• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Plasticity in Metamorphic Traits of Rice Field Frog (Rana limnocharis) Tadpoles: The Interactive Effects of Rearing Temperature and Food Level

    2017-01-20 11:06:27TongleiYUGuifangYANGMichaelBUSAMandYaohuiDENG
    Asian Herpetological Research 2016年4期
    關鍵詞:后驗質(zhì)點遭遇

    Tonglei YU, Guifang YANG, Michael BUSAMand Yaohui DENG

    1Department of Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China

    2College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

    Plasticity in Metamorphic Traits of Rice Field Frog (Rana limnocharis) Tadpoles: The Interactive Effects of Rearing Temperature and Food Level

    Tonglei YU1*, Guifang YANG1, Michael BUSAM2and Yaohui DENG1

    1Department of Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China

    2College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

    In organisms with complex life cycles, such as amphibians, morphological variation is strongly infuenced by environmental factors (e.g. temperature) and maternal effects (e.g. diet). Although temperature and food level exert a strong infuence on larval growth, little is known about the interacting effects of these factors on age and size at metamorphosis. In this study, plasticity in growth rates, survival, larval period, and size at metamorphosis were examined in Rice feld Frog (Rana limnocharis) under different combinations of rearing temperature and food level. Rearing temperature did not affect age at metamorphosis, but a signifcant interaction between temperature and food level revealed that of tadpoles feeding at a high food level, those reared at 32°C had a shorter length of larval period than those reared at 29°C or 26°C. Similarly, our results also showed high food level produced a larger growth rate and mass at metamorphosis at 32°C, but not at 29 and 26°C. Therefore, our results revealed that the effects of food level on larval growth and metamorphosis were highly dependent on developmental temperature.

    metamorphosis, Rana limnocharis, larval period, phenotypic plasticity, rearing temperature, food level

    1. Introduction

    In animals with complex life cycles, such as amphibians, metamorphic size and timing of metamorphosis are important fitness components (Arnold and Wassersug, 1978; Wilbur, 1980). Larval amphibians are particularly likely to encounter variation in temperature and resource availability due to variation in aquatic breeding habitats (Morey and Reznick, 2004; Skelly, 2004). In addition to energy uptake, temperature can be considered the most important proximal cause of variation in size and age at metamorphosis (Newman, 1998; reviewed by álvarez and Nicieza, 2002; Castano et al., 2010). Generally, larval anurans living in cold temperatures have prolonged developmental periods, but they are also larger as metamorphs than conspecifics living at warmer temperatures. Thus, some previous studies have found that age and size at metamorphosis may be larger in anurans living in cold temperatures (von Bertalanffy, 1960; Atkinson, 1996; Beck and Congdon, 2000; Merila et al., 2000; álvarez and Nicieza, 2002; Laugen et al., 2003; Palo et al., 2003; Liess et al., 2013). However, in low temperatures, an increase in the time required to process food can set a limit for intake rates, which would reduce the gain associated with the higher energy value of the diet (reviewed by álvarez and Nicieza, 2002).

    Other factors affect metamorphic timing and growth rate, such as food supply, water level, and the type and density of competitors and predators (Rose, 2005). High food availability accelerates growth and developmental rates, thus allowing tadpoles either to maximize size at metamorphosis or minimize the length of the larval phase (Pandian and Marian, 1985; Arendt and Hoang, 2005; Peacor and Pfster, 2006). Contrarily, low resourceavailability due to low food level, high larval density, or both, would also constrain metamorphosis, such that if conditions were poor throughout the larval period, then tadpoles growing at a slow rate might take a long time to reach the minimum size for metamorphosis (viewed by Wilbur and Collins, 1973). However, water temperature has contradictory effects on growth rate and body size such as higher temperatures result in faster growth to a smaller size at metamorphosis. Few studies have examined how temperature and food level can interact to affect amphibian tadpoles (viewed by Castano et al., 2010).

