李增祿,郭 強,聶佳佳,馮 琳
O2O在線回收企業(yè)再售策略研究
李增祿,郭 強,聶佳佳,馮 琳
(西南交通大學 經濟管理學院,四川 成都 610031)
研究了O2O在線回收企業(yè)再售策略選擇問題。研究發(fā)現:當制造商單位產品生產成本和處理商單位產品回收價格較低時,在線回收企業(yè)采取全部再售策略;當處理商單位產品回收價格居中時,在線回收企業(yè)采取部分再售策略;當處理商單位產品回收價格較高時,采取無再售策略。相對無再售行為的傳統第三方回收而言,再售策略下O2O在線回收企業(yè)利潤較優(yōu),故在線回收企業(yè)有動力進行再售,并且再售策略下消費者剩余優(yōu)于傳統第三方回收,而制造商利潤降低。此外,全部再售策略下在線回收企業(yè)廢舊品回收量優(yōu)于傳統第三方回收,有助于提升產品利用率,保護環(huán)境。
O2O在線回收;再售;回收量;回收成本
據再生資源信息網報道,我國每年電子產品報廢量達兩億多臺,并呈逐年上升趨勢。同時我國又是全球最大的家用電器生產和消費國,廢舊家用電器所帶來的環(huán)境壓力也日趨嚴重。雖然國家啟動了一系列廢舊品回收法律法規(guī),鼓勵企業(yè)回收廢舊產品,但回收量依然較低[1-3]。近些年隨著互聯網的發(fā)展,O2O在線回收逐漸興起,眾多企業(yè)相繼涉足該領域。比如,作為國內首家電子產品在線回收企業(yè),愛回收將回收業(yè)務與互聯網相結合,由此形成了O2O回收模式的基礎。隨后,以二手手機與廢舊手機回收為主營業(yè)務的易機網和淘綠環(huán)保等企業(yè)紛紛效仿,成為互聯網產業(yè)的新秀。此類回收企業(yè)不僅扮演傳統回收者的角色,同時還扮演零售商角色,將回收品以二手產品形式進行再售,在線回收企業(yè)該采取何種再售策略(全部再售、部分再售、無再售),其再售策略會對供應鏈成員造成何種影響是個值得思考的問題。
雖然回收被認為是應對廢舊產品問題的一種有效方式,但受回收基礎設施、回收價格和消費者環(huán)保意識等因素的影響回收率依然較低。面對該現實問題,學術界的研究從未停息。Savaskan等[4]較早的對制造商回收渠道問題進行研究,并提出了零售商回收、制造商回收和第三方回收模型。在此基礎上,有些學者從回收成本結構[5]、回收品質量[6]、回收責任或成本分擔[7-8]以及制造商產能約束[9]等角度對該問題進行了深入研究。Atasu等[5]研究認為最優(yōu)回收渠道是由成本結構決定的;聶佳佳和鄧東方[6]指出再制造產品在零售商回收模式下質量較高;Shi等[7]和鄭本榮等[8]引入回收責任和回收成本分擔機制,從各博弈方的角度分析了企業(yè)的最優(yōu)回收模式;在制造商產能約束下,舒秘等[9]發(fā)現回收率在制造商回收時達到最高。劉慧慧等[10]和周巖等[11]分別從政府補貼以及模糊需求角度對雙渠道回收問題進行了研究;而董乾東等[12]分別建立生產商及零售商混合回收、生產商及第三方混合回收和零售商及第三方混合回收三種模型,認為生產商及零售商混合回收是最優(yōu)的。Ferguson和Toktay[13]在制造商回收再制造的基礎上引入獨立再制造商研究了競爭情形下的回收和再制造問題。在此基礎上,孟麗君等[14]研究了集成制造商和獨立再制造商的雙寡頭競爭問題。
以上文獻討論了廢舊品回收渠道問題,但對于回收品處理方式主要集中于制造商或獨立再制造商對回收品進行再制造,然后進行重新銷售的情況。在再制造產品銷售方面,早期的研究多假設再制造產品與新產品無差異[4,15,16]。然而,隨著學者對產品認知程度的加深以及出于現實情況的考慮,近幾年的研究將新產品與再制造產品進行差異化假設[6,14,17],消費者對新產品的價格、質量等估值均要高于再制造產品。回收產品或再制造產品的銷售主體主要有三個:(1)制造商銷售[13,18]。制造商對回收產品再制造并進行銷售,如Ferguson和Toktay[13],Robotis等[18];(2)再制造商銷售[19-22]。獨立的再制造商對回收品再制造并進行銷售,如Esenduran等[20]分析了獨立再制造商與原始設備制造商競爭條件下對再制造水平、消費者剩余和OEM利潤的影響;熊中楷等[22]認為舊產品回收再制造與專利許可有關;(3)零售商再售[23-26]。零售商對回收或退貨產品加工再售,Wang等[25]分析了舊產品質量、消費者對再售品購買意愿以及渠道結構等因素對接收退貨零售商的再售策略的影響。在耐用品市場,趙培[26]基于舊產品不同的回收成本,研究零售商開通二手市場對自身以及制造商利潤的影響。針對本文研究所涉及的O2O在線回收企業(yè),其在市場中扮演回收和再售的雙重角色,成為再制造企業(yè)與消費者之間聯系的“紐帶”,加速了供應鏈成員之間的信息傳遞。一方面,O2O在線回收企業(yè)可直接從消費者處獲得舊產品,為再制造企業(yè)整合了消費者資源,降低再制造企業(yè)的回收運營成本;另一方面,為消費者提供了豐富全面的再售品服務信息,同時較為透明的回收價格也增強了消費者的回收動機??梢钥闯?,O2O在線回收企業(yè)的回收與再售模式在供應鏈結構以及決策主體方面均有別于傳統模式,這也成為本研究的創(chuàng)新之處。
