Subcutaneous sarcoidosis of the upper and lower extremities:A case report and review of the literature

Raman Mehrzad,Julia Festa,Reena Bhatt

Abstract

Key words: Subcutaneous sarcoidosis;Upper extremity;Granulomatous disease;Case report

INTRODUCTION

Sarcoidosis is a chronic systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characte-rized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in affected organs[1].he non-caseating granulomas of sarcoidosis can be found anywhere on the body and involve many different organs.In the head and neck,sarcoidosis typically impacts the cervical lymph nodes,globe,parotid,and larynx with up to 5% of patients demonstrating facial nerve involvement[2].Ocular involvement is also seen,presenting as uveitis,scleritis,and chorioretinitis[2].Typically,the lungs are the primary site of disease with cutaneous manifestations being the second most common site.Cutaneous manifestations of Sarcoidosis are seen in up to 9%-37% of patients[3,4].One particular manifestation of cutaneous involvement,subcutaneous sarcoid nodules,is a rare finding.Previous estimates of the frequency of subcutaneous sarcoidosis ranged from 1.4%-6%,with more recent studies suggesting an occurrence rate of 11.8%-16%among patients presenting with cutaneous sarcoid involvement[3,5-7].This variant of Sarcoidosis is defined clinically by asymptomatic,non-tender,flesh colored nodules usually ranging between 0.5-2.0 cm[6,8].Histologically,subcutaneous sarcoidosis is defined by the presence of non-caseating granulomas present in the subcutaneous tissue[6].On ultrasound imaging these lesions present as an irregularly defined mass with hyper and hypoechoic areas[9].Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) / computed tomography (CT) has also been used to identify sarcoid lesions and presents as increased uptake in subcutaneous areas[10].While helpful,FDG PET/CT may not be able to differentiate between connective tissue diseases as Sjrogen’s Syndrome also presents as increased uptake[11].Additionally,many soft tissue diseases can look similar on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)making defining imaging characteristics of each disease important to diagnosis.On MRI imaging Sarcoid lesions involving the face and neck will appear with high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and enhancement on contrast-enhanced images[2].Given that Wegener’s Granulomatosis can mimic Sarcoidosis in the head and neck,MRI imaging helps differentiate these two soft tissue diseases as Wegener’s Granulomatosis will appear as hypodense on T1 and T2-weighted images with variable degrees of enhancement with contrast[2].Similarly,both sarcoidosis and Scleroma can impact the cervical lymph nodes making diagnosis difficult.MR imaging is again a useful tool in differentiating these two diseases in the lymph nodes as Scleroma will appear as low signal intensity on T1 and high signal intensity on T2 imaging with homogeneous pattern of contrast enhancement,and Sarcoidosis will have a foamy appearance on T1 weighted imaging[2,12].Lupus Both Sarcoidosis and another soft tissue disease like scleroderma can impact the lymph nodes in the neck Recent literature has suggested a strong correlation between subcutaneous sarcoidosis and evidence of systemic sarcoid involvement,and that sarcoid lesions may be an early finding indicative of systemic disease[7,13,14].Given its correlation with systemic illness,the ability to correctly identify subcutaneous sarcoid lesions is an important diagnostic tool for physicians in the early stages of sarcoidosis.We describe here a case of subcutaneous sarcoidosis and review the literature to determine if there are any commonalities in the presentation of this disease among patients,and to better assist clinicians with diagnosing this rare disorder.

A literature search was performed of the MEDLINE and PubMed database using keywords as “Subcutaneous sarcoidosis” and “Subcutaneous Sarcoidosis”,combined with “hand”,“hand surgery”,“Upper extremity surgery”,yielding 202 results.The search includes all articles published since 2000.The search was limited to studies published in English and performed on humans.Cases without either a serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level or a chest imaging study for all patients reported were excluded.Ultimately 29 articles were selected using the diagnostic criteria of subcutaneous sarcoidosis first proposed by Vainsencheret al[6].These 29 articles represent 82 cases of subcutaneous sarcoidosis dating back to 1966.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 38-year-old Caucasian female was referred to Plastic Surgery from Dermatology after presenting with an 8-mo history of 4 firm,asymptomatic,skin-colored nodules on her left and right upper extremities and neck.

例12原文中“繞著走”和“躲著走”意思相近，譯文用sidestep來表達(dá),沒有重復(fù),讀起來流暢而地道。

History of past illness

A past medical history of arthritis and recurrent nephrolithiasis.

Personal and family history

She denied any family history of soft tissue masses or autoimmune disorders.

Physical examination upon admission

The mass on the posterior aspect of her neck measured 0.5 cm x 5 cm.The nodule on her left forearm measured 2 cm x 3 cm (Figure 1A and B).On the extensor surface of her right forearm were two masses measuring 1 cm x 1.4 cm and 3.5 cm x 4.5 cm respectively (Figure 1C and D).The overlying skin was normal.At the time of the plastic surgery consult,the patient was compliant with her medication regimen of dextroamphetamine-amphetamine 30 mg by mouth once daily,and acetaminophen 500 mg Tab as needed for arthritic pain.

