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      水稻種子主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)合成及調(diào)控研究與展望

      2018-05-14 14:44:48彭波彭宇彭娟孔冬艷何璐璐孫艷芳黃雅琴宋世枝
      熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào) 2018年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:合成營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)調(diào)控

      彭波 彭宇 彭娟 孔冬艷 何璐璐 孫艷芳 黃雅琴 宋世枝

      摘 要 淀粉、儲(chǔ)藏蛋白和脂類等物質(zhì)是水稻種子中最主要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),它們?cè)谒痉N子中的組成及其含量對(duì)稻米品質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣起決定性的作用。本文綜述了近年來(lái)水稻種子中淀粉、儲(chǔ)藏蛋白、脂類物質(zhì)和氨基酸等主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的合成及其相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)與調(diào)控等方面所取得的新進(jìn)展,并分析了這些營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)在水稻遺傳改良過程中面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與展望,以期為今后稻米品質(zhì)的遺傳改良與新品種的培育提供參考與借鑒。

      關(guān)鍵詞 水稻;營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì);合成;調(diào)控

      中圖分類號(hào) S511 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A

      Research Advancement and Prospects of Main Nutritious Substances Synthesis and Regulation in Rice Seeds

      PENG Bo1*,PENG Yu2,PENG Juan3,KONG Dongyan1,HE Lulu1,SUN Yanfang1,

      HUANG Yaqin4,SONG Shizhi5*

      1 College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China

      2 School of Science and Technology, Xinyang University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China

      3 Xinyang Station of Plant Protection and Inspection, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China

      4 College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China

      5 Xinyang Academy of Agricultural Science, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China

      Abstract Starch, storage proteins and lipids are the main nutritious substances in rice seeds, and the composition and content in seeds play a decisive role in the grain quality of rice. This review mainly summarized the new advances in the synthesis, the related genes expression and regulation of main nutritious substances such as starch, storage proteins, lipids and amino acids in rice seeds. In addition, the challenges of the nutritious substances in rice genetic improvement were also discussed. This review would provide an important reference for genetic improvement of grain quality and the cultivation of new varieties in rice.

      Key words rice (Oryza sativa L.); nutritious substance; synthesis; regulation

      doi 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2018.06.030

      水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是最重要的糧食作物之一。水稻為全世界超過30億的人口提供大約25%的能量需求,特別是在東南亞地區(qū),稻米為其當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裉峁┑哪芰窟_(dá)到76%左右,故稻米是人類能量及其營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的一個(gè)重要的來(lái)源[1-3]。近幾十年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)針對(duì)水稻的改良與新品種培育,先后實(shí)施過高產(chǎn)育種、超高產(chǎn)育種、超級(jí)稻育種和綠色超級(jí)稻育種等不同計(jì)劃的育種目標(biāo),其中以提高水稻產(chǎn)量一直作為一個(gè)極其重要的育種目標(biāo)[4]。在此育種進(jìn)程中,水稻產(chǎn)量有了明顯提高,但稻米品質(zhì)的遺傳改良卻未得到同步改善,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致目前市場(chǎng)上稻米品質(zhì)不容樂觀。然而稻米品質(zhì)性狀是一個(gè)十分復(fù)雜的數(shù)量性狀,主要由營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)、食味品質(zhì)、外觀品質(zhì)、蒸煮品質(zhì)、研磨和加工品質(zhì)等組成[5-7],且不同稻米品質(zhì)性狀與外界環(huán)境因素之間存在一定程度的相互作用[6-9]。預(yù)計(jì)到2050年全球人口將超過90億[10-11],隨著生活質(zhì)量的逐步改善,未來(lái)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi),針對(duì)優(yōu)質(zhì)稻米的需求還會(huì)保持強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)。

