張博旦,李寒,孫倩美
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院:1腎內(nèi)科,2血液凈化科,3綜合科,北京 100020)
慢性腎臟病(chronic kidney diseases,CKD)作為一種經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力和公共衛(wèi)生事件,正在成為中國(guó)面臨的一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)。2008年,在中國(guó)所有CKD患者中,老年人(≥65歲)約占53.07%[1]。社會(huì)人口老齡化使得老年人的腎臟問(wèn)題日益受到人們的關(guān)注。腎功能隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而下降,從40歲開(kāi)始,腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)將以每年0.8~1.1 ml/(min·1.73 m2)的速度下降[2,3]。老年人不僅會(huì)出現(xiàn)增齡性腎功能減退,合并高血壓、糖尿病及各種代謝紊亂的比例也比年輕人高,易出現(xiàn)腎功能損害。由于老年人腎臟的結(jié)構(gòu)和生理性變化[4],通常用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)腎功能的方法并不完全適用于這一群體。因此,本文回顧近幾年相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料,以期探討老年人如何選用GFR評(píng)估公式。
從35歲左右開(kāi)始人體的部分腎單位開(kāi)始被纖維組織所替代,到70歲時(shí)25%的腎單位會(huì)受損,腎小球膜增厚近12%,而近髓腎單位的腎小球隨著輸入袢和輸出袢之間直接通路的形成而減少,這種現(xiàn)象叫無(wú)腎小球循環(huán)[5,6]和因老齡致髓質(zhì)低灌注[5-7],這些改變會(huì)導(dǎo)致GFR和腎有效血漿流量(effective renal plasma flow,ERPF)減少。
外周動(dòng)脈提示因內(nèi)皮下透明質(zhì)酸和膠原纖維沉積致使內(nèi)膜增厚,小動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜因彈性組織增生而增厚,中膜衰退。在低血壓或高血壓狀態(tài)下自主血管反應(yīng)能力老化(與青年人相比減弱),更傾向于損傷腎實(shí)質(zhì)。
部分腎小管脂肪損傷,致基底膜不規(guī)則增厚、纖維化及衰退。近端小管功能在老年人和青年人中相似,但是與青年人相比,老年人在增厚的髓袢升支段的鈉重吸收減少,這種現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致兩種重要的后果:鈉丟失增多和髓質(zhì)間質(zhì)的濃縮作用減弱(髓質(zhì)低滲透壓)。
常見(jiàn)的GFR評(píng)估公式包括: Cockcroft-Gault (CG)公式、腎臟病飲食調(diào)整研究(modification of diet in renal disease,MDRD)公式、慢性腎臟病流行病合作研究(chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration,CKD-EPI)公式及柏林倡議研究(Berlin Initiative Study,BIS)公式。
1976年,Cockcroft和Gault等基于249名美國(guó)成年人(年齡18~92歲,其中男性占96%)的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)資料,以24 h肌酐清除率(creatinine clearance rate,Ccr)為參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開(kāi)發(fā)了以年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量及血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)為變量的估算GFR(estimated GFR,eGFR)公式[8],即:
1999年,MDRD研究納入了1628例CKD患者[年齡18~70(50.6±12.7)歲],隨機(jī)分為試驗(yàn)組(1070例)和驗(yàn)證組(558例),以125I-碘酞酸鹽尿液清除率作為參考GFR,開(kāi)發(fā)了一系列估算公式,即MDRD公式[9]。2000年,MDRD工作組對(duì)6變量-MDRD公式(包括SCr、白蛋白、尿素氮、年齡、性別以及種族)進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)化,得到4變量-MDRD公式(SCr、性別、年齡以及種族)。2007年,將SCr標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后,MDRD公式得以更新[10],并發(fā)現(xiàn)4變量-MDRD公式的準(zhǔn)確度及精確度與6變量-MDRD公式相似,且優(yōu)于CG公式[11]。
簡(jiǎn)化MDRD公式 GFR[ml/(min·1.73 m2)]=175×SCr-1.154×age-0.203(×0.212,若為黑人) (×0.742,若為女性) (其中SCr單位為 mg/dl;age 單位為years)
2009年,CKD-EPI研究針對(duì)受試者(年齡不限,平均年齡47歲)的基線數(shù)據(jù)開(kāi)發(fā)了CKD-EPI公式,并在另外16個(gè)研究中心共3896人(年齡不限,平均年齡50歲)中進(jìn)行外部驗(yàn)證[12]。由于SCr的產(chǎn)生存在種族差異,2011年,Stevens等[13]開(kāi)發(fā)了四等級(jí)種族變量公式。