Laboratory examinations

The complete blood count with differential was normal.Comprehensive metabolic panel was normal.Erythrocyte sedimentation rate,C-Reactive Protein,Anti-SCL,Rheumatoid Factor,and antinuclear antibody were all within normal limits.Her Serum ACE level was also within normal limits with a value of 53 U/L (normal 9-67 U/L).While chest radiograph was normal,chest computed tomography revealed mild mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Based on the histopathological findings of the cutaneous nodules and the computed tomography finding of mediastinal lymphadenopathy,a diagnosis of subcutaneous sarcoidosis was made.

TREATMENT

Patient was advised on various treatment options and chose to have the lesions surgically excised by a plastic surgeon.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Needle biopsy and post-excisional pathology report both revealed the presence of well-formed,dense,non-caseating granulomas located in the subcutaneous tissue.There was no evidence of organisms with Acid-Fast and Grocott’s Methamine Silver staining.

Among the articles selected for this literature review,4 were hospital based retrospective chart reviews.

DISCUSSION

Figure1 Subcutaneous nodule with normal overlying skin on the left forearm (A and B),subcutaneous nodules with normal overlying skin on the right forearm (C and D).

The largest study was conducted by Ahmedet al[14]in 2006 out of the Mayo Clinic[14].The authors reviewed all cases filed under the diagnosis of sarcoidosis,nonspecific granulomas and granulomatous panniculitis between 1966-2001.Ultimately 21 cases of subcutaneous sarcoidosis were reviewed.Among the 21 patients diagnosed with subcutaneous sarcoidosis,15 were female and 6 were male.The mean age was 46.3.In 20/21 patients,lesions were located on more than one anatomical site.The most common anatomical site was the upper extremity with all 21 patients presenting with a lesion in this area.Lower extremity lesions were also common as they were found in 16/21 patients.In 15/21 patients,other types of cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis coexisted with the subcutaneous lesion with plaques presenting in 6 patients,papules in 4 patient,erythema nodosum in 4 patients,and scar sarcoidosis in 1 patient.Out of the 20 patients who were evaluated for systemic involvement,16 had pulmonic involvement evidenced by an abnormal chest radiograph.15/16 patients exhibited bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy,with 6 of these cases exhibiting an additional finding of paratracheal and pulmonary infiltrates.The most common systemic involvements,other than the lung,included arthritis,peripheral neuropathy and renal dysfunction.Out of the 11 patients tested for Serum ACE,3 patients had elevated levels.

In 2016,Andoet al[15]reviewed the charts of 130 patients diagnosed with systemic sarcoidosis between 2000-2012 out of Oita University of Japan medical center.37/130 patients presented with cutaneous sarcoid lesions with 9/37 presenting with subcutaneous sarcoidosis.Among their cohort were 8 female patients and 1 male patient with an average age of 52.5 years.Six of the patients only had lesions on their lower extremities.The other 3 patients had lesions on their upper extremity and trunk,upper and lower extremities,and hip respectively.Two patients presented with sarcoid plaques and scars in addition to their subcutaneous nodules.All 9 patients were found to have lung involvement with 4 of these patients presenting with an additional involvement of their eyes,and 3 patients with an involvement of their muscles.On chest radiograph 3 patients had lymphadenopathy,and 6 patients had lymphadenopathy with pulmonary infiltrates.

In 2005,Marcovalet al[7]conducted a retrospective chart review analyzing 480 patients admitted with systemic sarcoidosis from 1974-2002 at the University Hospital of Bellvitge in Barcelona,Spain.A total of 85/480 patients demonstrated sarcoid cutaneous involvement with 10/85 demonstrating subcutaneous sarcoidosis.9/10 of the patients were female,and the average age of presentation was 52.6 years.All of the patients presented with nodules on their upper extremities with 5 patients presenting with additional nodules on their lower extremities.In addition to subcutaneous nodules,4 patients presented with erythema nodosum,and 1 patient presented with sarcoid plaques and papules.8 patients presented with lymphadenopathy on chest radiograph,and 1 patient presented with lymphadenopathy and pulmonary infiltrate.

In 2011 the same lead author,Marcovalet al[3],conducted a similar retrospective chart review analyzing 86 patients with systemic sarcoidosis who presented with cutaneous involvement to the Sarcoid Clinic of Bellvitge University Hospital in Barcelona,Spain.A total of 14/86 patients presented with subcutaneous nodules.Among the 14 patients,11 were female and 3 were male.All 14 patients had nodules limited to the upper and lower extremities with 6 patients presenting with lesions on their arms,1 patient presenting with lesions on their legs,and 7 patients presenting with lesions on both their upper and lower extremities.13/14 patients were found to have abnormal chest radiograph findings with 11 patients exhibiting hilar lymphadenopathy,and 2 exhibiting hilar lymphadenopathy and lung infiltrate.Among the 14 patients,12 had systemic involvement with arthritis being the most common presentation in 6 of the patients (Table 1).

In our literature review we found 25 case reports representing 28 unique cases of subcutaneous sarcoidosis between 2000-2019.Notable features of these cases are listed in Table 2.The average age of patients among all reports was 53 years old and 21/28 of the patients were female.