    In this study, we examined the effects of food level and temperature on size and age at metamorphosis of the Rice field Frog (Rana limnocharis). From mid-May to early September, Rice feld frogs breed in small bodies of water, from temporary or semi-permanent ponds to very short-lived rain pools (Fei and Ye, 2001). Consequently, larval viability relies on rapid development; eggs hatch after 3–4 days at 26–30°C (mean temperature = 28°C), which is the temperature range most often observed in the breeding ponds (Wu and Sun, 1981). We tested experimentally how sensitivity to temperature and its interaction with food level has infuenced variation both in the length of larval period and in the body size of R. limnocharis at metamorphosis.

    2. Materials and Methods

    2.1 Study species and rearing conditionWe collected 100 eggs from each of 10 egg masses in one population in Shihe County (32°08' N, 114°01' E, altitude 84 m), Henan, the central plains of China, in early May 2011. Each egg mass was kept in one 100-l plastic container with an automatic aerator, and all hatched on the same day. Tadpoles were at the same developmental stage (Gosner stage 26, absorption of external gills and fully formed spiracle; Gosner, 1960) at the start of the experiment. Room (air) temperature was kept at 26°C. In the experiments where temperature was manipulated, aquarium heaters were used to raise the temperature to 29°C and 32°C. Three temperatures (26°C, 29°C, and 32°C) were chosen because they fall within the range this species experiences in the feld or lab (Wu and Sun, 1981; Shi et al., 2012). Tadpoles were exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod throughout the study period and the water in the containers was changed weekly.

    2.2 Experiment designA 2×3 factorial design was used to examine the effects of food level and temperature on larval growth rates and post-metamorphic performance (Table 1). To evaluate the effects of food level, half of the tadpoles in each temperature treatment were placed on a low food regimen (LF, 6% of per tadpole mass per day) and half were placed on a high food regimen (HF, 12% per tadpole mass per day). Larvae were fed with commercial fish food (Bieyanghong, Biological Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China, medium protein content, MPC; 30% protein, 10% lipids, 18% algae, 4% fber, 10% ash). A total of 420 tadpoles were randomly allocated into each of six experimental treatments (n = 70). For each temperature, 140 individual vessels (70 for each diet treatment), each of which is 0.3L (diameter = 77 mm), were randomly placed into two rectangular tanks (110 cm × 90 cm × 60 cm; L × W × H) flled with fresh water to a depth of 8 cm.

    Table 1 A 2×3 factorial design was used in this study. HT: high temperature, MT: medium temperature, LT: low temperature, HF: high food level, LF: low food level

    2.3 Data analysisAfter the first metamorph (defined as the emergence of the frst forelimb, stage 42; Gosner, 1960) was discovered, all tadpoles in the six plastic containers were checked daily. All metamorphs found were collected and kept in plastic vials with sand and 1 mm of water until tail re-sorption was completed. Several variables were measured: (1) age at metamorphosis (number of days from the beginning of the experiment until first metamorphosis); (2) mass at metamorphosis (Gosner stage 46; tail re-sorption was completed), weighed with an electric balance to the nearest 0.001 g; (3) growth rate (measured as the mass at complete metamorphosis divided by the age at metamorphosis); and (4) survival rate (the proportion of tadpoles surviving until metamorphosis).

    Length of larval period, mass at metamorphosis, survival rate, and growth rate were analyzed with a generalized linear model (GLM) with type III mean squares using temperature and food level treatment as fxed factors. If the overall GLM results were signifcant, the data were analyzed with ANOVAs by using post hoc multiple comparisons (Fisher’s LSD) or a Chi-square test to evaluate differences between food levels or between temperatures (SPSS 13.0, SPSS Inc., 2004, Chicago, IL,USA). All P-values given are two-tailed, with values presented as means ± standard error.

    3. Results

    The effects of rearing temperature and food level on length of larval period were not signifcant (temperature, F2,293= 2.13, P = 0.12; food level, F1,155= 2.60, P = 0.11, Table 2, Figure 1), but revealed a signifcant temperature × food level interaction (F2,293= 10.95, P = 0.024). At 32°C, HF tadpoles had shorter larval period lengths than those reared at the 29°C and 26°C temperatures (Tukey’s Post hoc tests all P < 0.035), but no difference was observed in larval period length between 29°C and 26°C (P = 0.83). However, LF tadpoles had similar larval period lengths among the three experimental temperatures (Post Hoc all P > 0.086).