      水稻種子中主要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)有淀粉、儲(chǔ)藏蛋白、氨基酸和脂類物質(zhì)等,其中絕大部分營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)是淀粉和蛋白,它們重量之和占其籽粒干重的90%以上[12-13]。稻米中的淀粉包括直鏈淀粉和支鏈淀粉。兩者結(jié)構(gòu)組成及相對(duì)含量,對(duì)稻米諸多品質(zhì)性狀有重要的影響作用[14]。水稻種子中的儲(chǔ)藏蛋白和氨基酸的含量及其相對(duì)均衡,是決定稻米營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)最重要的因素[3, 15]。稻米中儲(chǔ)藏蛋白含量還會(huì)影響其食用品質(zhì)、加工品質(zhì)和外觀品質(zhì)等[16]。儲(chǔ)藏蛋白按照不同的分離提取方法和溶解度的區(qū)別可以分為谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白、球蛋白和清蛋白。它們?yōu)槿祟愄峁?5%左右的蛋白質(zhì)來(lái)源[12]。因此,水稻種子中各個(gè)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)組成及其相對(duì)含量對(duì)稻米品質(zhì)性狀(如食味品質(zhì)、外觀品質(zhì)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)、蒸煮品質(zhì)和加工品質(zhì)等)具有一定程度的影響作用[17-18]。因此,稻米中營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的組成及其相對(duì)含量與人類的健康密切相關(guān)。

      近十年來(lái),針對(duì)水稻種子中主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)遺傳方面的研究取得重要進(jìn)展[6, 19-21]。分離并克隆了一大批基因,參與調(diào)控稻米中淀粉、儲(chǔ)藏蛋白、脂類物質(zhì)和維生素等主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的合成、代謝及其降解等過程[3, 19, 22-23]。水稻種子中主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)與稻米品質(zhì)性狀息息相關(guān)。因此,闡明水稻種子內(nèi)主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的合成、調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)與遺傳基礎(chǔ),對(duì)今后稻米品質(zhì)的遺傳改良具有重要理論意義和應(yīng)用價(jià)值。本文重點(diǎn)綜述了近期關(guān)于水稻種子內(nèi)淀粉、儲(chǔ)藏蛋白、氨基酸和脂質(zhì)等主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)合成及調(diào)控方面取得的新進(jìn)展,并提出了針對(duì)水稻種子營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行遺傳改良的策略,為稻米品質(zhì)的遺傳改良和優(yōu)質(zhì)水稻新品種的選育提供參考。

      1 水稻種子淀粉合成相關(guān)基因及其調(diào)控

      水稻種子中的淀粉是人類膳食營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)最主要的來(lái)源之一,淀粉占稻谷干重的80%~90%[15]。稻米中淀粉的結(jié)構(gòu)及其各成分的相對(duì)含量與稻米的品質(zhì)性狀緊密相關(guān),特別是對(duì)稻米的蒸煮與食味品質(zhì)有重要的影響[9, 24]。水稻種子中淀粉的合成過程十分復(fù)雜,一系列與淀粉合成與代謝相關(guān)的基因、基因家族以及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在水稻淀粉的合成過程中發(fā)揮重要的作用[25-27],各種非生物脅迫對(duì)稻米淀粉的合成及其調(diào)控具有一定程度的影響[28]。近期,一批轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的深入研究結(jié)果表明,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與調(diào)控淀粉合成相關(guān)基因表達(dá),進(jìn)而影響淀粉的成分與結(jié)構(gòu)。

