劉盛杰 張振 王者 趙巖 楊新宇
【摘要】 目的:探究血管影像檢查陰性的原因不明的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者預(yù)后的危險因素,并對患者進行長期臨床隨訪,觀察患者長期預(yù)后。方法:回顧性分析2011年4月-2014年5月天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科收治的92例血管影像學(xué)檢查陰性的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的臨床資料。對92例患者的性別、年齡(≤60歲、>60歲)、有無高血壓病史、有無糖尿病病史、是否吸煙進行單因素和多因素分析。
結(jié)果:單因素分析顯示,不明原因的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的年齡、高血壓與不良預(yù)后均存在相關(guān)性(P<0.05),而性別、糖尿病、吸煙與患者預(yù)后均不相關(guān)(P>0.05)。Logistic回歸分析提示年齡、高血壓是影響預(yù)后的危險因素(P<0.05)。出院后成功隨訪62例患者,其中1例死于心臟病,1例患慢性硬膜下血腫,3例患者出現(xiàn)腦梗死,無再次出血患者。結(jié)論:高血壓、高齡為不明原因的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者預(yù)后不良的危險因素,出院時mRS 0~1分患者長期預(yù)后良好。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 陰性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血; 危險因素; mRS評分; 預(yù)后
Analysis of Prognostic Risk Factors of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with Unknown Causes and Long-term Clinical Follow-up/LIU Shengjie,ZHANG Zhen,WANG Zhe,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2018,15(26):-125
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with angiography negative subarachnoid hemorrhage,and to observe the long-term prognosis of patients by long-term clinical follow-up.
Method:The clinical data of 92 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who were admitted to the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from April 2011 to May 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.The gender,age(less than 60 years old,>60 years old),history of hypertension,history of diabetes and smoking were analyzed.Result:Univariate analysis showed that age,hypertension and poor prognosis of patients with unexplained subarachnoid hemorrhage were correlated(P<0.05),while gender,diabetes,smoking were not correlated with patient prognosis (P>0.05).Logistic regression analysis suggested that age and hypertension were risk factors for prognosis(P<0.05).After discharge,62 patients were successfully followed up,including 1 patient who died of heart disease,1 patient with chronic subdural hematoma,3 patients with cerebral infarction, and no patients with recurrent hemorrhage.Conclusion:Hypertension and advanced age are the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with angiography negative subarachnoid hemorrhage,the long-term prognosis of mRS 0-1 patients is good.
【Key words】 Angiography negative subarachnoid hemorrhage; Risk factor; mRS score; Prognosis
First-authors address:Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,Tianjin 300052,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.26.031
蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血是神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生常見的臨床疾病,自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血多由動脈瘤破裂出血所致,較少原因為腦血管畸形破裂或動脈夾層、腫瘤及其他血管異常;DSA仍然是確診蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血原因的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1-2];臨床上時常能遇到影像檢查不能確診原因的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血,占總數(shù)的2%~24%[3];其出血原因多認(rèn)為可能為靜脈源性[4]。血管影像陰性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者預(yù)后危險因素不明確[5],長期隨訪研究較少。本研究旨在探究影響血管影像檢查陰性的原因不明的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者預(yù)后的危險因素。此外,對患者進行長期臨床隨訪,觀察患者長期預(yù)后。