摘要:為解決英語寫作教學(xué)中對拓展學(xué)生寫作思維關(guān)注不夠,導(dǎo)致學(xué)生寫作思路不暢、視野狹窄、論證乏力等問題,嘗試在議論文寫作教學(xué)中運(yùn)用IREC支架。具體教學(xué)步驟為:引入寫作任務(wù),激發(fā)思維的能動性;訓(xùn)練破題技巧,培養(yǎng)思維的辯證性;創(chuàng)新立意基點(diǎn),發(fā)展思維的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性;變換例證角度,拓展思維的廣闊性;提升結(jié)論高度,增強(qiáng)思維的深刻性。
關(guān)鍵詞:思維品質(zhì) IREC支架 英語寫作 議論文
常見的英語寫作教學(xué)中,教師更關(guān)注寫作的語言層次,如語法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號的正確使用、主題背景信息的收集、主題詞匯的列舉、觀點(diǎn)與結(jié)論表述常用的句型等,對學(xué)生寫作思維的拓展關(guān)注不夠。其結(jié)果往往是學(xué)生雖然手握詞匯和句型,但無話可寫或老調(diào)重彈,沒有新意;或觀點(diǎn)幼稚,缺乏深度。究其原因,是寫作的思路沒有得到拓展,或者缺乏拓展思路的路徑。為此,筆者嘗試了支架式寫作教學(xué)。本文試以IREC支架在議論文寫作教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用為例,探索支架式寫作教學(xué)對思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。
一、理論基礎(chǔ)
在寫作教學(xué)中,常見的問題是學(xué)生的思維水平與寫作任務(wù)所需的能力要求有差距。消除差距的有效辦法之一,是搭建拓展思維的指導(dǎo)性支架,其理論基礎(chǔ)是蘇聯(lián)著名心理學(xué)家維果茨基的“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”理論。
“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”理論認(rèn)為,兒童獨(dú)立解決問題時(shí)的實(shí)際發(fā)展水平與在教師指導(dǎo)下解決問題時(shí)所需要的潛在發(fā)展水平之間是有差距的,縮小這個(gè)差距的途徑就是教師的教學(xué)所搭建的學(xué)習(xí)支架。這個(gè)支架能幫助學(xué)習(xí)者從實(shí)際發(fā)展水平提升到更高的潛在發(fā)展水平?!案鶕?jù)所提供的支持來源,支架可以分為兩類:一類是指導(dǎo)性支架,即教師為了有效地指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)而采用的策略與方法;一類是支持性支架,即教師根據(jù)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的實(shí)際需要提供的工具和手段?!?/p>
IREC支架是幫助學(xué)生拓展思路、提升思維品質(zhì)的指導(dǎo)性支架。該支架把握學(xué)生發(fā)展的本原,從興趣、情感和思維入手,設(shè)計(jì)有針對性的活動和具體化的任務(wù),塑造學(xué)生思維的主體地位,發(fā)展多元思維,培養(yǎng)高階思維品質(zhì),提升寫作能力。
IREC是議論文寫作過程中的interpretation,reinterpretation,examples和conclusion四個(gè)步驟,也是架構(gòu)語篇的思維外顯形式。其中,interpretation旨在破題,即詮釋話題的主旨意義,打開寫作之門;reinterpretation是立意,即以一個(gè)新的角度或更具體的方式對寫作話題進(jìn)行再解讀,說明自己對主旨的獨(dú)特理解,確立寫作的基點(diǎn);examples為例證,即通過舉例進(jìn)一步闡述和支撐自己的理解,使觀點(diǎn)更具說服力;conclusion是結(jié)語,常以評論、展望或總結(jié)等與主題形成呼應(yīng)。
二、實(shí)踐案例
下面以筆者執(zhí)教的一節(jié)寫作教學(xué)公開課為例,具體說明議論文寫作教學(xué)中使用IREC支架提升思維品質(zhì)的做法。寫作任務(wù)及要求是:
仔細(xì)品味下面這幅漫畫,然后寫一篇120個(gè)詞左右的英語短文,短文應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容:
(1)簡要描述漫畫內(nèi)容;
(2)闡述其所蘊(yùn)含的意義;
(3)發(fā)表自己的看法。
具體教學(xué)步驟如下:
(一)引入寫作任務(wù),激發(fā)思維的能動性
教師布置寫作任務(wù):How do you understand the famous proverb “We are happy by far with friends coming from afar.”? Please make a short speech to tell your opinion.
