趙麗華++錢(qián)曉慧
寫(xiě)作教學(xué)是高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重要組成部分。筆者以為,實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)要特別注重在教學(xué)過(guò)程中提高學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)的能力。教材是學(xué)生首先接觸到的最主要的課程資源,為學(xué)生提供了大量鮮活的語(yǔ)言。課文題材廣泛,體裁多樣,難易程度適中,適合學(xué)生做縮寫(xiě)、仿寫(xiě)、改寫(xiě)、續(xù)寫(xiě)以及寫(xiě)評(píng)論、讀后感等練習(xí)?,F(xiàn)把所利用的方法總結(jié)如下:
一、縮寫(xiě)——用縮影的形式把握課文
以下是常用的幾種縮寫(xiě)方法:
1.對(duì)于敘事記人的文章,宜以情節(jié)或人物性格為主線(xiàn),通過(guò)列出重要情節(jié)或性格特點(diǎn)概述全文。例如,The Rescue (SEFC 1A Unit 4)一文以時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)幾分鐘內(nèi)的突發(fā)事件,我們可用表示時(shí)間脈絡(luò)的副詞,如First; Next; Then; Finally來(lái)概述全文。
First, Flora saw Jeff running and waving his arms. She turned around and saw a wall of water advancing toward her quickly. Next, the water swept Jeff and Flora down and they are struggling for their lives. Then they tried to get to the house and climbed the stairs to be safe from water. Finally, part of the house fell down but they were safe next to the chimney.
2.對(duì)于科普短文、說(shuō)明文或說(shuō)理文章,通過(guò)列出段落主題句(topic sentence)可迅速捕捉文章的主要論點(diǎn),規(guī)劃文章的框架結(jié)構(gòu)。如The Properties of Water (SEFC 2B Unit 13)一文,每段的主題句歸納如下:
Para. 1:general idea
Para. 2:chemical structure of water (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)
Para. 3:salinity of water (about 3.5%)
Para. 4:density of water (1000kg/m3)
Para. 5:heat capacity of water (relatively high)
Para. 6:ocean motion
Para. 7:significance of water to nature
在此基礎(chǔ)上,只要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞,添加一些支撐句即可寫(xiě)出一篇很好的課文概要。
縮寫(xiě)有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生分析、概括的邏輯思維能力及提煉語(yǔ)言的能力,它是改寫(xiě)、續(xù)寫(xiě)的基礎(chǔ),是仿寫(xiě)的前提。
二、改寫(xiě)——用全新的樣式詮釋課文
改寫(xiě)是一種廣泛采用的語(yǔ)言教學(xué)策略,《課標(biāo)》也要求能根據(jù)課文改編短劇或根據(jù)所讀文章進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述。改寫(xiě)是在保持原文主體內(nèi)容不變的基礎(chǔ)上,改變文章的體裁、人稱(chēng)、語(yǔ)言、結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。尤其是,對(duì)短文與對(duì)話(huà)相互改寫(xiě)時(shí)要注意語(yǔ)言、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間表達(dá)等方面的改變。
教材中可改寫(xiě)的地方很多,或整體或局部,這些都需要教師潛心研究,細(xì)心挖掘。通過(guò)對(duì)課文的改寫(xiě),不僅加深了學(xué)生對(duì)課文的理解,也培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力和語(yǔ)言組織能力。
三、續(xù)寫(xiě)——用創(chuàng)造的想象引申課文
《課標(biāo)》指出:“課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)有利于發(fā)揮學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力和想象力?!崩m(xù)寫(xiě)就是用創(chuàng)造性的思維豐富課文,即對(duì)課文內(nèi)容做適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)充和完善,給原本沒(méi)有結(jié)局的故事加上一個(gè)合理的,或出乎意料的結(jié)局。如The Necklace(SEFC 1B Unit 15)一文,當(dāng)Mathilde得知為之辛勞十年的項(xiàng)鏈竟是假的,故事的結(jié)局會(huì)怎么樣?要求學(xué)生續(xù)寫(xiě)短劇。同學(xué)們想象的結(jié)局不一而足,很有創(chuàng)意,如:
1. She killed herself.
2. She bought a glass necklace and changed it for her real diamond necklace.
3. She divorced her husband and married a man with a lot of money.
4. She began to make a living by making false necklaces and cheating others of a lot of money.
5. She got a lot of money from her kind friend and lived a happy life.
在口頭表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)上,同學(xué)們續(xù)寫(xiě)出了不少精彩的片斷。
當(dāng)然,還可從其他角度引導(dǎo)學(xué)生續(xù)寫(xiě)本劇,如:Choose one situation to re-write a scene the other way round.
1. If Mathilde had not borrowed the necklace from Jeanne, ...
2. If Mathilde had not lost her necklace at the ball, ...
3. If Jeanne had told Mathilde that the necklace was made of glass, ...
4. If Mathilde had just agreed to wear a flower at the ball, ...
5. If Mathildes husband had been wealthy, ...
總之,圍繞教材進(jìn)行的寫(xiě)作活動(dòng)形式多樣,內(nèi)容豐富。實(shí)踐證明,這是一條發(fā)展學(xué)生的思維能力和創(chuàng)新精神、加深學(xué)生對(duì)課文的理解、訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的知識(shí)遷移能力、循序漸進(jìn)地提高學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的好路子。英語(yǔ)教材中的寫(xiě)作素材無(wú)處不在,只要教師潛心挖掘,學(xué)生認(rèn)真完成,就一定會(huì)有所收益。處處留心皆學(xué)問(wèn),而我們同樣可以說(shuō):在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中,處處留意皆素材。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:
趙麗華(1982.4-),女,漢族,本科,中學(xué)二級(jí)教師,研究方向:高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)。
錢(qián)曉慧(1978.3-),女,漢族,本科,中學(xué)一級(jí)教師,研究方向:中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)。endprint