃組織,以達到減少發(fā)生術(shù)后反流性食管炎的概率[39]。Enrique N等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),食管管狀胃吻合后術(shù)后雖然吻合口張力低,但手術(shù)切口出血概率升高。對于食管管狀胃吻合的優(yōu)缺點還需要進一步實驗進行闡述。
2.2單通道和雙通道空腸間置吻合? 間置空腸吻合也是近端胃切除后常用的吻合方式,術(shù)中未改變正常的消化道生理結(jié)構(gòu),這使術(shù)后反流、傾倒綜合征等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生概率得到降低。常用的間置空腸吻合方法包括單通道和雙通道。單通道間置空腸吻合手術(shù)難度相對較大,術(shù)中需使用多個吻合器,術(shù)后胃排空容易受阻,從臨床耗材和收益的角度出發(fā),因此該方式應(yīng)用較少。而雙通道間置空腸吻合(DTR)則是在近端胃切除后,距屈氏韌帶15~20 cm處離斷空腸,遠端空腸與食管殘端做端側(cè)吻合(第1個吻合口);離第1個吻合口40 cm左右完成殘胃空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合(第2個吻合口);距第2個吻合口20 cm處做近端空腸與遠端空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合(第3個吻合口),目前應(yīng)用較多[41]。DTR不僅可以減少術(shù)后反流的發(fā)生率,還可以保證良好的腸吸收和激素分泌[42,43]。在目前研究中,DTR沒有引起手術(shù)時間延長和造成更多的術(shù)中失血。Park JY等[44]研究報道,與腹腔鏡全胃切除術(shù)相比,DTR手術(shù)術(shù)后貧血發(fā)生率更低,術(shù)后發(fā)生維生素B12缺乏的情況更少。這些結(jié)果表明,DTR是一種安全可行的手術(shù)方法。
3腹腔鏡下全胃切除術(shù)
3.1圓形吻合器吻合? 圓形吻合器吻合屬于端側(cè)吻合,而吻合的關(guān)鍵則是荷包縫合食管和植入抵釘座兩個環(huán)節(jié)。自2009年首次了報道OrvilTM法,即通過OrvilTM導(dǎo)管輔助完成釘砧頭的置入固定后再進行端側(cè)吻合后,該方法在臨床上便廣泛開展起來[45]。2017年Kawamura H等[46]進行了回顧性研究,認為OrvilTM的吻合方式增加了術(shù)后吻合口并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,并認為該吻合方式是術(shù)后吻合口并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨立危險因素(P<0.05),Tokuhara T等[47]研究也得到了同樣的結(jié)論。而Choi AH等[48]研究卻認為,該吻合技術(shù)安全可靠。但目前的研究樣本量較少,且大部分為回顧性研究,因此OrvilTM法的臨床效果仍存在較大爭議。Aratani K等[49]提出反穿刺置入抵釘座法,術(shù)中用直線切割閉合器取代荷包縫合,通過把尖端拴有絲線的釘砧座置入腹腔后,在絲線幫助下將釘砧座送入食管下段內(nèi)。但該方法目前還未在臨床上廣泛開展,相關(guān)的研究也較少。2007年Kong SH等[50]報道了腹腔鏡下采用荷包縫合器行全胃切除后的食管空腸吻合術(shù)。該技術(shù)荷包鉗體積較小,方便在腹腔鏡下使用,相關(guān)研究提示其安全可靠,應(yīng)用前景得到初步認可[51,52]。
3.2直線吻合器吻合? 直線吻合器吻合即用直線吻合器離斷食管和空腸,再進行食管空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合。張文勇等[53]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),直線吻合器組的手術(shù)時間,術(shù)后首次排氣時間、流質(zhì)飲食時間及半流質(zhì)飲食時間均短于圓形吻合器組(P<0.05)。說明直線吻合器用于全胃切除術(shù)后消化道重建可縮短吻合時間,減少術(shù)中出血,有利于術(shù)后胃腸道功能恢復(fù)。除此之外,目前已有文獻證明,直線切割吻合器和圓形吻合器相比,直線吻合器在穿刺孔操作,同時形成的不規(guī)則類橢圓形吻合口的直徑比食管本身的直徑更大,降低了術(shù)后出現(xiàn)吻合口狹窄的幾率[46],甚至杜絕了吻合口狹窄的發(fā)生[54],與圓形吻合器吻合線的兩排釘相比,直線吻合器的三排釘吻合線的吻合安全性更高[54]。但直線吻合同時也存在一定缺點,由于是線性吻合,需要游離足夠長度的食管斷端,這在進行高位吻合時較為困難,術(shù)后吻合口并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險也因此增高[55]。Inaba K等[56]在2010年發(fā)明了Overlap側(cè)側(cè)吻合術(shù),將空腸斷端朝向近心端,利用直線切割閉合器完成食管空腸的吻合。目前相關(guān)研究指出,該方法術(shù)后吻合口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低,術(shù)后短期療效較好[57,58],但目前仍需要開展高質(zhì)量大樣本臨床隨機對照研究評估Overlap側(cè)側(cè)吻合的遠期療效。
4總結(jié)
腹腔鏡手術(shù)正在朝著更加微創(chuàng)和無創(chuàng)的方向發(fā)展。手術(shù)過程中的消化道重建方式也朝著更加微創(chuàng)和安全的方向發(fā)展。而針對腹腔鏡胃癌根治術(shù)中的重建方法選擇上,目前仍有爭議。不同的消化道重建方式有各自的優(yōu)點和缺點,同時還需要大型和多中心的隨機對照實驗來對其進一步闡述和證實,也需要臨床工作人員對重建方式進行改良和完善。外科醫(yī)生在臨床應(yīng)用時必須了解各種吻合器和重建方式的優(yōu)缺點,需要考慮到腫瘤切除的徹底性,重建的安全性和侵入性,手術(shù)的效率,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和胃腸道功能情況等,并結(jié)合自己的手術(shù)經(jīng)驗以選擇最適合患者病情的重建方法。
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收稿日期:2020-03-07;修回日期:2020-03-16
編輯/肖婷婷