      水稻種子中淀粉的合成過程需要多步酶促反應(yīng),一系列與淀粉合成及其代謝相關(guān)的基因參與這一過程,且與淀粉合成相關(guān)的基因存在較多的等位基因,導(dǎo)致大量同工酶參與淀粉的合成及代謝(圖1)[29-30]。目前,大量研究結(jié)果顯示,參與淀粉合成的酶類有腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, AGPase)、顆粒凝結(jié)型淀粉合成酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶、淀粉去分支酶、淀粉磷酸化酶、淀粉異構(gòu)酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸轉(zhuǎn)化酶和支鏈淀粉酶等[29, 31-33]。其中,AGPase是稻米淀粉合成關(guān)鍵性的一類酶,即產(chǎn)生活性葡萄糖供體ADP-葡萄糖途徑中的限速酶[17, 34]。AGPase由6個(gè)基因編碼,OsAGPS-1和OsAGPS-2(a、b)兩個(gè)基因負(fù)責(zé)編碼AGPase的小亞基,而OsAPL-1、OsAPL-2、OsAPL-3和OsAPL-4這4個(gè)基因共同編碼AGPase的大亞基[35-36]。這6個(gè)基因的表達(dá)與否和AGPase的活性高低高度相關(guān)。當(dāng)AGPase的活性較高時(shí),能夠促進(jìn)水稻種子中淀粉的合成,粒重增加[37];反之,水稻種子中的總淀粉含量下降,胚乳變干癟[32, 38]。因此,通過調(diào)節(jié)AGPase基因的表達(dá)情況,進(jìn)而能夠控制AGPase的活性,最終可以實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻種子中淀粉品質(zhì)的改良。

      水稻種子中負(fù)責(zé)淀粉合成另一類關(guān)鍵性的酶是淀粉合成酶(Starch synthetase, SS),它包括GBSS和SSS。其中GBSS-1和GBSS-II是GBSS的2種異構(gòu)酶,GBSS-1是由Waxy基因(又稱Wx基因)編碼,在水稻中主要負(fù)責(zé)種子中長(zhǎng)的直鏈淀粉的合成[39-40]。Wxa、Wxb、Wxin、Wxg3、Wxmq、Wxmp、Wxop和wx都是Waxy基因的等位基因,它們共同直接或者間接地控制淀粉合成酶的活性,最終決定水稻種子中直鏈淀粉的含量[17, 25, 41]。可溶性淀粉合成酶在水稻中存在SS-I、SS-II(a,b,c)、SS-III(a,b)和SS-IV (a,b)共8種異構(gòu)酶,其中SS-I基因目前還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)應(yīng)的等位基因形式,SS-I酶在淀粉合成的短糖鏈的合成過程中發(fā)揮重要的作用[42-43]。SS-II(a,b,c)、SS-III(a,b)和SS-IV (a,b)基因在水稻淀粉的合成過程中,特別是在支鏈淀粉的糖鏈延伸的時(shí)候,它們編碼的可溶性淀粉合成酶對(duì)ADP-葡萄糖的活性要高于GBSS,故有利于支鏈淀粉的合成與延伸。SS-I、SS- II a和SS-IIIa基因相互協(xié)同調(diào)控水稻種子中支鏈淀粉側(cè)鏈的合成,SS-II(a,b,c)和SS-III(a,b)基因都是特異表達(dá)的基因,主要集中在水稻的胚乳或者葉片中特異表達(dá)[17,44]。因此,編碼顆粒凝結(jié)型淀粉合成酶和可溶性淀粉合成酶及其對(duì)應(yīng)的異構(gòu)酶的基因,在水稻種子內(nèi)直鏈淀粉和支鏈淀粉的合成及其代謝的過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵性的作用。

