立足閱讀理解命題規(guī)律，反推試題解讀技巧
——以2017年高考全國卷閱讀理解題型為例

山東 田本強

語篇閱讀理解能力一直是高考英語試題考查的重點。高考英語閱讀理解第一節(jié)，即四選一（下文簡稱閱讀理解，不再注釋第一節(jié)或四選一），是高考英語試題的經(jīng)典題型。本文就閱讀理解這種題型提出三個論斷，然后通過實例分析、驗證三個論斷的合理性。

論斷一：不管屬于哪種類型的閱讀理解題目，都可以在原文中找到答案的出題依據(jù)。

論斷二：尋找原文依據(jù)的途徑有兩個：一個是根據(jù)題干找原文，另一個是根據(jù)選項找原文。

論斷三：正確選項與原文語句之間的關(guān)系要么是詞語重現(xiàn)，要么是同義表達。

根據(jù)高考英語考試大綱和考試說明對閱讀理解能力的描述，可以把閱讀理解題目的類型分為細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題、語句理解題、觀點態(tài)度題和主旨大意題等。閱讀理解是基于原文、忠于原文的閱讀，因此解答閱讀理解題的基本原則是：不管屬于哪種類型，都可以在原文中找到答案的出題依據(jù)。

根據(jù)題干的表述方式尋找原文依據(jù)的線索可以分為兩類：一類是題干關(guān)鍵詞，另一類是選項關(guān)鍵詞。所謂關(guān)鍵詞，通常是指名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞四類實詞。后文例題中，為了與需要推斷詞義或理解所指事物而使用單下劃線的詞相區(qū)別，關(guān)鍵詞用雙下劃線標(biāo)出。一般來講，細(xì)節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測題、語句理解題和多數(shù)推理題的線索多屬于前一類；是非判斷題、觀點態(tài)度題和主旨大意題的線索多屬于后一類。我們根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞語可以順藤摸瓜尋找原文中的相關(guān)語句，從而確定題目的正確答案。因此，如何判定題目中的關(guān)鍵詞是解題的關(guān)鍵。但在具體題目中，有些實詞在原文中多處出現(xiàn)卻不是關(guān)鍵詞，因而不少學(xué)生找不到原文依據(jù)或者難以確定哪一處是原文依據(jù)。本文就關(guān)鍵詞的判定也試圖提供一些有用的技巧。

正確選項與原文語句之間的關(guān)系有兩種：一種是詞語重現(xiàn)，另一種是同義表達。詞語重復(fù)通常不是原詞的機械重復(fù)，而是使用本詞的不同詞形或同根詞的派生詞，甚至反義詞。這兩種關(guān)系是判斷選項正確與否的依據(jù)。能否迅速準(zhǔn)確地判斷原文詞句與正確選項之間的關(guān)系，歸根結(jié)底還是取決于學(xué)生的詞匯知識。

以上內(nèi)容可以簡單地概括為：一個原則，兩類線索，兩種關(guān)系。

下面分別以2017年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀理解第一節(jié)C篇和全國Ⅲ卷閱讀理解第一節(jié)C篇為例，驗證以上三個論斷的合理性。

【例1】Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the fi rst annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO( United Nations Educational,Scientif i c and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its signif i cance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures.

Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.

“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan.“What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”

Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.

Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran.“For me, it’s the recontextualization.In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans,gaining any insight(感 悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts?Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,”says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues.Those are the things I want to foster.”

28.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?

A.To remember the birth of jazz.

B.To protect cultural diversity.

C.To encourage people to study music.

D.To recognize the value of jazz.

29.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A.Jazz becoming more accessible.

B.The production of jazz growing faster.

C.Jazz being less popular with the young.

D.The jazz audience becoming larger.

30.What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?

A.It will disappear gradually.

B.It remains black and white.

C.It should keep up with the times.

D.It changes every 50 years.

31.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A.Exploring the Future of Jazz

B.The Rise and Fall of Jazz

C.The Story of a Jazz Musician

D.Celebrating the Jazz Day

第28題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day可以定位原文的第1段第2句。該句中的raise awareness of與D項中的recognize是同一表達，potential與value是近義詞，因此D項正確。不定式短語to raise awareness of jazz music, its signif i cance,and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures在該句中作目的狀語。目的關(guān)系在邏輯上屬于因果關(guān)系，可以回答why引導(dǎo)的疑問句。

第29題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干中的that可以直接找到其所在句——第3段第1句，但還需要根據(jù)that的前指作用定位上一段，即第2段。第2段中的jazz audience continues to shrink與C項中的Jazz being less popular是同義表達，younger generations與the young存在重復(fù)詞語young，所以C項是正確答案。

