刊首語

刊首語

我們應該有怎樣的國家公園

孩子曾經問我，“你覺得美國什么方面好？”我說，“美國有兩件東西是世界上其他國家很難超越的：一是美國的大學，優(yōu)美開放的校園匯集了來自世界各地的學者和學生，這些大學是新思想的匯集地，也是許多科技創(chuàng)新的發(fā)源地；第二就是美國的國家公園，這一體制有效地保護著美國獨特的自然風景和文化遺產，并歡迎世界各地的人前來參觀欣賞”。

19世紀、甚至20世紀初以前，原產于美國的思想和技術屈指可數(shù)，然而“國家公園”卻是實實在在的“美國制造”。對于美國人來說，國家公園體系是美國人的驕傲，是美國立國以來提出的最好的主意之一。

美國國家公園的誕生有著多方面的背景，其中之一就是浪漫主義自然審美觀下的荒野保護與欣賞。美國的國土景觀因為存在大范圍的荒野而與歐洲大陸完全不同，但是在18―19世紀的城市化和工業(yè)化進程中，這些荒野不斷受到侵襲，生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞嚴重，野生物種相繼消失，原始森林所剩無幾。19世紀之后，美國人意識到他們國家與眾不同的環(huán)境特質正在迅速消逝，這激發(fā)了美國各界對具有美國烙印的本土景觀的保護意識。

另一方面，國家公園是美國人民族身份的象征。作為年輕的移民國家，盡管美國在物質上獲得了巨大進步，但是與歷史悠久的歐洲相比，卻缺乏令人引以為傲的具有民族象征性的事物。美國人在西進運動中不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)眾多壯美風景，并從中找到了民族文化的象征，保護這些獨特的風景對締造美國人的民族身份認同起到了重要作用。

還有一種說法是，美國設立國家公園的真實原因并不是所謂的環(huán)境價值或美學價值，而是為那些“無價值的荒地”尋找創(chuàng)造經濟價值的途徑。如黃石、火山口湖、冰川和大峽谷等早期的國家公園所處的地區(qū)均屬于在伐木、采礦、放牧或者農業(yè)方面毫無價值的土地，旅游開發(fā)可能是這些地區(qū)唯一可以產生經濟價值的途徑。這一說法似乎剝掉了美國國家公園神圣的理想主義外衣，揭示出一個信仰工業(yè)成就和資本增長的國度必然考慮經濟因素的事實。但我們必須承認，國家公園是美國在自然資源保護和旅游業(yè)管理方面的一種創(chuàng)新，它通過采用公共所有權的形式有效地防止了私人開發(fā)所帶來的自然資源的破壞。

20世紀后，美國國家公園的理念在世界各地廣泛傳播，許多國家都相繼建立了國家公園體系。雖然世界自然保護聯(lián)盟（IUCN）對國家公園的定義和管理目標進行了界定，但是每一個國家的國家公園體系都不盡相同，都結合各自的地理環(huán)境、歷史背景和國情現(xiàn)實進行了本土化的改變。無論形式怎樣，國家公園的本質是不變的，它是一種自然保護地，擁有具高度美學價值、歷史價值和國家代表性的自然景觀與人文景觀，包含具特殊價值的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，并在有效地保護和管理的前提下供人參觀游覽。

中國的保護地體系非常復雜。在讀碩士研究生時，我的研究方向是風景名勝區(qū)保護與規(guī)劃。那時國家剛設立第一批44個國家級風景名勝區(qū)，我考察了其中的18個。中國風景名勝區(qū)的英語名稱與美國的國家公園一致，都是“National Park”，當時普遍認為，中國的風景名勝區(qū)是與國際上的國家公園相對應的。但當我有機會考察美國國家公園后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者之間存在著巨大的差異。與美國國家公園相比，由于風景名勝區(qū)中都有豐富的歷史文化資源，所以保護的內容更加多樣。風景名勝區(qū)中往往有眾多的原住民，所以資源保護的壓力和難度遠較國家公園大。另外，兩者的管理體制差異更大。

除了國家級風景名勝區(qū)外，中國的國家級保護地還有國家自然保護區(qū)、國家森林公園、國家濕地公園、國家地質公園、國家水利公園等。這些保護地在地域上相交叉重疊，管理上互相沖突，盡管國家級的各類保護地數(shù)量已近3 000個，面積上超過了國土的14%，但是資源的保護和管理并沒有得到有效落實。

在中國建立國家公園、構建國家公園管理體制是理順我國的保護地體系的一個契機。 由于中國地理環(huán)境極為復雜，歷史悠久，人口眾多，經濟發(fā)展壓力巨大，現(xiàn)有的自然保護體系多樣而復雜，在中國建立國家公園體制會面臨很多難題。中國的國家公園必須與國家特定的自然、歷史和社會環(huán)境相關聯(lián)。建設中國的國家公園，不可能理想化和簡單化，不可能直接引進國外的理念，也不可能照搬任何一個國家的現(xiàn)成經驗。中國應該有怎樣的國家公園？這正是本期文章討論的焦點。

主編：王向榮教授2017年7月15日

What kind of national parks should we have?