      淀粉分支酶(SBE)和淀粉去分支酶(DBE)在水稻種子淀粉合成代謝過程中,主要負(fù)責(zé)淀粉側(cè)鏈的引入與不合適側(cè)鏈的移除[45-46]。SBE-1,SBE-Ⅱ(a,b)和SBE-Ⅲ基因分別編碼淀粉分支酶對(duì)應(yīng)的4種異構(gòu)酶形式,它們?cè)诘矸燮暇厶堑闹麈湲?dāng)中引入α-1.6-糖苷鍵,導(dǎo)致淀粉側(cè)鏈的產(chǎn)生與延伸[47-48]。淀粉去分支酶包括異淀粉酶(ISA)和支鏈淀粉酶(PUL)這兩類酶,其中異淀粉酶由ISA1、ISA2和ISA3 3個(gè)基因共同編碼,ISA1和ISA2基因在水稻胚乳支鏈淀粉合成的過程中發(fā)揮極其重要的功能,這3個(gè)基因如果發(fā)生突變,將會(huì)導(dǎo)致水稻胚乳中不能合成淀粉[33]。ISA3基因?qū)λ痉N子中儲(chǔ)藏淀粉的影響不大,主要負(fù)責(zé)種子中瞬時(shí)淀粉的代謝過程[49]。PUL基因的突變或者功能的喪失將導(dǎo)致水稻胚乳淀粉中短鏈分支淀粉的明顯增加[50-51]。因此,在針對(duì)水稻種子中淀粉及其對(duì)應(yīng)稻米品質(zhì)遺傳改良的過程中,可能需要根據(jù)不同的育種目標(biāo)來(lái)篩選特定類型的等位基因,從而加快水稻新品種的選育。

      目前,水稻種子中淀粉合成代謝相關(guān)單個(gè)基因的功能研究的比較透徹。多個(gè)淀粉合成相關(guān)基因共同控制種子中淀粉的代謝過程[13],并且還有大量淀粉合成相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與到淀粉的合成。其中的一個(gè)基因發(fā)生突變,將會(huì)引起其他多個(gè)淀粉代謝相關(guān)基因及其轉(zhuǎn)錄的改變[52]。因此,水稻種子中淀粉合成相關(guān)基因及其轉(zhuǎn)錄組成一個(gè)極其復(fù)雜的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),它們之間是如何協(xié)調(diào)表達(dá)調(diào)控的仍知之甚少。例如,Du1基因的表達(dá)產(chǎn)物能夠調(diào)控Wx基因的剪接方式及其效率,最終直接影響水稻種子中直鏈淀粉的含量[53-54]。APETALA2/乙烯應(yīng)答原件結(jié)合蛋白的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子RSR1(Rice Starch Regulator 1)[55],如果RSR1基因表達(dá)量增高,水稻種子中淀粉合成相關(guān)基因則受到抑制。另外一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子OsbZIP58 能夠直接與多個(gè)淀粉合成代謝相關(guān)基因(如SSSIIa、Wx、AGPL3、SBEI、SBEIIb 和 ISA2 等)的啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合,或者是與OsLOL1相互作用[23, 56],進(jìn)而調(diào)控上述基因的表達(dá),最終影響水稻種子中淀粉的積累、堊白性狀的形成及其水稻種子的萌發(fā)。此外,還有一些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子也參入水稻種子直鏈淀粉或者支鏈淀粉的合成過程之中,如OsbZIP33、OsBP-5和FLOURY ENDOSPERM2等[56-58]。它們?yōu)榈久字械矸酆考捌涑煞值倪z傳改良提供新的策略。因此,今后需要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)與水稻種子中淀粉合成相關(guān)基因及其轉(zhuǎn)錄因子協(xié)同調(diào)控方面的研究,逐步解析淀粉合成與降解這一復(fù)雜調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),進(jìn)而加速稻米淀粉的改良進(jìn)程。