Out of the 20 reported cases that checked for serum ACE,elevated levels were found in 18 patients.Abnormal Chest Computed Tomography results were found in 16/21 patients.Abnormal Chest Radiograph results were found in 12/19 patients.The most common site of lesion seemed to be the upper and lower limbs with 17/25 patients presenting with subcutaneous sarcoid nodules in one or both of these locations.Most reports did not comment on extracutaneous involvement other than the lung,but those did reported a range of systemic findings including arthritis,renal dysfunction,uveitis,dactylitis,and limb weakness.Sarcoidosis is a chronic systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology[1].Although the lungs are typically the primary site of disease,cutaneous manifestations of the Sarcoidosis can be seen in up to 9-37% of patients[3,4].Subcutaneous sarcoid nodules,is a rare cutaneous sarcoidosis finding that typically presents as asymptomatic,non-tender,flesh colored nodules ranging in size between 0.5-2.0 cm[6,8].Histological examination of a subcutaneous sarcoid nodule reveals the presence of non-caseating granulomas present in the subcutaneous tissue[6].

Our patient,a 38 year old female,presented with an 8 month history of 4 subcutaneous nodules ranging in size from 0.5cm-5cm.Her past medical history was significant for arthritis and recurrent nephrolithiasis.Upon testing we found that she had a normal chest radiograph and her serum ACE levels were within normal limits.On chest computed tomography we found evidence of mild mediastinal lymphadenopathy,pathognomonic for sarcoidosis.

In analyzing the 29 publications from 2000-2019 along with our own case,we reviewed 83 cases of subcutaneous sarcoidosis.Among the 83 patients,65 (78.3%)were female and the average age of presentation was 51.1 years old.The upper and lower extremities were the most common site of subcutaneous sarcoidosis development with 76/83 (91.6%) patients presenting with at least one lesion in these anatomical areas.In our analysis we learned that findings of lymphadenopathy or lymphadenopathy with pulmonary infiltrate was a very common chest radiograph finding among patients presenting with subcutaneous lesions.In total,58/69 (84.1%)patients had abnormal chest radiograph findings.Among the 22 patients that received a chest computed tomography scan,abnormal findings of lymphadenopathy or pulmonary infiltrate were found in 17/22 (77.2%) patients.Elevated levels of serum ACE is also a common finding,although not as prevalent as lung involvement.In total,among the cases that measured serum ACE,28/41 (68.3%) patients presented with elevated levels.Instances of sarcoidosis organ involvement other than the lung seems to be a rarer finding presenting in only 29/49 (59.1%) patients.Assessment of the number of patients with systemic involvement other than the lung,however,was difficult as some articles did not include this information within their study.In conclusion,our literature review shows that subcutaneous sarcoidosis primarily impacts middle-aged women,is most frequently found on the upper or lower limbs,and commonly presents with abnormal findings of lymphadenopathy or pulmonary infiltration on chest imaging as well as elevated levels of serum ACE.These patterns and findings are important for hand surgeons and other surgical specialties that do not commonly see this patient population to be able to rapidly identify and diagnose a disease that has extra-cutaneous manifestations and can lead to greater morbidity and mortality when not diagnosed and treated early.

Table1 Subcutaneous sarcoidosis retrospective chart reviews

Table2 Features of 25 case reports from 2000-2019

Janegova et al[28],2016 F 59 Lymphadenopath y with pulmonary infiltration Yamaguchi et al[29],2013 F Foot None 85 Elevated Lymphadenopath y with pulmonary infiltration Mori et al[30],2018 Lymphadenopath y Upper and lower limbs Joints arthralgia 72 Elevated Lower limb Renal and cardiac dysfunction Kwan et al[31],2015 F F 53 Elevated Lymphadenopath y Miida et al[32],2009 Upper and lower limbs None Upper limbs Uveitis,renal dysfunction,splenic nodules Bianchini et al[33],2010 F 62 Elevated Lymphadenopath y with pulmonary infiltration F Lymphadenopath y 38 Elevated Normal Normal Face None Kerner et al[34],2008 F 53 Lymphadenopath y Lymphadenopath y Upper and lower limbs Facial nerve palsy,arthralgia Kim et al[35],2013 F 52 Elevated Lymphadenopath y with pulmonary infiltration Guccione et al[36],2017 M Lymphadenopath y Upper and lower limbs None 40 Lymphadenopath y Meyer-Gonzalez et al[37],2011 3F 52.6 1/3 Normal,2/3 Elevated Moscatelli et al[38],2011 M Upper limbs,trunk None 1/3 Lymphadenopath y,2/3 Lymphadenopath y with pulmonary infiltration 3/3 Lymphadenopath y Upper and lower limbs Dactylitis,lower limb weakness 41 Lymphadenopath y with pulmonary infiltration Shigemitsu et al[39],2008 F Normal Hand None 65 Lymphadenopath y Celik et al[40],2010 F Upper extremity None 53 Elevated Lymphadenopath y with pulmonary infiltration Lymphadenopath y Foot None