My child once asked, "What's good do you think in the United States?" I said, "There are two things in the United States is dif fi cult to surpass for the rest of the world: First, the universities, the beautiful and open campuses bring together scholars and the students worldwide, these universities are the gathering of new ideas, and also the birthplace of many technological innovations; the second comes the national parks in the United States, the whole system is effectively guarding the unique natural landscape and cultural heritage in the United States, and being ready to welcome visitors all over the world. "

In the 19th century, even by the beginning of the 20th century, the ideology and technology originating in the United States were numbered, but the "national park" was indeed "made in America". The national park system is the pride of the Americans, is one of the best ideas since the founding of the country.

The birth of the national park in the United States has multifaceted background, one of which is the trend of wilderness protection and appreciation with the prosperity of romantic natural aesthetic. The land appearance of the United States is completely different from Europe because of the extensive wilderness. While in the process of urbanization and industrialization in the 18th-19th century, these wilderness had been occupied successively, along with its environment destructed and the wild species disappeared, little remains the untamed forest. After the 19th century, the Americans realized that the distinctive characteristics of their national landscape were rapidly disappearing, thus the consciousness to protect the local landscape with the distinctive American brand is widely inspired.

Additionally, national park is a symbol of national identity for American. As a young country of immigrants, though with great progress achieved materially, compared with the time-honored Europe, the United States has been lack of national symbolic image. Just from those magni fi cent scenery constantly discovered in the Westward Movement, Americans found the symbol of their national culture. The protection these unique scenery has played an important role in forming American identity.

There is also a saying that the real objective of establishing national park in the United States is actually to create economic value for those "worthless wilderness" instead of the so-called environmental or aesthetic value. The early National Parks like Yellowstone, Crater Lake, Glacier, and Grand Canyon, are all located at the areas that were worthless for logging, mining, grazing or agriculture. Tourism may be the only out way to create economic value in these areas. This argument seems to strip the sacred idealist appearance of the American national park, revealing the fact that a country that believes in industrial achievement and capital growth is bound to seriously take economic factors into account. Still, we must acknowledge that national park is an innovation of the United States in natural resource conservation and tourism management, which effectively prevents the natural resource being destructed in private development through the utilization of public ownership.

After the 20th century, the concept of the national park has been widely spread throughout the world, many countries have established national park system successively. Although the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) de fi nes the definition and management objectives of national parks, national park systems various from each other between countries, and are localized with their own geographical environment, historical background and national conditions. Regardless of the diverse form, the nature of national park is identical, that is a nature reserve, as well a natural and cultural landscape with prominent aesthetic value, historical value and national representative, which generally includes unique and valuable ecosystem, and can provide tour route for visitors under effective protection and management.

The system of protected area in China is very complex. My research field was the protection and planning of national park in my graduate studies. At that time China has just set up the fi rst batch of 44 national parks, 18 of which I have visited. The English name of the "national park" in China is same as the national park of the United States. And it was widely believed that the concept of "national park" in China is equivalent to the national parks worldwide. But it is found that huge difference is in between when I had the opportunity to visit the national parks in the United States. Compared with that of United States, national parks in China have more diverse protect content because of the af fi liated abundant historical and cultural resources. Also, there often lives a large number of aborigines in China's national park, so comes much more pressure and difficulty in resource conservation. In addition, the management system differs even greater.

Apart from the National Park, national protected areas also include National Nature Reserves, National Forest Parks, National Wetland Parks, National Geological Parks, National Water Scenic Area, etc. These protected areas overlap with each other geographically and exist con fl icts in management. Although the number of national protected areas at is reaching 3 000, covering more than 14% of the area's territory, but the resource conservation and management are far from being effectively implemented.

The establishment of a national park and the construction of national park management system in China makes an opportunity to straighten out the system of protected area. With long history, huge population and extremely complex geographical environment, great pressure piled upon the economic development, and the diverse and complex existing nature conservation system, China will still face great obstacles in the establishment of future national park system. National park in China must fi t with speci fi c natural, historical and social settings. The construction of China's national parks, cannot be idealized and simplistic, cannot directly introduce foreign ideas, or copy their experience. What kind of national parks should China have? This is the focus of this issue.

Translator: WANG Xi-yue

Chief Editor: Prof. WANG Xiang-rong July 15th, 2017