      色氨酸和苯丙氨酸作為人和動(dòng)物體不能合成的必需氨基酸,對(duì)人和動(dòng)物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和新陳代謝起著重要的作用[91]。色氨酸和苯丙氨酸同屬于芳香族氨基酸,而芳香族氨基酸是水稻體內(nèi)各種次生代謝物質(zhì)的前體,它們與水稻的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育乃至稻米的品質(zhì)都密切相關(guān)[92]。與增加稻米中賴氨酸和甲硫氨酸的含量相比,增加稻米中色氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量的研究工作相對(duì)較少[93]。在植物、細(xì)菌和真菌中,芳香族氨基酸同屬于莽草酸代謝途徑,并且具有一個(gè)共同的前體物質(zhì)分支酸,多種對(duì)于反饋不敏感的鄰氨基苯甲酸合成酶的α亞基相關(guān)基因已用于農(nóng)作物游離色氨酸的遺傳改良之中[92,94]。研究色氨酸有大量的突變體植株可以利用,但卻很難找到苯丙氨酸含量發(fā)生顯著改變的突變體,而在Mtr 1突變體植株中,其苯丙氨酸和色氨酸都存在[95-96]。在超量表達(dá)Mtr 1的植株中,Mtr 1編碼的脫水酶ADT/PDT能夠催化苯丙氨酸生物合成的最后一步反應(yīng)[97],并且色氨酸和苯丙氨酸的含量都明顯增加,暗示著鄰氨基苯甲酸合成酶和ADT/PDT脫水酶在水稻種子合成色氨酸和苯丙氨酸的代謝途徑中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵性的調(diào)節(jié)作用。

      半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸是構(gòu)成蛋白質(zhì)重要的氨基酸,半胱氨酸的合成可以增強(qiáng)植物的抗氧化脅迫能力。它是植物將無(wú)機(jī)硫轉(zhuǎn)化為有機(jī)硫的第一個(gè)含硫的有機(jī)物,其它絕大多數(shù)含硫代謝物都直接或間接來(lái)源于半胱氨酸,故半胱氨酸在植物硫代謝過程中處于中心位置[98-99]。絲氨酸?;D(zhuǎn)移酶和3-磷酸甘油酸脫氫酶是半胱氨酸合成代謝過程中的2個(gè)限速酶,硫化氫與O-乙酰絲氨酸最后在半胱氨酸合成酶的催化下反應(yīng)形成半胱氨酸[100],絲氨酸酰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶和3-磷酸甘油酸脫氫酶嚴(yán)格調(diào)控半胱氨酸合成的催化反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致半胱氨酸的含量總體偏低。利用半胱氨酸合成酶和絲氨酸乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶來(lái)合成半胱氨酸合成酶復(fù)合物,這將更加有效的調(diào)節(jié)半胱氨酸的生物合成[101]。蛋氨酸又稱甲硫氨酸,是人和動(dòng)物不能自身合成的一種必需氨基酸。甲硫氨酸不僅在機(jī)體內(nèi)能夠合成蛋白質(zhì),而且可以為機(jī)體提供具有活性甲基基團(tuán),還可以在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化為半胱氨酸[102-103]。甲硫氨酸的缺乏對(duì)人類和牲畜產(chǎn)業(yè)會(huì)產(chǎn)生多種危害,長(zhǎng)期食用甲硫氨酸含量較低的食物將導(dǎo)致多種疾病的發(fā)生。例如將導(dǎo)致羊的羊毛減少,奶牛的牛奶產(chǎn)量降低,肉類品質(zhì)下降,并且還會(huì)影響機(jī)體對(duì)其他相關(guān)氨基酸的吸收與利用[104]。故增加甲硫氨酸的含量一直是植物遺傳學(xué)家和育種學(xué)家追求的重要目標(biāo)之一。用帶泛素的啟動(dòng)子驅(qū)動(dòng)絲氨酸乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶基因的表達(dá),能夠?qū)⑺局械募琢虬彼岷桶腚装彼岱謩e增加1.4倍和2.4倍[105],在轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻植株中的異亮氨酸、亮氨酸和纈氨酸的含量也明顯升高,同時(shí)表明甲硫氨酸在水稻體內(nèi)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為異亮氨酸。因此,利用基因工程的策略,能夠顯著提高水稻種子中必需氨基酸的含量,進(jìn)而改善稻米的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)。

