代詞在全國卷語法填空和短文改錯中的考法

閆躍

近五年全國卷均涉及人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞，現(xiàn)按題型對有關(guān)考點作一歸納。

一、代詞在語法填空中的考查

語法填空中，如果答案為人稱代詞主格或與主格同形的賓格（有且僅有兩個：you和it），不給提示詞;如果答案為物主代詞、反身代詞或代詞賓格（不含you和it），則會給出代詞主格作為提示詞。并且，有提示詞時，不會涉及數(shù)量和性別的變化，即不會出現(xiàn)改I為we/us、改she為he/him之類的考法。

1. 無提示詞

（2017年全國Ⅱ卷）However， the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months， more than 25，000 people were using ______ every day.

解析：這里提到當(dāng)時每天有超過25，000人使用這條鐵路。此處填寫it，回指前文中出現(xiàn)的名詞the railway。

（2018年全國Ⅰ卷）Running is cheap， easy and its always energetic. If you are time poor， you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports， so perhaps we should all give ______ a try.

解析：因give it a try為固定表達(dá)方式或it替代running。

2. 有提示詞

（2014年全國Ⅱ卷）Then the driver stood up and asked， “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？”A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh， dear！Its ______（I）”.

解析：前面提到司機詢問是否有人弄丟了手提箱，空格所在句是對此的回答。如果把It的指代對象看成那個遺失的箱子（The suitcase），此處需填名詞性物主代詞mine（= my suitcase）;如果把It視為丟失手提箱的那個人（The person who lost the suitcase），此處則填人稱代詞賓格me。

（2018年全國Ⅲ卷）When the gorillas and I frightened each other， I was just glad to find _______（they）alive.

解析：根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格所填詞是動詞find的賓語。鑒于find的邏輯主語I與find的賓語（the gorillas）并非同一概念，所以排除反身代詞themselves。因此，只能填賓格形式的them。

（2015年全國Ⅰ卷）A few hours before， Id been at home in Hong Kong， with _____（it）choking smog. Here， the air was clean and fresh， even with the rain.

解析：提示詞it的指代對象為Hong Kong，根據(jù)空格后的名詞短語choking smog可知，此處應(yīng)填限定詞，故用形容詞性物主代詞its。

類似考題還有：

（2016年全國Ⅰ卷）On my recent visit， I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by? ?its （it）mother.

二、代詞在短文改錯中的考查

短文改錯中，代詞屬于常設(shè)考點。設(shè)題方式主要有以下方面：

1. 代詞缺失或多余

（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）Now I am leaving home for college. At last， I will be on my own， but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.

解析：時間狀語從句有連詞whenever和謂語need，但唯獨沒有主語。并且，根據(jù)句意，從句的主語與主語的主語所指相同，故需在whenever和need之間加上人稱代詞I。

（2017年全國Ⅰ卷）In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday， I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.

解析：這里提到的是我學(xué)車的經(jīng)歷，我依然記得第一天有多么艱難。因此，本句中的first之前需添加形容詞性物主代詞my或定冠詞the。

（2015年全國Ⅱ卷）After looking at the toy for some time， he turned around and found that his parents were missing. Tony was scared and began to cry... Five minutes later， Tony saw parents.

解析：可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)之前如果不用任何限定詞，表示泛指概念。本句中提到Tony看到了父母，結(jié)合前文可知，Tony看到的是他本人的父母。所以parents之前需加上形容詞性物主代詞his。

（2019年全國Ⅰ卷）From then on， I started to play my football with classmates after school.

解析：英語中，表示進(jìn)行某種球類運動時，球類名詞之前不用限定詞（比如冠詞或物主代詞），因此，本句需要刪去物主代詞my。

2. 代詞指代有誤

（2019年全國Ⅲ卷）In the cafe， customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that is created for them.

解析：動詞enjoy的主語和賓語所指對象一致，所以賓語要用反身代詞，但主語customers是第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)，所以此處的反身代詞應(yīng)用themselves。

（2016年全國Ⅰ卷）My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to where I live... My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead， he hopes that our business will grow steadily.

解析：上文已經(jīng)提到餐館是屬于我叔叔的，所以只能是他希望“他的”（而不是“我們的”）生意穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。因此，代詞our指代對象錯誤，名詞business前面的限定詞應(yīng)改為his。

類似考題還有：

（2016年全國Ⅱ卷）If we go on a trip abroad， we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.（your→our）

（2015年全國Ⅰ卷）We must find ways to find protect your environment. If we fail to do so， well live to regret it.（your→our/the）

（2017年全國Ⅲ卷）About one month after this photo was taken， I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club... This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.（your→my）

需注意的是，代詞指代錯誤，除了涉及物主代詞，還可能涉及其他類型的代詞。并且，錯誤的方面可能還會涉及數(shù)量或性別。例如：

（2018年全國Ⅱ卷）As a kid， I loved to watch cartoons， but no matter how many times I asked to watch them， my parents would not let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.（us→me）

3. 句法結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤

（2017年全國Ⅲ卷）Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time： car magazines and musical instruments.

解析：人稱代詞they不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，因為指代things，又是引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句，關(guān)系詞用作主語，所以需把they改為關(guān)系代詞that或which。

（2018年全國Ⅲ卷）I had done myself homework， but I was shy. I was afraid to speak in front of a large group of people.

解析：這里需要表達(dá)的意思為“我已經(jīng)做完了家庭作業(yè)”，但反身代詞并不能用作限定詞修飾名詞性成分。所以需改為形容詞性物主代詞my或者定冠詞the。

（2014年全國Ⅱ卷）My dream school starts at 8 ∶ 30 a.m. and ends at 3 ∶ 30 p.m. They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.

解析：這里說的是我夢想中的學(xué)校是個什么樣子，上午和下午各“有”幾節(jié)課，所以應(yīng)該使用存在句“There be...”。并且，這里的人稱代詞they屬于第三人稱，但在上文中卻找不到指代對象，據(jù)此也可判斷they的使用有誤，應(yīng)將They改為There。

類似考題還有：

（2019年全國II卷）When I studied chemistry in high school， I reconsidered my goal and decided to be a doctor. They were two reasons for the decision.（They→There）

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青