綜上所述,雖然學者對于制造商回收渠道選擇以及再制造問題進行了充分研究,但鮮有學者考慮互聯網環(huán)境下O2O在線回收企業(yè)對回收產品以二手產品形式進行再售的情形,此時的在線回收企業(yè)充當零售商角色與制造商進行市場競爭,其再售行為會對制造商和自身帶來何種變化呢?再售行為又會對其回收量以及消費者剩余產生何種影響?以上問題都將成為本文研究的重點。此外,文章還分析制造商最優(yōu)產量以及在線回收企業(yè)最優(yōu)再售量和最優(yōu)回收率的問題,希望所得結論能夠為逆向物流參與者決策提供理論依據。
圖1 傳統回收模型
Figure 1 Traditional recycling model
圖2 O2O在線回收模型
Figure 2 O2O online recycling model
符號與變量表示如下:
(2)博弈主體都為完全信息擁有者,制造商與O2O在線回收企業(yè)同時進行決策,制造商決策新產品產量,而O2O在線回收企業(yè)決策回收率以及回收品的再售量。
(3)O2O在線回收企業(yè)回收成本是其回收量的二次函數,表示隨著其回收量的增加邊際回收成本遞增,該回收成本形式在以往研究中已被廣泛使用,如Atasu 等[5],Ferguson和Toktay[13]以及Esenduran等[20]。
根據式(1)可求解制造商最優(yōu)產量以及第三方回收企業(yè)最優(yōu)回收率,如命題1所示。
(3)
此時制造商與O2O在線回收企業(yè)需求函數分別為:
命題2:根據3.1-3.3部分計算可得O2O在線回收企業(yè)再售策略如表1所示。
表1 O2O在線回收企業(yè)再售策略
表2 再售策略下制造商最優(yōu)產量及利潤
命題4:相對傳統第三方回收模型而言,全部再售或部分再售策略下O2O在線回收企業(yè)利潤變大,O2O在線回收企業(yè)有較強的動力進行再售。
證明:由傳統第三方回收模型與O2O在線回收模型中回收企業(yè)最優(yōu)利潤可得:當O2O在線回收企業(yè)全部再售時:
式(16)恒大于0。當O2O在線回收企業(yè)無再售時,在其策略約束空間內最優(yōu)利潤與傳統回收模型無差異。
命題5:相對傳統回收模型而言,當O2O在線回收企業(yè)選擇全部再售策略或部分再售策略時制造商利潤變?。划擮2O在線回收企業(yè)選擇無再售策略時制造商利潤不變。
證明:由傳統第三方回收模型與O2O在線回收模型中回收企業(yè)最優(yōu)利潤可得:當O2O在線回收企業(yè)全部再售時:
在傳統回收模型中制造商壟斷消費者市場,擁有較高的產量和零售價格。在O2O在線回收模型中,在線回收企業(yè)將回收品以“二手產品”形式再售給消費者,此時在線回收企業(yè)和制造商在消費者市場中進行競爭,打破了制造商的壟斷。具體來說,當在線回收企業(yè)采取全部再售策略時,市場競爭較為激烈,制造商利潤最低;當在線回收企業(yè)采取部分再售策略時,隨著再售量的下降,制造商利潤有所提升;當在線回收企業(yè)采取無再售策略時,制造商重新壟斷市場獲得壟斷利潤。在O2O在線回收模型中,從制造商的角度來看,制造商希望具有再制造能力的處理商給在線回收企業(yè)一個高的回收價格,從而緩解市場競爭。若制造商進行產品專利保護,對處理商收取專利許可費,想必會彌補其利潤損失,但本文研究重點在于在線回收企業(yè)的再售策略,故不對該問題進行深入分析。
命題6:相對傳統回收模型而言,全部再售策略下O2O在線回收企業(yè)廢舊產品回收量較大,而部分再售和無再售策略下回收量無差異。
該結論比較分析了傳統第三方回收模型和O2O在線回收模型中回收企業(yè)回收量問題。從命題6中發(fā)現,全部再售策略下在線回收企業(yè)回收量優(yōu)于傳統第三方回收;而部分再售和無再售策略下在線回收和傳統回收模型中回收量相同。若從環(huán)境保護、提升產品利用率的角度來看,制造商應該通過技術創(chuàng)新降低生產成本,而處理商應該給在線回收企業(yè)提供一個較低的單位產品回收價格,只有這樣才能促使在線回收企業(yè)采取全部再售策略。雖然全部再售策略有助于保護環(huán)境,提升產品利用率,但是由命題5可知,全部再售策略下市場競爭激烈對制造商不利,若此時政府能夠為制造商提供一定補貼,將更有利于在線回收企業(yè)全部再售策略的實施。
以上內容分析了O2O在線回收企業(yè)再售動力以及不同再售策略下制造商利潤和回收量的變化情況,該部分將考察不同再售策略下消費者剩余相對傳統第三方回收的變化情況。