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科在2011年4月-2014年5月收住院完善血管檢查的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者共404例,其中首次未發(fā)現(xiàn)病因的為93例,三個月后1例復(fù)查腦血管造影診斷為動脈瘤;不明原因蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血為92例,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):首次或復(fù)查腦血管影像學(xué)檢查無陽性發(fā)現(xiàn);排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):血管影像發(fā)現(xiàn)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的病因及外傷所致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血。對這92例患者的臨床資料進行回顧分析。該研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理學(xué)委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法 (1)根據(jù)患者的性別、年齡(≤60歲、>60歲)、有無高血壓病史、有無糖尿病病史、是否吸煙進行分類。(2)以改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)評價患者恢復(fù)情況。改良Rankin量表:0分為完全無癥狀;1分為盡管有癥狀,但無明顯功能障礙,能完成所有日常工作和生活;2分為輕度殘疾,不能完成病前所有活動,但不需幫助能照料自己的日常事務(wù);3分為中度殘疾,需部分幫助,但能獨立行走;4級為中重度殘疾,不能獨立行走,日常生活需別人幫助;5分為重度殘疾,臥床,二便失禁,日常生活完全依賴他人;6分為死亡;0~1分為預(yù)后良好,2~6分為預(yù)后不良。本研究對MRS評分為0~1分的患者進行長期(6個月、1.5年、3年)隨訪。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗,多因素采用Logistic回歸分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 患者的一般資料 92例患者中:男48例(52.2%),女44例(47.8%);年齡>60歲36例(39.1%),年齡≤60歲56例(60.9%);高血壓患者45例(48.9%),無高血壓患者47例(51.1%);糖尿病患者10例(10.9%),無糖尿病患者82例(89.1%);吸煙患者23例(25.0%),不吸煙患者69例(75.0%)。
2.2 單因素分析 不明原因的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的年齡、高血壓與不良預(yù)后均存在相關(guān)性(P<0.05),而性別、糖尿病、吸煙與患者預(yù)后均不相關(guān)(P>0.05),見表1。
2.3 多因素分析 Logistic回歸分析多項危險因素對血管影像檢查陰性的原因不明的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者預(yù)后的影響,提示年齡、高血壓為影響患者預(yù)后的危險因素(P<0.05),見表2。
2.4 隨訪結(jié)果 對出院時mRS評分為0~1分的
77例患者進行了6個月、1.5年、3年隨訪;其中15例患者隨訪失敗,62例患者成功隨訪,1例死于心臟病,1例出院后3個月無頭部外傷史出現(xiàn)慢性硬膜下血腫,后經(jīng)治療痊愈,3例患者出現(xiàn)腦梗死,無再次出血患者。
3 討論
自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的患者中有2%~24%影像檢查不能確診出血原因。這些患者已經(jīng)逐漸被神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生所認(rèn)識和重視,其出血原因可能為小腦幕邊緣靜脈結(jié)構(gòu)破裂,或在中腦附近的細動脈血管破裂,但仍不明確[6];普遍認(rèn)為其預(yù)后一般較動脈瘤蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血良好[7],但二次出血、腦缺血、腦積水等并發(fā)癥仍存在[8-11]。本研究92例不明原因的SAH患者中,二次出血者1例,約占1.1%;腦缺血者為2例,約占2.2%(其中1例為基底節(jié)區(qū)梗死,1例為一過性腦缺血);腦積水者2例,約占2.2%,均不需行腦室腹腔分流手術(shù)。
影響預(yù)后的危險因素目前研究較少,有研究認(rèn)為與抗栓治療相關(guān)[12-13];也有報道認(rèn)為預(yù)后與性別、年齡、抗凝治療、高血壓、吸煙及酒精濫用有關(guān)[14];在本研究中,因病例中抗凝治療及酒精濫用患者很少,沒作為分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本研究結(jié)果認(rèn)為:高齡、高血壓病為影響不明原因SAH患者預(yù)后的危險因素,而性別、吸煙、糖尿病均無明顯相關(guān)性。
在本研究中,預(yù)后不良的15例患者中13例死亡,其中8例在醫(yī)院死亡、5例自動出院后短期內(nèi)死亡,13例患者中入院Hunt和Hess分級5級者2例、4級者4例(其中1例二次出血)、3級者3例、2級者4例,Hunt和Hess分級2級的死亡患者1例既往肝硬化、肝癌、凝血功能障礙病史,住院期間合并胸腔積液、肺不張、低蛋白血癥,1例住院期間并發(fā)胰腺炎、腸梗阻,1例住院期間并發(fā)血小板減少,1例發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)核性腦膜炎;預(yù)后不良的15例患者中另外2例入院Hunt和Hess分級均2級,1例并發(fā)肺栓塞,出院mRS 4級,1例并發(fā)腦積水,出院mRS 3級;故認(rèn)為不明原因的SAH患者預(yù)后與入院時Hunt和Hess分級及合并疾病、并發(fā)癥密切相關(guān)。
血管檢查陰性的不明原因蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者預(yù)后較好[15],國外有報道認(rèn)為盡管陰性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血被認(rèn)為是一個良性病理過程[16],但出血會對患者的社會交往及工作產(chǎn)生長遠影響[17-18];在國內(nèi)長期預(yù)后隨訪報道較少,筆者通過對患者的長期隨訪提示此類患者長期預(yù)后良好,再次出血罕見;與文獻[19-20]報道相似。
但由于本研究病例數(shù)量較少,某些分析結(jié)果說服力不強;預(yù)后不良的15例患者因病情較重或其他原因只有5例完成了DSA檢查,其余均為頭CTA檢查;且均未行腦血管復(fù)查;故存在一定的局限性,尚有待大樣本、多中心研究影響血管影像學(xué)檢查陰性的SAH患者預(yù)后的危險因素及長期預(yù)后情況。
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(收稿日期:2018-03-08) (本文編輯:張爽)