GFR[ml/(min·1.73 m2)]=141×min(SCr/κ,1)а×max (SCr/κ,1)-1.209×0.993age(×1.018若為女性) (×1.159 若為黑人)(若為女性κ:0.7,α:-0.329;若為男性κ:0.9,α:-0.411;SCr 單位mg/dl;age單位years)
2012年,Schaeffner等[14]納入柏林倡議研究610名居住在柏林的白種人(年齡≥70歲,平均年齡78.5歲),以碘海醇血漿清除率為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),開(kāi)發(fā)了2個(gè)新公式:基于SCr的BIS-1公式和基于SCr、胱抑素的BIS-2公式,用來(lái)估算≥70歲老年人的GFR,并與CG公式、MDRD公式以及CKD-EPI公式對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)BIS-1和BIS-2公式準(zhǔn)確性更好,尤其在GFR>30 ml/(min·1.73 m2)人群中。
BIS-1=3736×SCr-0.87×age-0.95(×0.82 若為女性)
BIS-2=767×Cystatin C-0.61×SCr-0.40×age-0.57(×0.87若為女性)
(其中SCr單位mg/dl;Cys C單位 mg/L;age單位 years)
2002年美國(guó)腎臟病基金會(huì)(National Kidney Fundation, NKF)提出的慢性腎臟病及透析臨床實(shí)踐指南(Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative,KDOQI)基于對(duì)眾多發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)的分析,推薦應(yīng)用CG公式和簡(jiǎn)化MDRD公式[15]。有研究認(rèn)為,在老年CKD人群中,MDRD公式與CG公式的一致性低[16]。
盡管美國(guó)國(guó)家腎臟疾病教育計(jì)劃(National Kidney Disease Education Program,NKDEP)和其他科學(xué)團(tuán)體推薦應(yīng)用MDRD公式來(lái)評(píng)估腎臟功能[9,11],但是大多數(shù)藥物劑量調(diào)整是根據(jù)CG公式計(jì)算出的Ccr[8]。有文章認(rèn)為在SCr正常的個(gè)體及健康老年人群中,MDRD公式?jīng)]有優(yōu)勢(shì),CG公式具有從該人群中篩選腎功能下降者的優(yōu)勢(shì),并認(rèn)為在老年人群中CG 公式是更好的選擇[17]。除此之外,Tomaszuk-Kazberuk等[18]的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與MDRD公式和CKD-EPI公式相比,CG公式能更好地預(yù)測(cè)CKD合并急性心肌梗死后的死亡率。相反,另一些研究認(rèn)為,在老年人群中,MDRD準(zhǔn)確性好,CG公式低估GFR。Lamb等[19]納入46例老年人[年齡69~92(80.0±4.9)歲],以51 Cr-EDTA為參考GFR,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MDRD公式偏倚小,準(zhǔn)確性好,CG公式則明顯低估GFR,且準(zhǔn)確性差,這與以前多項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果一致[2,20]。
除探討MDRD和CG公式外,CKD-EPI和BIS公式同樣引起了很多研究者的關(guān)注。CKD-EPI公式主要包括:基于肌酐的CKD-EPI(Cr)公式、基于胱抑素C的CKD-EPI(Cys C)公式、以及聯(lián)合肌酐和胱抑素C的CKD-EPI(Cr-Cys C)公式。BIS公式包括基于肌酐的BIS-1公式和基于肌酐及胱抑素的BIS-2公式。
SCr是一般人群中最簡(jiǎn)單、應(yīng)用最廣的腎功能標(biāo)志物。SCr濃度受多種因素的影響,包括肌肉質(zhì)量、小管分泌物和炎癥等[21],這些影響因素在老年人中普遍存在。血清胱抑素C是另一種腎功能標(biāo)志物,一般不常規(guī)檢測(cè),其不依賴于肌肉質(zhì)量、性別或年齡,炎癥、發(fā)熱、外分泌、甲狀腺疾病及糖皮質(zhì)激素的使用均不影響其血清濃度[22]。多項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為,在中國(guó)老年人中,基于肌酐的GFR公式并不能很好地反映GFR[23,24],而Zhu等[25]的驗(yàn)證研究認(rèn)為,2012年CKD-EPI(Cr-Cys C)方程在中國(guó)CKD 3~5期老年人中并不準(zhǔn)確,且2012年CKD-EPI(Cys C)方程并不比其他公式表現(xiàn)得更好。此外,一項(xiàng)納入1165名≥70歲老年女性的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),在應(yīng)用eGFR預(yù)測(cè)臨床預(yù)后方面,與CKD-EPI(Cr)公式相比,CKD-EPI(Cr-Cys C)或CKD-EPI(Cys C)公式并不能提高其準(zhǔn)確性及預(yù)測(cè)能力[26]。相反,2016年芬蘭的一項(xiàng)縱向流行病學(xué)調(diào)查指出,在老年人群中,胱抑素C是心血管和非心血管死亡的最佳預(yù)測(cè)因素,在≥64歲人群中,血清胱抑素C比基于肌酐的eGFR公式和聯(lián)合肌酐與胱抑素C的CKD-EPI公式在指導(dǎo)臨床決策方面更準(zhǔn)確[27]。此外,Li等[28]認(rèn)為,改良的2012年CKD-EPI方程在中國(guó)老年人中的應(yīng)用更準(zhǔn)確。