傳統回收模型中消費者剩余是關于制造商單位產品回收成本的減函數,原因在于較高的生產成本勢必引起制造商制定高的零售價格,從而降低了消費者購買產品時所獲得的凈效用,故消費者剩余降低。
5.2.1 當O2O在線回收企業(yè)采取全部再售策略時
根據3.1部分最優(yōu)解可得消費者是否購買O2O在線回收企業(yè)再售產品的效用無差異點為:
在全部再售策略成立的約束范圍內,消費者剩余隨制造商單位產品生產成本的增大而減小,原因在于生產成本的增大,引起制造商零售價格提升,此時在線回收企業(yè)為追求高的邊際利潤也提升再售價格,所以無論消費者購買制造商產品還是再售品所獲得凈效用都降低,故消費者剩余減小。在線回收企業(yè)全部再售策略下,消費者剩余不受處理商單位產品回收價格影響。
5.2.2 當O2O在線回收企業(yè)采取部分再售策略時
根據3.2部分最優(yōu)解可得消費者是否購買O2O在線回收企業(yè)再售產品的效用無差異點為:
在線回收企業(yè)部分再售策略下,消費者剩余與制造商單位生產成本以及處理商單位產品回收價格都呈現負相關性。較高的單位產品生產成本和回收價格會造成制造商零售價格以及在線回收企業(yè)再售價格增高,降低了消費者剩余。
5.2.3 當O2O在線回收企業(yè)采取無再售策略時
雖然從數值上看O2O在線回收企業(yè)采取無再售策略下消費者剩余與傳統回收模型無差異,但是其成立條件并不相同。接下來將通過算例來分析不同模型下消費者剩余的變化情況。假設參數為:繪制圖3和圖4。
圖4 當時消費者剩余分析
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The resale strategies of the online recycler
LI Zenglu, GUO Qiang , NIE Jiajia , FENG Lin
(School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China)
Remanufacturing is beneficial to both the environment and the enterprise, but the recovery rate is rather low still. This interesting phenomenon can be explained by many reasons, such as insufficient recycle stations, low recovery prices, poor environmental awareness, and so on. With the rapid development of the internet, some companies, like Aihuishou (www.aihuishou.com), Taolvhuanbao (www.taolv365.com), Lijiang (www.58yiji.com) and so on can collect the waste products from the consumers through the online channel. Compared with traditional recycling, online recycling in O2O (Online and Offline) has many advantages due to its, more transparency recovery price, less investing in building recycle stations, and the effects of scale economies in recycling. Moreover, the recycled products can be sold by the online recycling companies to an independent processor or consumers as second-hand goods travel through their recycling platform. The new model is different from the traditional wisdom that analyzes the problems of recycling channels or cooperation between supply chain members. Because of the benefit, we decided to explore the resale strategies of an online recycling company.
