伍偉銘 陳永宣
【摘要】 目的:探討冠心病合并慢性腎病3期患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的特點(diǎn)。方法:選取汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院2012年1月1日-2013年4月18日行冠脈造影術(shù)確診冠心病的119例患者,按照慢性腎?。–KD)分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),合并CKD 3期的40例患者為觀察A組,未合并CKD 3期的79例患者為對(duì)照A組。根據(jù)造影結(jié)果了解兩組冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)情況,對(duì)比兩組冠脈病變總體狹窄程度。選取2012年1月1日-2013年1月31日的140例行冠狀動(dòng)脈CTA患者,其中CKD3期患者40例為觀察B組,CKD1~2期患者100例為對(duì)照B組。根據(jù)CTA分析各組冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊鈣化積分、發(fā)現(xiàn)斑塊和嚴(yán)重斑塊率、斑塊類型的特點(diǎn)。結(jié)果:冠脈造影結(jié)果,觀察A組與對(duì)照A組比較,三支冠脈病變例數(shù)多、總狹窄積分高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組單支、雙支冠脈病變數(shù)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。冠脈CTA結(jié)果,觀察B組與對(duì)照B組比較,冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化積分高,冠脈斑塊發(fā)現(xiàn)率高,嚴(yán)重斑塊發(fā)現(xiàn)率高,鈣化斑塊比例高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);但兩組間混合斑塊及非鈣化斑塊比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:冠心病合并CKD 3期者與腎功能正常者比較:在冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果中,冠脈病變支數(shù)多,復(fù)雜病變多,冠脈狹窄程度重;在冠狀動(dòng)脈CTA結(jié)果中,冠脈鈣化積分高,發(fā)現(xiàn)斑塊率及鈣化的斑塊所占比例高,但兩組間混合斑塊及非鈣化斑塊比較無差異。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化心臟病; 慢性腎臟病3期; 冠狀動(dòng)脈造影; 冠狀動(dòng)脈CTA
Disscusion of Coronary Artery Lesions Features of Coronary Atherosclerosis Heart Disease Patients Combined with Chronic Kidney Disease 3 Stage/WU Wei-ming,CHEN Yong-xuan.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(16):013-016
【Abstract】 Objective:To discussion the coronary artery features of coronary atherosclerosis heart disease patients combiened with chronic kiney disease(CKD) stage 3.Method:From January 2012 to April 2013,119 cases of patients were chosen in the second affiliated hospital,Shantou university medical college,whom had underwent coronarography 119 patients were divided into two groups:79 cases with normal renal function were control A group,whose eGFR≥60 mL/(min·1.73 m2), combined CKD 3 stage of 40 cases were observation A group,whose eGFR was 30-59 mL/(min·1.73 m2).From January 2012 to January 2013,140 patients who underwent coronary CT angiography were selected,40 patients of CKD stage 3 were observation B group,100 patients of CKD stage 1-2 were control B group.The coronary calcification score,coronary plaques quantity,coronary plaques severity,coronary plaques characteristics of all groups according the CTA imaging were analysed.Result:The results of coronary angiography,compared with control A group,in observation A group the cases of three coronary stenosis was more,the total coronary artery stenosis score was higher,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);comparison of two groups of single and double vessel coronary artery disease,there were no significant differences(P>0.05).CTA coronary angiography results, compared with control B group,in observation B group the coronary artery calcification score,coronary plaque detection rate,serious plaques found rate,and proportion of calcified plaque were higher,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);but compared the two groups of mixed plaque and non calcified plaques,the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion:CAD combined CKD 3 stage patients has more quantity and more complex coronary artery lesions than who has normal renal function,the lesions also serious than who has normal renal function.Patients with CKD 3 stage had higher calcium score and higher proportions of calcified plaques,while the mixed and non-calcified plaques are no significant differencescompared to patients without CKD 3 stage.