有研究指出,CG公式在方法學(xué)上已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí),而MDRD和CKD-EPI公式應(yīng)作為首選,在老年人群中亦是如此[29]。David-Neto等[30]納入70例老年腎移植患者[年齡(65±4)歲]發(fā)現(xiàn),與MDRD公式、CG公式、BIS公式相比,CKD-EPI公式偏倚最小,準(zhǔn)確性最高。另一研究也認(rèn)為 CKD-EPI公式比MDRD公式偏倚小,準(zhǔn)確性更高[31]。在社區(qū)老年人中,亞洲改良CKD-EPI公式和中國(guó)改良CKD-EPI公式與臨床前期靶器官損害有關(guān),在進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估時(shí)可作為首選[32]。而且對(duì)合并惡性腫瘤的老年人進(jìn)行計(jì)算機(jī)增強(qiáng)斷層掃描(contrast-enhanced computed tomography,CECT)檢查前腎臟功能評(píng)估時(shí),CKD-EPI公式比MDRD公式和CG公式在預(yù)測(cè)造影劑相關(guān)腎病方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì)[33]。在中國(guó)老年人群中,CG公式及CKD-EPI公式的準(zhǔn)確性較好:當(dāng)GFR≥60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)時(shí),CKD-EPI(Cr-Cys C)公式準(zhǔn)確性較高;當(dāng)GFR<60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)時(shí),CG公式則更適合[27]。然而,一項(xiàng)納入1397名瑞典人(平均年齡61歲)的研究認(rèn)為,MDRD與CKD-EPI公式會(huì)高估GFR[34],而在白種CKD人群中,CKD-EPI(Cr-Cys C)和BIS-2(Cr-Cys C)公式低估GFR,而CKD-EPI(Cys C)則高估GFR[35]。在≥70歲老年人中,同位素稀釋質(zhì)譜法(isotope dilution mass spectrometry,IDMS)-MDRD公式(IDMS-MDRD)及CKD-EPI公式會(huì)高估CKD Ⅲ期的GFR,CG公式則無(wú)偏倚[36]。
另外,2017年一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在評(píng)估≥75歲中國(guó)CKD人群GFR方面,BIS-2公式比CG、MDRD及CKD-EPI公式更適合[37];在對(duì)合并心血管疾病的CKD老年人進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分層時(shí),BIS-1比CKD-EPI公式表現(xiàn)更好[38]。而另一研究則發(fā)現(xiàn),在85歲老年人中,BIS公式計(jì)算的GFR值低于MDRD-IDMS和CKD-EPI公式,且會(huì)使CKD分期更高,尤其是在GFR>29 ml/(min·1.73 m2) 時(shí)[39]。
老年人正常腎功能范圍存在爭(zhēng)議,當(dāng)eGFR(CG、MDRD、CKD-EPI公式)<60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)時(shí),不一定代表其患有腎臟疾病。GFR存在增齡問(wèn)題,從30~40歲以后,GFR大約以每年1 ml/(min·1.73 m2)的速度下降,65~70歲以后腎功能下降速度加快,到了80歲將下降30%~40%,90歲老年人腎血流量?jī)H為年輕人的50%。在評(píng)估老年人腎功能方面,血尿素比SCr更敏感[2,40]。此外,一個(gè)新的基于紅細(xì)胞比容(hemacrit,HCT)、血尿素(urea)以及性別(gender)的公式,即HUGE公式,用來(lái)確定GFR<60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)的老年人是否患有腎臟疾病[41],在CKD[GFR<60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)]人群中,HUGE公式比eGFR公式(MDRD、CKD-EPI、BIS-1)在區(qū)分CKD方面更準(zhǔn)確[42,43]。
總之,在SCr正常個(gè)體、健康老年人群中篩選腎功能下降者、進(jìn)行大多數(shù)藥物劑量調(diào)整以及預(yù)測(cè)CKD合并急性心肌梗死后死亡率時(shí),CG公式是更好的選擇。值得注意的是,在本綜述引用的文獻(xiàn)中,有7篇推薦老年人應(yīng)用CKD-EPI公式和MDRD公式[2,19,20,28-31],其中3篇認(rèn)為會(huì)高估GFR[34-36],另3篇認(rèn)為CG公式會(huì)低估GFR[2,19,20];另有2篇文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為在評(píng)估≥70歲老年人腎功能、對(duì)合并心血管疾病的CKD老年人進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分層時(shí),BIS公式更合適[37,38]。
GFR評(píng)估公式應(yīng)用于老年人時(shí)并不完全適用,公式的準(zhǔn)確性并不僅僅與原發(fā)病或基礎(chǔ)疾病有關(guān),還與種族、年齡等因素也相關(guān),更與其設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)的準(zhǔn)確性密切相關(guān)。基于老年人腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)及生理特點(diǎn),以老年人群為研究對(duì)象開(kāi)發(fā)全新的GFR公式,制定老年人腎功能指標(biāo)的參考值范圍,對(duì)于避免雖出現(xiàn)GFR下降但實(shí)際上并無(wú)腎臟損害的老年人群被誤診為CKD患者,具有更加現(xiàn)實(shí)的意義。
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