      4 水稻種子中脂質(zhì)合成及其調(diào)控

      脂質(zhì)包括脂肪和磷脂,是水稻種子中十分重要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),主要分布于水稻種子的胚和胚乳外面的糊粉層,在水稻種子中脂質(zhì)與直鏈淀粉之間形成復(fù)合體[106-107]。目前,在水稻基因組中已定位到許多QTLs位點(diǎn)與脂質(zhì)密切相關(guān),但已經(jīng)分離克隆相關(guān)的QTL基因還比較少見[108]。脂肪酸氧化酶(LOX)是導(dǎo)致稻米營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)降低的重要因素,因?yàn)樵撁改軌虼呋|(zhì)發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)[82]。水稻基因組中的LOX-1、LOX-2、LOX-3或者r9- LOX-1均編碼脂肪酸氧化酶[109-111],深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LOX-2、LOX-3或者r9- LOX-1能夠抑制脂肪酸發(fā)生降解反應(yīng),而LOX-3或者r9- LOX-1表達(dá)量降低后可以有效減少黃金稻米中β-胡蘿卜素的降解過程。

      極長(zhǎng)鏈多不飽和脂肪酸和長(zhǎng)鏈多不飽和脂肪酸是膽固醇和類花生酸合成以及維持細(xì)胞膜的運(yùn)輸必不可少的調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)[112],它們是構(gòu)成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的主要成分(如腦和視網(wǎng)膜組織)[113],進(jìn)而影響人體的發(fā)育與健康。通過不同的途徑(如ω-6代謝通路或ω-3代謝通路)都能夠合成超長(zhǎng)鏈多不飽和脂肪酸[114],故多種基因編碼的蛋白或者酶類均有助于提高超長(zhǎng)鏈多不飽和脂肪酸的水平。如FAD3、D5延長(zhǎng)酶基因、ω-3脂肪酸去飽和酶基因、Δ8-去飽和酶基因和Δ5-去飽和酶基因等[115-118]。其中FAD3蛋白能夠催化種子中α-亞麻酸的合成,進(jìn)而可以用來(lái)提高水稻種子中α-亞麻酸的含量。而α-亞麻酸是長(zhǎng)鏈ω3-不飽和脂肪酸重要的前體物質(zhì),在水稻種子中α-亞麻酸的含量較低。如果超量表達(dá)FAD3基因,則能夠大幅度提高水稻種子中α-亞麻酸的含量[119]。在水稻中,目前已經(jīng)克隆了3個(gè)FAD3基因。這些基因在水稻種子中是如何發(fā)揮功能來(lái)增加α-亞麻酸濃度的,尚不清楚其中的調(diào)控機(jī)制。

      油質(zhì)蛋白在植物種子的油體中含量豐富,可以用來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)種子脂肪的含量。利用水稻胚乳特異表達(dá)的啟動(dòng)子驅(qū)動(dòng)大豆油體蛋白基因的超量表達(dá),使轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻種子中的脂肪含量提高36%以上,而總的甘油三酯脂肪酸的含量并沒有明顯的變化[120]。稻米油中含有大量的抗氧化的物質(zhì),如谷維素、卵磷脂、生育酚和生育三烯酚等。它們對(duì)于人類健康十分有益[121]。利用水稻胚特異表達(dá)的啟動(dòng)子REG驅(qū)動(dòng)GmFAD3-1 和OsFAD3基因的表達(dá),將會(huì)導(dǎo)致水稻胚和糊粉層等部位的α-亞麻酸含量顯著增加,而增加的α-亞麻酸整好位于甘油三酯的sn-2位置,很容易被人體消化吸收[122]。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OsLTP36在水稻中編碼一個(gè)脂質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的基因。若OsLTP36基因下調(diào)表達(dá),會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響水稻種子的發(fā)育,并且會(huì)顯著降低水稻種子中的脂質(zhì)含量[123-124]。目前,盡管針對(duì)脂質(zhì)代謝的研究已經(jīng)取得重要進(jìn)展,水稻中與脂質(zhì)代謝相關(guān)的基因也有一些被分離克隆,但是關(guān)于水稻種子中脂質(zhì)代謝途徑是如何精細(xì)調(diào)控的還有待深入研究。