第30題是推理判斷題。文中人物的觀點、態(tài)度通常從他們的直接引語或間接引語中尋找或推斷。原文中表達Moran’s opinion的地方有5處，分別是第3段第2句（Moran hopes），第4段第1句（Moran tells），第5段第1句（Moran says），第5段第2、3句（says Moran）和第6段第1句（says Moran）。這時只能與四個選項對照，逐一甄別。由第一處，即第3段第2句中的to widen the audience for jazz可知A項錯誤；由第2處，即第4段第2句中的jazz is not black and white anymore可知B項錯誤。C項中的should keep up與第4處，即第5段第3句中的has to continue to move是同義表達，因此C項為正確答案。

第31題是主旨大意題。題干中沒有關(guān)鍵詞。四個選項中均有Jazz，說明它是個主題詞，這時需要先辨別各選項意思上的異同，再根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容一一判斷正誤。選項A高度概括了第3段，尤其是第2句，關(guān)于Jason Moran’s job的具體內(nèi)容，同時the future與第1段第2句中的potential是近義詞。后文又用第4、5、6段詳細(xì)敘述了他的工作計劃和主要觀點，所以A項正確。第3段第2句僅用history一詞提及了爵士樂的歷史，也在第2、4、5、6段多處指出它目前面臨的問題——日益衰落，但未敘述它曾經(jīng)的興盛，與主要內(nèi)容相比，B項顯然是錯誤的。由第3段第2句中的As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz可知Moran是一位藝術(shù)顧問，而不是音樂家（musician），而且也沒有提及他的生平事跡，所以C項是無中生有。D項對應(yīng)的是第1段，而該段只是本文話題的引子。

【例2】After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park.By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.

Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s,wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results.Deer and elk populations — major food sources (來源 ) for the wolf – grew rapidly.These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park.In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly.The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.

As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.

The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

28.What is the text mainly about?

A.Wildlife research in the United States.

B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.

C.The conf l ict between farmers and gray wolves.

D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.

29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A.Tested.

B.Separated.

C.Forced out.

D.Tracked down.

30.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?

A.Damage to local ecology.

B.A decline in the park’s income.

C.Preservation of vegetation.

D.An increase in the variety of animals.

31.What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?

A.Doubtful.

B.Positive.

C.Disapproving.

D.Uncaring.

第28題是主旨大意題。選項D中關(guān)鍵詞reintroduction和wolves在短文中重現(xiàn)了4次，Yellowstone和（或）Park更是重現(xiàn)了12次之多，因此D項為正確答案。

第29題是詞義猜測題。題干已指明原文是第2段第1句。根據(jù)but的轉(zhuǎn)折作用可知displaced與前分句中的seen here and there以及much的意思正好相反，與后文第2句中的disappeared相近，因此C項正確。

第30題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干中的What...bring about與第3段第1句中的results是同義表達，后面的第2、3、4句是對后果的詳細(xì)描述，而選項A正是對它們的高度概括，所以是正確答案。

第31題是觀點態(tài)度題。由題干中專有名詞the Yellowstone wolf project定位到原文最后一句，其中的valuable和 help表明作者對該工程的態(tài)度是肯定的，與positive意義相近，所以B項正確。作者的觀點、態(tài)度通常是通過所使用的形容詞和副詞來表達的，有時也通過動詞來傳達。

根據(jù)以上題目分析，我們可以判斷，前文三個論斷基本上是真實的。限于時間和精力，筆者尚未對近幾年的高考英語閱讀理解原文與正確選項的關(guān)系進行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計。但有人對近三年（2015—2017年）全國卷閱讀理解同義轉(zhuǎn)換的試題進行了匯總，共計34道。這在一定程度上也證明了第三個論斷是有一定價值的。

通過以上試題和解析，筆者就如何判定關(guān)鍵詞提出以下幾點建議：

1.專有名詞通常是關(guān)鍵詞；

2.特殊疑問詞和四大實詞多是關(guān)鍵詞；

3.題干和選項中自己不認(rèn)識的單詞也可以作為關(guān)鍵詞；

4.四個選項中有同一詞時，該詞是主題詞，但不是關(guān)鍵詞；

5.關(guān)鍵詞在短文中出現(xiàn)不止一次時，要么需要一一甄別，要么需要綜合概括。

我們還要注意一個基本事實：題目順序與短文相關(guān)內(nèi)容順序一致。也就是說，第2題相對應(yīng)的出題依據(jù)在第1題（主旨大意型題目除外）的原文之后，第3題的在第2題之后，以此類推。利用這個事實我們可以更快地定位原文依據(jù)。

最后是一點忠告：答案與原文詞句之間的關(guān)系多是同義表達。如果某選項直接使用原文的詞句，該選項一定不是正確答案。即使是原詞重復(fù)，整個選項和原文依據(jù)之間仍然是同義表達。