在課堂中,大多數(shù)學(xué)生是將“We are happy by far with friends coming from afar.”這句諺語翻譯成“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦說乎”,然后就很難再繼續(xù)。雖然演講的主題是司空見慣的,但學(xué)生卻無法展開話題,其根源在于學(xué)生缺少拓展思維的支架,缺乏破題的路徑。
本節(jié)課教學(xué)為借班上課,筆者以諺語“We are happy by far with friends coming from afar.”作為導(dǎo)入,請學(xué)生說說對該諺語的理解并做一個(gè)簡短演講。該任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)具有開放性,不同的學(xué)生可能有不同的理解和闡釋。其目的在于推動學(xué)生積極參與,激發(fā)思維的能動性。同時(shí),該任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)能獲得學(xué)生演講的真實(shí)文本并將其作為例文進(jìn)行評析,分析其中的語篇架構(gòu)思維和存在的問題,了解學(xué)生在議論文寫作中的破題、立意、例證、結(jié)語等技能和技巧水平,及時(shí)引入IREC支架。
(二)訓(xùn)練破題技巧,培養(yǎng)思維的辯證性
【任務(wù)1】
Interpret the meaning of the following proverb“If the world seems cold to you, kindle fires to warm it.”
在學(xué)生完成任務(wù)之后,教師點(diǎn)評,并提供用兩種不同的方法進(jìn)行解讀的示例:
(1)字面意義解讀:If you feel the world is cold to you, you can warm it with your enthusiasm.
(2)隱含意義解讀:You feel the world cold to you, because you are cold to the world. The world is like a mirror. If you smile to it, it smiles to you. So embrace the world with your warm heart, and you will find a warm world.
然后,學(xué)生仿照任務(wù)1的方法完成后續(xù)任務(wù)。
【任務(wù)2】
Describe the picture“The finish line is a new start line”.
在學(xué)生完成后,教師檢查、點(diǎn)評并給出示例:(Interpretation)In the picture we can see a runner competing in a race. He is running hard and will successfully reach the finish line, which, however, is also the start line.
本環(huán)節(jié)對諺語和圖片進(jìn)行詮釋的訓(xùn)練任務(wù),旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在把握寫作話題時(shí)善于運(yùn)用唯物辯證法的原則。學(xué)生在對具體材料進(jìn)行思維加工時(shí),能運(yùn)用對立與統(tǒng)一等辯證的眼光理解話題,訓(xùn)練運(yùn)用辯證思維的方法進(jìn)行破題的技巧,培養(yǎng)辯證思維品質(zhì)。
(三)創(chuàng)新立意基點(diǎn),發(fā)展思維的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性
【任務(wù)3】
Reinterpret the theme of the following proverb from different views.No matter how far you may fly, never forget where you come from.
首先,學(xué)生嘗試對該諺語進(jìn)行解讀、分享和交流,然后教師講評并給出示例:Wherever you go or wherever you are, you must remember your family, your hometown and your country, and whatever you do, it matters much about the honour of your hometown and your country.
接著,教師提出新任務(wù):Describe the meaning of the proverb from three different views:①your starting point;②your hardship;③your helper。
學(xué)生嘗試再解讀,教師再檢查、講評并給出示例:
①your starting point: No matter how successful you are and how far you have gone, you must remember your starting point and take your present place as a new starting point. Keep on going and reach your potential to its fullest for new achievements.
②your hardship: No matter what achievements you have made, you must remember the hardship you have experienced and do keep in mind that nothing comes in an easy way. It didnt in the past, it doesnt now and will not ever. Be prepared to overcome difficulties in the future.
③your helper: No matter what a great person you have become, you must remember the people who have helped you and pass on their favour to others.
然后,學(xué)生仿照任務(wù)3的方法完成后續(xù)任務(wù)。
【任務(wù)4】
Reinterpret the theme of the picture“The finish line is a new start line”.
在學(xué)生完成之后,教師講解并給出示例:(Reinterpretation)The picture implies that the runner will finish this race, but it doesnt mean he can stop making efforts, because more competitions and challenges are coming in future.
“多角度解讀名言警句”的訓(xùn)練活動,旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過調(diào)整、變換、批判、質(zhì)疑等方式對話題材料進(jìn)行分析,從而提出新穎的認(rèn)知和觀點(diǎn),形成獨(dú)特的立意,培養(yǎng)思維的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性品質(zhì)。同時(shí),對名言警句的再解讀,確立了文章將要論述的基點(diǎn),使文章的展開有了新的增長點(diǎn),能夠充實(shí)文章內(nèi)容。
(四)變換例證角度,拓展思維的廣闊性
【任務(wù)5】
Give examples to support your understanding of the following proverb:“The land did not move, but moved. The sea was not still, yet still.”
首先,學(xué)生嘗試完成任務(wù)5,教師檢查、講評并給出示例:The proverb is true of people. One seems to be calm but his inner self is passionate, while one seems to be passionate, but his inner self is calm and he can always keep his head. So it is with nature. Still waters run deep and calm is always before the storm.
