英文目錄與摘要

●SYMPOSIUM:COVID-19andPublicGovernance

Introduction: The “COVID-19” Challenge in Academic Research of Public Management

Xin Gu

Building and Upgrading State Surveillance Capability: Reflections against the Background of Public Health Crisis

Fenglin Guo & Xin Gu

AbstractSurveillance capability is an important part of state capacity as well as a core part of the public governance system. It manifests as the monitoring and controlling capabilities of the state over society， enabling the government to be in command of societal situations that affect public policy decisions and implementation. The global pandemic of COVID-19 pneumonia in 2020 challenged state capacities across countries.The building and upgrading of state surveillance capabilities are crucial to enforcement and performance of emergency measures. To some extent， the differentiated performance in enforcing public interventions resulted from the differences in state surveillance capacities over society. The moral， political， and social issues raisedby state surveillance capabilities are far from resolved.Exploring improved governance systems and upgrading governance capability can helpbolster the positive effects of technological improvements.In particular，an understanding of applications used in emergency management duringa public health crisis is still a field to be urgently developed in public management scholarship.

KeyWordsPublic Health Crisis; State Capacity; Surveillance Capability; Technological Empowerment; State-Society Relations

How to Coordinate Welfare Regime and Emergency Management System？—Institutional Connectivity in the Transboundary Crisis of COVID-19

Binrui Zheng & Keqing Han

AbstractThere are three different perspectives on emergency governance research: risk management， crisis management， and emergency management.The COVID-19 pandemic is a risk， a crisis， and an emergency.These three perspectives focus on different factors such as uncertainty， process，or the event itself.Their goalscan be to source control， build up an early warning mechanism， or manage the situation， respectively. However， the COVID-19 epidemic is a transboundary crisis across political， economic， social， and other domains.It requires a broader perspective to explore its impact. A state’s welfare regime plays an irreplaceable role in crisis management and even affects national security. Ideally， the welfare regime can cooperate with the emergency management system to form an emergency social safety net to effectively deal with the negative impacts of the crisis on the nation’s politics， economy， and society. Through strong political mobilization and other non-medical measures， China effectively blocked and defused the COVID-19 crisis. In transboundary crisis management， administrative bodies are the core， cooperation between governmental departments is the institutional guarantee， and sufficient market supply is the economic foundation. The combination of transboundary crisis governance and the welfare regime is an important measure to enhance national security further. Therefore， it is necessary to upgrade the construction of the state’s welfare system into a national strategy， integrate the emergency management system and the welfare regime， and strengthen the capacity of frontline public safety．

KeyWordsTrans-Boundary Crisis Governance; Welfare Regime; Covid-19 Pandemic; Emergency Management

How is the Guidance Document Introduced and Further Evolved？—A Longitudinal Study of Seven Versions of the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19

Hualin Song & Jiarui Niu

Motivation: How guidance documents evolve， what are their legal effects， and what are the rule-making procedures for them？

Methodology: Case study of the“Diagnostic and Treatment Protocol of COVID-19” issued by National Health Commission. It relied on a survey of the evolution of the Protocol documents andobservations of empirical material from official websites and mass media.Empirical data was used to analyzethe documents’ evolution，deliberation procedures，and the binding effectsof the Protocol．

Findings: The evolution of guidance is a reflection of experimental governance and reflexive law. The contents of a guidance document depend on unified leadership， policy considerations， the academic inclination of experts， and the accumulation of diagnostic experience．

Conclusion: The protocol has no legal validity， but it has practical， binding effects. During the rulemaking process of guidance documents， expert consultation should be made part of procedural rules. This should introduce professional expertise into the process as well as the voices of stakeholders， including patients， citizens and professional groups．

KeyWordsGuidance; Diagnostic Plan; Administrative Guidance; Expert Consultation; Public Participation

Does Information Disclosure Affect Public Willingness to Comply with Policies？

Jinjin Wu， Weihong Ma & Yang Fu

Motivation: The threat of Covid-19 has led to a sharp increase in public demand for epidemic information. Does information disclosure affect public compliance with epidemic prevention and control policies？What are the channels and mechanisms through which information disclosure has this impact？ Are there significant differences in the impact of information disclosures on public support for epidemic prevention and control policies withhigh and low compliance costs？

Methodology: During the period from February 3 to 15， 2020， the researchers obtained 2776 effective samples through online surveys. This study used regression and mediating effect models to analyze the data．

Findings: Disclosure of epidemic information had a significant， positive impact on public compliance withepidemic prevention and control policies. The perception of information availability had a significantly greater impact on public compliance. Two mediating mechanisms of epidemic information disclosure on policy compliance were identified: the policy understanding mechanism and the policy satisfaction mechanism. The mediating effect of policy understanding was more obvious than that of policy satisfaction．