This paper investigates a supply chain consisted of a manufacturer, an online recycler, and an independent processor. The manufacturer produces raw materials, while the online recycler takes back reusable items from the market and then sells them to the processor or the consumers as a second-hand good. Thus the online recycler has three resale strategies, i.e., selling all the recycled products, selling partial ones, or no resale. For simplicity, we propose the following assumptions: 1) The manufacturer does not have the processing qualification with waste products, so there is no recycled product flow to the manufacturer; 2) Considering the better quality, durability and quality assurance services of new products, consumers have a higher valuation of the products from the manufacturer than the resale ones from the online recycler; and 3) All the players have complete information. To be consistent with the literature about remanufacturing, we take the recovery model without resale as a benchmark. The profit functions of the manufacturer, the online recycler, and the independent processor under different scenarios are developed, respectively. Then the equilibrium outcomes of the decision models are derived by the nonlinear programming theory and the static game method.
It is found form the results that: (1) The O2O online recycler always has an incentive to resell the recycled products because it would bring more profits. (2) The O2O online recycler’s resale strategies depend on the unit production cost of the manufacturer and the unit recovery price of the processer. Specifically, i) if both of the unit production cost and the unit recovery price are low, the online recycler sells all the recycled products to consumers; ii) when the unit recovery price is moderate, the online recycler sells part of the recycled ones to consumers; iii) when the unit recovery price of the processer is high, the online recycler sells all the recycled products to the independent processor.
The online recycler’s resale strategies are harmful to the manufacturer. Luckily, the consumers would benefit from the online recycler’s resale strategies, which induce the product market to be more competitive. An increase in the unit cost of the product causes an increase in the profit of the online recycler but a decrease in the profit of the manufacturer. Besides, in the case where an online recycler resells all the recycled products, the online recycler improves a larger amount of recycled products than the traditional third party recycling mode because it helps to protect the environment and save the resource. We hope that our findings are helpful for the online recycling company.
Certainly, our works are limited and can be extended from many aspects. For example, 1) considering the manufacturer with the waste product processing qualification, the resale strategies and the output of manufacturer may be changed in such closed-loop supply chain; 2) if the government subsidizes the online recycler, the results may be different; and 3) Considering the asymmetric information between the online recycler and the consumer on the quality of resale products, there will also be some new conclusions.
O2O online recycling company; Resale; Recycling amount; Collecting cost
2017-09-25
2018-05-02
F270.5
A
1004-6062(2020)03-0191-008
10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2020.03.020
2017-09-25
2018-05-02
國家自然科學基金資助項目(71440016、71672153);四川省科技計劃項目(2015GZ0083-1)
李增祿(1991—),男,河南寶豐人;西南交通大學經濟管理學院博士研究生;研究方向:物流與供應鏈管理,合作廣告優(yōu)化分析。
Funded Project:Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71440016, 71672153) , and the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2015GZ0083-1)
中文編輯:杜 健;英文編輯:Charlie C. Chen