婁明+宮海濱+劉奕+王璐璐++曹秋玫
[摘要] 目的 探討不同的他汀藥物短期、大劑量應(yīng)用對行冠脈介入治療的患者術(shù)后腎功能的影響及其可能的機(jī)制。 方法 選擇2015年3月~2016年3月在徐州市中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科行冠脈介入治療的患者180例,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其隨機(jī)分為瑞舒伐他汀組、阿托伐他汀組和對照組,每組各60例。術(shù)前3 d至術(shù)后3 d,瑞舒伐他汀組給予瑞舒伐他汀20 mg/d治療,阿托伐他汀組給予阿托伐他汀80 mg/d治療,對照組不給予任何他汀藥物治療。三組患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后48~72 h采血測定血肌酐和超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白水平,比較三組對比劑腎病的發(fā)生率、術(shù)前及術(shù)后超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白水平。 結(jié)果 瑞舒伐他汀組和阿托伐他汀組對比劑腎病發(fā)病率明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),瑞舒伐他汀組與阿托伐他汀組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。瑞舒伐他汀組和阿托伐他汀組術(shù)后超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白升高程度均低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),但瑞舒伐他汀組和阿托伐他汀組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 瑞舒伐他汀和阿托伐他汀短期、大劑量應(yīng)用可以降低對比劑腎病的發(fā)病率,并且可以降低術(shù)后超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白的升高。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療;他??;對比劑腎??;血肌酐;超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白
[中圖分類號] R692 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)10(b)-0057-04
Protective effect of short-term and high dose of different statins for the renal function of patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention
LOU Ming1 GONG Haibin2 LIU Yi1 WANG Lulu1 CAO Qiumei1
1.Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221009, China; 2.Xuzhou Institue of Cardiovascular Disease, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221009, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of short-term and high dose of different statins on the renal function of patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and its possible mechanism. Methods One hundred and eighty patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital from March 2015 to March 2016 were selected, and they were randomly divided into Rosuvastatin group, Atorvastatin group, and control group according to the random number table, with 60 cases in each group. From 3 d before operation to 3 d after operation, Rosuvastatin group was treated with 20 mg/d, Atorvastatin group was treated with Atorvastatin 80 mg/d, the control group was not given any statins. Before operation and 48-72 h after operation, the blood of three groups was draw to detect the levels of serum creatinine and hypersensitive C-reactive protein. The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy and the levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein among the three groups were compared. Results The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in Rosuvastatin group and Atorvastatin group was lower than that of control group, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference between Rosuvastatin group and Atorvastatin group (P > 0.05). The increased degree of postoperative hypersensitive C-reactive protein in Rosuvastatin group and Atorvastatin group was lower than that of control group, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference between Rosuvastatin group and Atorvastatin group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Short-term and high dose of Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin can decrease the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy and the increase of postoperative hypersensitive C-reactive protein.endprint