      5 水稻種子主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)改良面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與展望

      水稻種子主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)包括淀粉、儲(chǔ)藏蛋白、脂類物質(zhì)和氨基酸等。通過遺傳工程或代謝工程來(lái)改良這些主要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),需要將目的基因在合適的啟動(dòng)子驅(qū)動(dòng)下產(chǎn)生最佳的功能蛋白或酶類[125],從而促進(jìn)水稻種子中大量和微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的合成,并不影響其他代謝途徑和植株正常的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[126]。目前,有些營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)在水稻體內(nèi)生物合成途徑及其調(diào)控的機(jī)制尚不清楚,進(jìn)而限制了遺傳工程或者代謝工程在水稻遺傳改良中的應(yīng)用。利用多組學(xué)(蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)、代謝組學(xué)、轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)等)的策略,針對(duì)水稻種子中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)已做了大量的研究,并取得重要進(jìn)展。如在利用基因工程改良的水稻中產(chǎn)生一些不良的過敏性蛋白質(zhì)可以通過蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)進(jìn)行篩選[127]。代謝組學(xué)能夠?qū)⑺倔w內(nèi)的多種代謝物進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)定量,并鑒定與水稻非生物脅迫抗性和營(yíng)養(yǎng)饑餓相關(guān)的代謝產(chǎn)物標(biāo)志物[128-129]。因此,有助于促進(jìn)種子中有益營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的積累,對(duì)提高人類的健康水平具有重要的意義。

      目前,氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù)、液相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù)、毛細(xì)管電泳-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù)、X射線熒光光譜技術(shù)、X射線能譜分析技術(shù)、掃描電鏡和透射電鏡技術(shù),以及近年來(lái)單細(xì)胞活體成像等技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展[1],為深入研究水稻種子中主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的合成與積累提供新的技術(shù)方案。但是,針對(duì)多基因同時(shí)作用于生物合成途徑過程中的多個(gè)步驟,或者針對(duì)多個(gè)合成途徑的多個(gè)性狀,在水稻種子中同時(shí)進(jìn)行遺傳改良依然具有挑戰(zhàn)性。盡管已經(jīng)揭示了很多與水稻種子營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)合成相關(guān)基因的功能,但是功能基因往往還受其他基因直接或者間接的調(diào)控[92],導(dǎo)致基因存在一因多效的現(xiàn)象比較普遍。因此,在水稻種子營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)遺傳育種中能夠大范圍應(yīng)用的功能基因還比較少見,且這些功能基因中往往還需要發(fā)育特異性、組織特異性或誘導(dǎo)型表達(dá)的啟動(dòng)子來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)其表達(dá),才會(huì)對(duì)水稻種子中營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的合成與積累有利。

      長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),人們能否接受營(yíng)養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化型的稻米及其食品一直是全球討論的熱點(diǎn)問題。盡管迄今為止并沒有觀察到轉(zhuǎn)基因食品對(duì)人類健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生不利的影響,但是營(yíng)養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化型的稻米及其食品商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用還需時(shí)日。近十幾年來(lái),基于序列特異性核酸酶的基因組編輯技術(shù)發(fā)展極為迅速,已成為水稻遺傳改良最有效的新工具之一[130-131]。特別是CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、成本低、誘導(dǎo)效率高以及能夠獲得可穩(wěn)定遺傳的后代基因組編輯植株。CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)針對(duì)基因組內(nèi)不同位置的基因同時(shí)進(jìn)行修飾與編輯[131-132],故已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于水稻營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)合成代謝相關(guān)的研究之中[133-134]。因此,以CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)為代表的基因組編輯技術(shù)將在水稻種子營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)遺傳改良及其新品種培育的進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮著越來(lái)越重要的作用,并會(huì)大大加快稻米品質(zhì)的遺傳改良。

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