同時(shí),教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從例證中歸納舉例,如從人與自我、人與社會、人與自然的關(guān)系出發(fā),通過多方位例證達(dá)到說理充分、論證有力的效果。
然后,學(xué)生仿照任務(wù)5的方法完成后續(xù)任務(wù)。
【任務(wù)6】
Give examples to support your understanding of the picture “The finish line is a new start line”.
在學(xué)生完成后,教師檢查、講評并給出示例:(Examples)So it is with each one of us in life and work. When saying goodbye to the past on New Years Eve, we are looking ahead to the future meanwhile. When the last graduates left school, teachers are already preparing for new students. Harvest time is also the time to sow seeds. Astronauts are attempting to conquer the Mars after successfully walking in outer space.
在這一環(huán)節(jié),筆者主要通過例證引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識和感受人與外部世界的相互聯(lián)系,形成宏觀視野,拓展思維的廣闊性,以使文章論證充分、內(nèi)容豐滿。同時(shí),基于宏觀視野尋找具體案例,能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生從宏觀到微觀、從抽象到具體的思維切換能力。
(五)提升結(jié)論高度,增強(qiáng)思維的深刻性
結(jié)論句是對主題句的回首照應(yīng),往往緊扣主題意義,選擇不同角度和采用不同方式進(jìn)行表述。
【任務(wù)7】
Write concluding sentences for the following topic sentences:
①Leaves are falling down(主題句)_____(結(jié)論句)
②Autumn passes too quickly(主題句)_____(結(jié)論句)
學(xué)生完成任務(wù)7,交流并分享答案,教師點(diǎn)評后給出示例:①Autumn is coming;②Winter has come.
然后,學(xué)生仿照任務(wù)7的方法完成后續(xù)任務(wù)。
【任務(wù)8】
Write a concluding part for the following text about the picture“The finish line is a new start line”.
(Interpretation)In the picture we can see a runner competing in a race. He is running hard and will successfully reach the finish line, which, however, is also the start line.
(Reinterpretation)The picture implies that the runner will finish this race, but it doesnt mean he can stop making efforts, because more competitions and challenges are coming in future.
(Examples)So it is with each of us in life and work. When saying goodbye to the past on New Years Eve, we are looking ahead to the future meanwhile. When last graduates left school, teachers are already preparing for new students. Harvest time is also the time to sow seeds. Astronauts are attempting to conquer the Mars after successfully walking in outer space.
(Conclusion)_____.
學(xué)生完成后進(jìn)行交流、分享,教師點(diǎn)評并給出示例:
(Conclusion)In a word, we should take the finish line as a new starting point. As a student, Ill never stop working hard while Im enjoying the pleasure from making progress.
最后,根據(jù)本課開頭設(shè)置的寫作任務(wù),完整呈現(xiàn)“終點(diǎn)又是新起點(diǎn)”看圖寫作范文,總結(jié)IREC支架在寫作中的意義和作用。
結(jié)論句的寫作是高水平的思維活動,需要高階思維能力。本環(huán)節(jié)的任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)旨在促使學(xué)生深入思考問題,進(jìn)而抓住事物的本質(zhì)與內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,學(xué)會站在較高層面得出具有規(guī)律性和方法論特點(diǎn)的結(jié)論,并用以解決現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的問題,以此增強(qiáng)學(xué)生思維的深刻性。
綜上,寫作的工具性支架如語言支架等,往往只能滿足特定寫作任務(wù)在語言材料方面的要求,在提升學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)、發(fā)展寫作能力方面缺乏足夠的方法論價(jià)值。而指導(dǎo)性支架能幫助學(xué)生拓展思路,理順脈絡(luò)、夯實(shí)表達(dá),有效解決了學(xué)生長期以來展不開、寫不長和邏輯混亂的問題。在使用過程中,教師也可以先將IREC支架分解成I、R、E、C這四個(gè)小的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行逐項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練,然后再進(jìn)行合成訓(xùn)練,最終使學(xué)生的運(yùn)用達(dá)到一體化。在寫作教學(xué)中,教師及時(shí)總結(jié)、提煉、構(gòu)建寫作思維指導(dǎo)性支架,在提升學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)和提高學(xué)生的寫作能力方面不失為一種科學(xué)、實(shí)用和有效的教學(xué)方法。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 楊宇學(xué).“學(xué)本英語”:把握學(xué)生發(fā)展的本原[J].教育研究與評論(中學(xué)教育教學(xué)), 2018(7).
[2] 李松林.回歸課堂原點(diǎn)的深度教學(xué)[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,2016.