[Key words] Percutaneous coronary intervention; Statin; Contrast-induced nephropathy; Serum creatinine; Hypersensitive C-reactive protein
早在20世紀(jì)90年代,Nash等[1]就發(fā)現(xiàn)冠脈介入術(shù)后患者發(fā)生腎功能不全的概率為7.2%,對比劑引起的急性腎損害-對比劑腎病在臨床越來越得到重視,Gleeson等[2]和McCullough等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)的患者中高危人群對比劑腎病的發(fā)生率可高達(dá)40%~50%。為此,2005年歐洲泌尿生殖放射協(xié)會(European society of urogenital radiology,ESUR)建議對比劑腎病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):與基線值相比,接觸對比劑后72 h內(nèi)血清肌酐相對值升高25%或絕對值升高0.5 mg/dL,并除外其他可能的原因。對比劑腎病的確切發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全闡明。目前的研究表明,腎髓質(zhì)缺血缺氧性損傷及對比劑對腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的直接毒性作用是發(fā)生對比劑腎病的主要機(jī)制[4-6]。迄今為止,指南尚未推薦某種藥物來預(yù)防對比劑腎病的發(fā)生。近年來,國內(nèi)外的學(xué)者開始探索在PCI術(shù)前術(shù)后短期、大劑量應(yīng)用他汀來減少對比劑腎病的發(fā)生[7-9],但是樣本量都不大,而且所應(yīng)用的他汀幾乎都是阿托伐他汀,對于瑞舒伐他汀、辛伐他汀等不同的他汀很少有研究。本研究是單中心、前瞻性隨機(jī)對照研究,探討大劑量瑞舒伐他汀和阿托伐他汀短期治療對對比劑腎病的預(yù)防效果,同時(shí)聯(lián)合檢測超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白,探討炎性反應(yīng)是否參與了對比劑腎病的發(fā)病過程。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究入選2015年3月~2016年3月在徐州市中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科住院行PCI的患者180例。所有患者通過隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為三組,分別為對照組、瑞舒伐他汀組和阿托伐他汀組,每組60例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):自愿參與研究并簽署書面知情同意書;年齡滿18歲;Mehran積分≥6分;入選前至少14 d內(nèi)未服用他汀類藥物。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):已知存在任何研究藥物過敏反應(yīng)史;懷孕或哺乳期女性;心源性休克;造影前7 d內(nèi)動脈或靜脈內(nèi)注射其他含碘對比劑;造影前7 d內(nèi)應(yīng)用腎毒性藥物;感染性發(fā)熱,嚴(yán)重肝??;已經(jīng)參與了另一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)。使用對比劑為非離子型等滲對比劑碘克沙醇320 mgⅠ/mL。本研究方案已通過醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。三組患者術(shù)前基本資料經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 方法
術(shù)前3 d至術(shù)后3 d,對照組不給予任何他汀藥物治療,瑞舒伐他汀組給予瑞舒伐他汀20 mg/d治療,阿托伐他汀組給予阿托伐他汀80 mg/d治療,術(shù)后第4天根據(jù)病情需要選擇是否繼續(xù)他汀治療。三組患者入院后常規(guī)測定基線血肌酐和超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白,術(shù)后48~72 h再次采血測定,若發(fā)現(xiàn)血肌酐相對值升高25%或絕對值升高0.5 mg/dL,則診斷為對比劑腎病,血肌酐標(biāo)本采用日立7600全自動生化儀檢測,超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白標(biāo)本采用深圳新產(chǎn)業(yè)MAGLUMI 2000檢測儀,使用化學(xué)發(fā)光法。三組患者在術(shù)前6 h至術(shù)后6 h以1 mL/(kg·h)的速度給予生理鹽水維持靜滴,對于重癥心衰患者采用半量水化方案。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組內(nèi)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組計(jì)量資料比較采用方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組對比劑腎病發(fā)病率比較
瑞舒伐他汀組和阿托伐他汀組的對比劑腎病發(fā)病率(5.0%、6.7%)均低于對照組(11.7%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.011、0.038),瑞舒伐他汀組與阿托伐他汀組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.554)。
2.2 三組術(shù)前、術(shù)后血超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白水平差值比較