Conclusion: This study affirms the extreme importance of information disclosure in epidemic prevention and control.It also points out that information disclosure should ensure the public has access to and comprehension of information. Meanwhile， it is important to pre-evaluate the high and low compliance costs and pay special attention to the methods and skills of information disclosure．

KeyWordsCOVID-19; Information Disclosure Perception；Low Cost Compliance; High Cost Compliance; Mediating Mechanism

●ARTICLES

How does a Rural Work Team Embed into Grassroots Governance？ —An Analysis Based on the Case of “Visiting People’s Conditions， Benefiting People’s Livelihood and Gathering People’s Hearts”

Xinwu Zhu， Feng Tan﹠Haibo Qin

Motivation: The rural work team is a unique grassroots governance mechanism in China，and its operating mechanism contains rich connotationsfor embedded governance.But the internal mechanism and governance logic of the “Visiting People’s Conditions， Benefiting People’s Livelihood and Gathering People’s Hearts”(Fang-Hui-Ju) rural work team have not yet been systematically discussed in terms of theory.

Methodology: This article used Field Research， Observation， and Interviews to systematically sort out the development process and operating mechanism of the “Fang-Hui-Ju” rural work team.The governance logic of the “Fang-Hui-Ju” rural work team was constructed， based on the perspective of embedded governance， in two dimensions:“structural embeddedness” and “relationshipembeddedness”．

Findings: This research shows that both the operating mechanism and governance logic of the rural work team are unique in the governance practices of Chinese government;it is alsounlike previous experiences.The “Fang-Hui-Ju”rural work team constructeda“structural embeddedness” governance mechanism of “Fang-Hui-Ju”rural work team operations with rigid regulations.It built the “relational embeddedness” governance mechanism of “Fang-Hui-Ju”rural work team operation with flexible values， social ecology， and interest relationship reconstruction．

Conclusion: This study provides a new research perspective and theoretical dimension for promoting the modernization of the grassroots governance system and governance capacity. It also provides theoretical and useful reference for enriching and developing China’s border governance practice．

KeyWordsFang-Hui-Ju; Rural Work Team; Operation Mechanism; Embedded Governance

The Grassroots Governance under the Subcontract by both the Systems and Regions: A Case Study on the Accurate Poverty Alleviation in the Township Government in T District

Zhen Li， Haoyu Wang， Yufei Sun， Tong Niu & Yajing Xu

Motivation: The administrative subcontract (from the regional dimension) and the “control rights” theory (from the system dimension)—two typical research models of grassroots governance in China—are based on the integrated perspective. However， the grass-roots governments， in practice， undertake subcontracts from higher governments and government departments. In recent years， a series of reforms， initiated by the central government， have changed the features of the subcontract. How can those post-reform characteristics be illustrated？

Methodology: The study analyzes the implementation of poverty alleviation in the township government in T District as a case. The article demonstrates the new features of grassroots governance based on field investigation and in-depth interviews．

Findings: The analysis shows the reforms have changed the authority relations， internal controls， and inspection mechanisms.The setting of incentive mechanism in administrative subcontracts causeda deviation between the existing theoretical model and reality.

Conclusion: The study frames a new model of administrative subcontracts by both systems and regions， which can summarize the changes in subcontracting. The new framework can also explain some contradictions related to the undertaking subcontracts.

KeyWordsAdministrative Subcontract; Grassroots Governance; The Accurate Poverty Alleviation

How Can Non-Profit Organizations Embed in the Poverty Alleviation Field？—A Case Study Based on the S Foundation’s Poverty Alleviation Participation Strategy

Zhiwei Zhu & Jialiang XU

Motivation: If poverty alleviation targets are localized， then a non-profit organization must first establish good relations with local government departments. But， public welfare organizations and local government have different points of interest. Establishing partnerships with local government departments in different poverty areas is directly involvedin the realization of a charitable organizations’ participation in poverty alleviation goals．

Methodology: This study took the S Foundation as its research object， collected research materials through interviews and observation methods， and compared and analyzed the materials．

Findings: In order to ensure the smooth execution of charitable projects in local areas， non-profit organizations established a cooperative relationship with the local government through an active mutual-aid embedded strategy. This action strategy progressed through stages: finding local organizations， establishing a public welfare community with local organizations， and jointly handling government relations by the public welfare community. There were differences in organizational relations and behavioral representation at each stage. Its internal logic was not only related to the amount of resources but also related to the result of the joint catalysis of political and social relations and poverty alleviation strategies.