【Key words】 Coronary atherosclerosis heart disease(CAD); Chronic kidney disease(CKD) 3 stage; Coronary arteriography; Coronary CT angiography
First-authors address:Peoples Hospital of Xinhui District in Jiangmen City,Jiangmen 529100,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.16.004
冠心病指由于冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化使管腔狹窄導(dǎo)致心肌缺血的心臟病。慢性腎臟病是各種原因?qū)е履I小球?yàn)V過率(GFR)<60 mL/(min·1.73 m2)超過3個(gè)月的腎病的臨床統(tǒng)稱。兩者關(guān)系密切,在14 527名心肌梗死出現(xiàn)心功能不全患者中,33.6%的患者合并慢性腎功能不全[1]。慢性腎臟病為冠心病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[2-3]?;颊逩FR<60 mL/min時(shí)有加快多支心臟血管病變的傾向。臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證實(shí)血肌酐水平與心血管事件的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在關(guān)聯(lián)[4-7]。追蹤觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),GFR下降是冠狀動(dòng)脈病變及心血管不良事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[8-9]。目前關(guān)于慢性腎臟病與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變情況的關(guān)系研究少。冠脈造影是最準(zhǔn)確顯示冠脈的檢查手段。而冠脈CTA血管狹窄發(fā)現(xiàn)率高,可觀察血管壁病理改變,是一項(xiàng)安全快速的檢查[10-11]。本文就冠心病合并慢性腎病3期患者在冠脈造影及冠脈CTA檢查結(jié)果上的病變特點(diǎn)做探討。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2012年1月1日-2013年4月18日在汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院住院行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影術(shù)診斷為冠心病的119例患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)空腹測(cè)血肌酐值使用CKD-EPI公式計(jì)算腎小球?yàn)V過率估算值(eGFR),按照美國腎臟基金會(huì)制訂的K/DOQI指南中慢性腎臟病分期,按eGFR值分為30~59 mL/(min·1.73 ㎡)為慢性腎病腎功能3期(CKD3期)患者。合并CKD3期40例患者為觀察A組,未合并CKD3期79例患者為對(duì)照A組。選取2012年1月1日-2013年1月31行冠狀動(dòng)脈CTA患者140例,按eGFR值,合并CKD3期40例患者為觀察B組,未合并CKD3期100例患者為對(duì)照B組。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影術(shù)診斷冠心病患者,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):左主干、左前降支、回旋支、右冠狀動(dòng)脈至少有一支管腔直徑狹窄程度≥50%。(2)住院疑診冠心病行冠脈CTA檢查患者。腎小球?yàn)V過率CKD-EPI計(jì)算公式:GFR=a×(Scr/b)c×(0.993)age,Scr:血肌酐(mg/dL);a值:男141,女144;b值:男0.9,女0.7;c值:男性血肌酐≤0.7 mg/dL時(shí)取-0.411,>0.7 mg/dL時(shí)取-1.209;女性血肌酐≤0.7 mg/dL時(shí)取-0.329,>0.7 mg/dL時(shí)取-1.209[12-13]。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 臨床資料 收集兩組患者性別、年齡及有無吸煙史、高血壓、糖尿病史、冠心病家族史??崭箼z測(cè)兩組患者血肌酐,血脂[總膽固醇(TC),甘油三酯(TG),高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL),低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL)],纖維蛋白原,血糖及C反應(yīng)蛋白水平;收集兩組冠脈造影的結(jié)果,根據(jù)冠脈CTA得出斑塊鈣化積分、斑塊及嚴(yán)重斑塊發(fā)現(xiàn)率、斑塊的類型。
1.3.2 冠狀動(dòng)脈造影 各例行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影用GE公司造影機(jī)采集、儲(chǔ)存及處理圖像,取2個(gè)不同體位以上圖像分析。(1)按照左主干、左前降支、回旋支、右冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔狹窄超過50%的支數(shù)分為單支、雙支及三支病變[14]。(2)參照Gensini評(píng)分系統(tǒng)計(jì)算冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄積分[15],各支積分和為各例患者冠脈狹窄的最終積分。
1.3.3 冠脈CTA 儀器及掃描程序設(shè)定:用美國G E64排CT,在0°和90°兩次胸部定位像掃描。鈣化積分掃描時(shí)掃描范圍自心底至心尖部進(jìn)行鈣化積分計(jì)算。圖像后處理:掃描結(jié)束后將患者的原始數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行重建。分別重建出左主干、左前降支、回旋支、對(duì)角支、右冠狀動(dòng)脈[16-18]。圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)及冠脈狹窄程度:根據(jù)美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)冠狀動(dòng)脈12段分法進(jìn)行節(jié)段分析,狹窄部位與相近正常血管管腔百分比<50%為正?;蜉p度狹窄、50%~75%為中度狹窄、>75%為重度狹窄。斑塊CT值為非鈣化斑塊(14±26)HU,(91±21)HU為混合斑塊,(419±194)HU為鈣化斑塊[19-20]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用 字2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者冠脈造影結(jié)果