三組術(shù)后血超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白水平均較術(shù)前明顯升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。瑞舒伐他汀組和阿托伐他汀組患者術(shù)前與術(shù)后血超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白水平差值與對照組差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.005、0.010),瑞舒伐他汀組與和阿托伐他汀組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.125)。見表2。
3 討論
對比劑腎病發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,目前確切的機(jī)制尚未完全闡明。目前的研究傾向于對比劑對腎小管上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的直接毒性效應(yīng)及影響血管活性物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致腎血流動力學(xué)改變引起的腎髓質(zhì)缺血性損傷是對比劑腎病發(fā)生的主要機(jī)制[10-13]。他汀類藥物作為羥甲基戊二酰輔酶A(HMG-COA)還原酶選擇性抑制劑,可降低血膽固醇水平,眾多臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),他汀類藥物對腎臟有保護(hù)作用,可降低對比劑腎病的發(fā)生率,可能與以下機(jī)制有關(guān):①他汀類藥物抗氧化應(yīng)激。他汀類藥物通過抑制Rac1介導(dǎo)的NADPH氧化酶活性和下調(diào)血管緊張素AT1受體的表達(dá),從而降低血管緊張素Ⅱ誘導(dǎo)的超氧自由基水平。②他汀類藥物可改善腎臟血流動力學(xué)。他汀類藥物通過下調(diào)血管緊張素受體和減少內(nèi)皮素的合成[14],增加一氧化氮的合成和生物利用度[15],從而減少腎臟血流灌注不足和局部缺血,以保護(hù)腎臟損害的發(fā)生。③他汀類藥物抑制炎性反應(yīng)。他汀能更進(jìn)一步顯著減少超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白,從而通過抑制超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白介導(dǎo)的趨化因子的分泌、細(xì)胞黏附分子(P-選擇素、細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1)的上調(diào)和趨化作用而發(fā)揮抗感染作用,從而改善內(nèi)皮功能,減少對比劑腎病的發(fā)生[16]。國內(nèi)有學(xué)者對210例接受冠脈造影檢查或介入治療的不穩(wěn)定心絞痛患者的隨機(jī)化臨床研究顯示,圍術(shù)期服用阿托伐他汀40 mg/d可明顯抑制血清肌酐(Scr)峰值和△Scr的增加(P < 0.05),其對比劑腎病發(fā)生率較單純水化患者顯著降低(5.71%比14.29%,P < 0.05)[17]。有研究比較246例行冠狀動脈介入診斷與治療的患者,術(shù)前3 d服用阿托伐他汀40 mg/d,術(shù)后尿α1微球蛋白(α1-MG)及尿肌酐水平明顯低于單純水化組(P < 0.05),對比劑腎病的發(fā)生率也顯著降低(0.81%比8.13%,P < 0.05)[18]。本研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)他汀組均較對照組對比劑腎病發(fā)病率低,且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P < 0.05),但是兩組他汀患者對比劑腎病發(fā)病率相比無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P > 0.05),并沒有顯示出他汀的異質(zhì)性。endprint
C反應(yīng)蛋白是五聚體蛋白家族成員之一,是天然免疫系統(tǒng)的重要成分。而采用超敏感方法檢測到的<10 mg/L的C反應(yīng)蛋白被稱為超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白在機(jī)體防御反應(yīng)、心血管疾病、自身免疫病等疾病中扮演著極其重要的角色。超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白是區(qū)分低水平炎癥狀態(tài)的靈敏指標(biāo),其主要作用是調(diào)理感染,激活補(bǔ)體,參與細(xì)胞凋亡。國內(nèi)汪斌等[19]研究表明,冠脈介入診治中患者超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白的升高與對比劑腎病的發(fā)生有顯著相關(guān)性;蘇津自等[20]研究顯示,術(shù)前超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白水平升高是對比劑腎病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。本研究中,三組患者術(shù)后超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白水平均較術(shù)前升高(P < 0.05),說明對比劑引起了患者體內(nèi)炎性反應(yīng)水平的升高。其中瑞舒伐他汀組和阿托伐他汀組患者術(shù)后超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白升高程度均較對照組低,且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P < 0.05),說明他汀具有抗炎、改善腎功能的作用[21-23]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組他汀患者之間術(shù)后超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白升高程度相比無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P > 0.05),從抑制炎性反應(yīng)的機(jī)制來看,兩種他汀并沒有顯示出異質(zhì)性,與既往研究結(jié)論一致[24-25]。
本研究是單中心前瞻性隨機(jī)對照研究,樣本數(shù)量較小,沒有做到雙盲,故存在一定的局限性。本研究結(jié)果顯示,接受PCI的患者術(shù)前短期、大劑量應(yīng)用他汀類藥物可減少術(shù)后對比劑腎病的發(fā)生,同時(shí)減輕體內(nèi)的炎性反應(yīng)。未來臨床研究中需要更大樣本量、多中心、隨機(jī)對照、雙盲的臨床試驗(yàn)來進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證他汀類藥物對腎功能的保護(hù)作用。
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(收稿日期:2017-06-11 本文編輯:張瑜杰)endprint