Conclusion: Poverty alleviation needs to change the traditional model of poverty alleviation， break through and reform the original regulatory constraints， and actively introduce social forces to participate in poverty alleviation. Create conditions to help public welfare organizations establish good relations with local government and form a poverty alleviation community that combines government and people．

KeyWordsNon-Profit Organization; Poverty Alleviation Action; Mutual Assistance Embedding

Are Experts Neutral in Major Policy Decisions？ Analysis of Experts’ Social Stability Risk Perceptions about Joint Development of Beijing， Tianjin， and Hebei

Jiaxu Cheng， Zhe Zhu & Zongchao Peng

Motivation: Experts’ risk perceptions are essential for scientific decision-making in major policy risk assessments. Experts are often presumed to be neutral and objective， but they are actually heterogeneities within the expert groups. What are the influencing factors that drive experts to have different social stability risk perceptions？

Methodology: Through purposive sampling， this study analyzed data based on 207 valid samples obtained from experts who participated in the social stability risk assessment of a joint development of Beijing， Tianjin， and Hebei， by using a Bootstrap grouped regression model.

Findings: The risk perceptions of academic experts as a policy target group and official experts as policy executors had significant differences in government-public interactions and professional awareness factors. The social stability risk perceptions of official experts was mainly influenced by actual risk characteristic factors.Academic experts were mainly affected by social and cultural factors such as information disclosure and their understanding of the policy progress.

Conclusion: This study breaks the idealized assumption of experts and adds to the research on group differencesin risk perception. We should work to fully understand the role of experts in major policy decisions and establish a more scientific and effective expert database．

KeyWordsMajor Policy Decisions; Expert Participation; Risk Perception; Role of Experts

How do Implementing Bureaucrats Realize the Innovation and Institutionalization of Local Policies？—Analysis Based on the Reform of Wenling Participatory Budgeting

Qi Zhao

Motivation: Policy entrepreneurs play an important role in proposing， introducing， transforming， and implementing innovative policies in the public sector. What incentives and constraints do Chinese implementing bureaucrats face in promoting policy innovation and institutionalization？ What are their action strategies and results？ Existing studies were insufficient in analyzing the typology of policy entrepreneurs.

Methodology: Through text analysis and in-depth interviews， the article took the reform of Wenling’s participatory budgeting as an example to identify the street-level entrepreneurs in the process of policy innovation and institutionalization， and analyze their characteristics， strategies and innovation effects．

Findings: Front-line public servants may play the role of project champion， influencing policy design， and promoting the combination of policy goals and actual conditions. They used professional and information advantages， as well as the power of experts and the media， to design schemes， and carry out multiple pilots. By contrast， middle and senior bureaucrats were more likely to play the role of process broker. They were keenly aware of the institutional space and integrated innovative solutions into the political process. Besides， they contributed social and political capital to build internal alliances and promote popular participation to achieve institutionalization of the innovation．

Conclusion: Based on China’s multi-level political system， the article argues that the political level can be an important basis for distinguishing street-level policy entrepreneurship. Implementing bureaucrats at different levels differ in terms of political authority， action strategy， and policy influence. The classification and in-depth study of implementing bureaucrats can promote the understanding of Chinese policy entrepreneurs and local policy process．

KeyWordsPolicy Entrepreneur; Policy Innovation; Policy Institutionalization; Program Champion; Process Broker

●THEORETICALREVIEWS

What Is a Good Policy: A Literature Review of Public Policy Quality

Shuisheng Chen

AbstractIn addition to the institutional factor， the quality of a public policy is an important factor that determines the performance of national development. This paper focuses on three questions: what is the connotation of public policy quality？ Which factors impact public policy quality？ How can the quality of public policy be improved？ This paper first reviews and organizes the concept and connotation of public policy quality， which is mainly embodied in three research paths: the quality dimension， the policy success and failure dimension， and the policy process dimension. Public policy with high quality could be regarded as a policy with strong responsiveness to the external environment and public issues;that is both legal and reasonable in its formulation process and in policy content;that takes practical care for the interests of stakeholder; that is effectively implemented and its results are in line with policy objectives. According to the internal operating logic of public policy， the paper then systematically analyzes the constraints affecting the quality of public policy from the perspectives of policy environment， policy system， policy actors， policy capacity， and policy resources. Quality management of public policy should establish an overall quality control system for the whole system and the whole process. Finally， the quality of public policy can be measured in four aspects: institutionalized policy system， scientific formulation process， effective policy implementation， and targeted policy output. In the future， more empirical studies are needed to test the influencing factors of public policy quality and their weights.More detailed case studies are needed to build and verify the evaluation system of China’s public policy quality， to trigger more and better policies and to improve public policy performance in China.

KeyWordsGood Policy; Policy Quality; Policy Success and Fail; Constraints; Improving Path