2.1.1 兩組患者冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素比較 計(jì)算相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(OR值),自變量X:性別、冠心病史、高血壓史、吸煙史、糖尿病史共5個(gè)因素為自變量(Xi),并給各分類變量賦值。因變量Y:冠心病合并CKD3期賦值1,不合并CAD3期者賦值0,見表1。兩組患者的年齡、性別、血壓、吸煙、血糖、血脂常規(guī)、C反應(yīng)蛋白比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.1.2 兩組患者冠脈病變支數(shù)比較 兩組患者單支病變、雙支病變例數(shù)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);但觀察組三支病變例數(shù)高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.1.3 兩組冠脈狹窄程度比較 觀察一組冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄積分為(54.67±34.57)分,高于對(duì)照一組(41.01±35.21)分,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.010,P<0.05)。
2.2 兩組患者冠脈CTA檢查結(jié)果
2.2.1 兩組患者易患因素比較 兩組患者的年齡、性別、血壓、吸煙、血糖、血脂常規(guī)等比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.2.2 兩組患者冠脈鈣化積分比較 觀察組冠脈鈣化積分為(158±71.6)分,高于對(duì)照組的(95±50.6)分,比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2.3 兩組患者斑塊及管腔狹窄>70%的嚴(yán)重斑塊情況比較 觀察組中發(fā)現(xiàn)冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊29例(72.5%),對(duì)照組為54例(54.0%),兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組測(cè)得其OR值(OR=ad/bc)為1.34,OR值的95%可信區(qū)間(1.011,4.987),對(duì)照組為參考值1.00,可認(rèn)為合并CKD3期是發(fā)現(xiàn)冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊的危險(xiǎn)因素。觀察組的冠脈斑塊陽性率是對(duì)照組的1.34倍,分析兩組管腔狹窄>70%的嚴(yán)重斑塊的陽性率,可知觀察組患者較對(duì)照組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈更易發(fā)現(xiàn)斑塊,且管腔狹窄>70%的嚴(yán)重斑塊也更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)。見表3。
2.2.4 兩組患者的斑塊形態(tài)分型比較 觀察組患者發(fā)現(xiàn)鈣化斑塊比例高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但兩組混合斑塊和非鈣化斑塊比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表4。
3 討論
國內(nèi)外醫(yī)學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn):腎臟疾病3期或以上有加速冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展。eGFR下降是存在冠狀動(dòng)脈血管病變及發(fā)生主要心血管不良事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。所有診斷冠心病的方法中,冠狀動(dòng)脈造影術(shù)是目前最可靠的方法和最主要的手段,可直觀地了解冠狀動(dòng)脈的直徑、走行、分布和形態(tài)。然而冠狀動(dòng)脈動(dòng)脈造影也存在不足,其最大的缺陷就是不能顯示血管壁的病理改變,但冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的基礎(chǔ)病理改變恰恰是血管壁的改變,而且其檢查費(fèi)用昂貴,又屬于有創(chuàng)檢查,存在一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而冠狀動(dòng)脈CTA可以彌補(bǔ)上述缺點(diǎn),對(duì)于有冠心病癥狀及危險(xiǎn)因素者了解冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化情況有較大的幫助。CKD3期和冠狀動(dòng)脈病變關(guān)系的具體病理生理機(jī)制尚不確切,本文觀察組與對(duì)照組之間性別、年齡、吸煙、血壓、血脂、血糖等方面比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而觀察A、B組冠狀動(dòng)脈病變較對(duì)照A、B組明顯,因此也可能說明合并CKD3期與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)及斑塊數(shù)目、狹窄程度相關(guān)。但非鈣化和混合斑塊的存在無明顯差異,可考慮腎功能不全引起心血管疾病可能是由于影響冠狀動(dòng)脈的狹窄程度為主,而不是使不穩(wěn)定斑塊增多或誘使斑塊破裂引起心血管事件。
綜上所述,冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病合并慢性腎病3期患者比腎功能輕度減退或正常的冠心病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的支數(shù)多、復(fù)雜的病變多,冠脈狹窄程度更嚴(yán)重。慢性腎臟病3期合并冠心病患者冠脈CTA中冠脈鈣化積分、發(fā)現(xiàn)斑塊率及其中鈣化的斑塊率高于腎功能輕度減退或正常的冠心病患者,但兩者非鈣化軟斑塊和混合斑塊發(fā)現(xiàn)率比較無明顯差異。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-10) (本文編輯:周亞杰)