    因為后驗是以離散的質(zhì)點近似的,在權重集中在一小部分質(zhì)點時經(jīng)過幾次迭代更新后,該方程組就會遭遇抽樣簡并。權重方差的減少可確定簡并度,可用近似(Arulampalamet al,2002):

    Mass at metamorphosis was significantly affected by temperature (F2,293= 4.05, P = 0.018) and food level (F1,293= 10.21, P = 0.002). There was a signifcant interaction between food level and temperature (F2,293= 3.42, P = 0.034). Post hoc tests revealed significant differences between HF tadpoles reared at 32°C and 29°C (P = 0.004), and between 32°C and 26°C (P < 0.001, Figure 1). The effect of food level differed according to temperature. HF tadpoles were signifcantly larger than LF tadpoles at 32°C, but not at 29°C (P = 0.31) and 26°C (P = 0.38).

    Although effects of temperature were not significant (F2,293= 0.64, P = 0.53) on growth rate, food level (F1,293= 4.41, P = 0.037) and temperature × food level interaction (F2,293= 5.82, P = 0.003) did affect growth rate. HF tadpoles had a greater growth rate than LF tadpoles at 32°C (P < 0.001), but not at 29°C (P = 0.34) or 26°C (P = 0.20). HF tadpoles reared at 32°C had a significantly or marginally signifcantly larger growth rate than those raised at 29°C and 26°C (all P < 0.059, Table 1), while there was no difference at 29°C or 26°C (all P > 0.06). Similarly, LF tadpoles reared at 29°C had a greater growth rate compared with those at 32°C and 26°C (P = 0.049), but not between 32°C and 26°C (P = 0.86).

    Temperature and food level had a signifcant effect on survivorship to metamorphosis (all P < 0.001, Table 2, Figure 1), but the interaction between rearing temperature and food level was not signifcant (F2,414= 1.60, P = 0.20). Tadpoles at 26°C suffered from significantly reduced survival compared to those at 32°C and 29°C (P < 0.002), but not between 29°C and 32°C. HF larvae showed higher survival compared to LF larvae at 26°C (Chi-square test: χ2= 5.31, df = 2, P = 0.021), but not to larvae at 29°C (P = 0.18) or 32°C (P = 0.44).

    4. Discussion

    In this study, rearing temperature did not affect age at metamorphosis, but a significant interaction between rearing temperature and food level revealed HF tadpolesat 32°C had shorter larval period lengths than those reared at 29°C and 26°C. High food availability would likely cause faster growth, leading to both shorter larval periods and an increase in metamorphic size (Pandian and Marian, 1985), but our results revealed that the effects of food level on larval period were closely dependent on developmental temperature.

    Table 2 The generalized linear model for the effects of temperature and food level on metamorphic traits in a Rana limnocharis population. T: temperature; F: food level.

    Figure 1 Infuences of temperature and food level on age, mass, growth rate, and survival at metamorphosis of Rana limnocharis (open columns, 32°C; black columns, 29°C; Gray columns, 26°C).

    Our results also showed food level influenced the growth rate of Rice field frog tadpoles. An interesting finding was the significant interactions between temperature and food level, suggesting that HF tadpoles reared at 32°C had a significantly larger growth rate and mass at metamorphosis than those raised at 29°C and 26°C. This is similar to the pattern found in some populations of anurans (e.g. Laugen et al., 2005; Buchholz and Hayes, 2000; Castano et al., 2010). Therefore, an important fnding of the previous study was that the larvae with higher growth rates tended to have larger body sizes at any point in time including metamorphic climax, and tended reach metamorphosis early (Berven, 1982; viewed by Woodward et al., 1988; Riha and Berven, 1991; Loman, 2002). In addition to growth rates, metabolism may be an underlying mechanism for tadpoles at high food level to have a larger mass at high temperatures. High food availability will permit the elevated metabolic rate associated with higher temperatures (e.g. Arendt and Hoang, 2005; Lindgren and Laurila, 2009), whereas growth rate and metabolism may be more constrained atcool temperatures and low food levels.

    Temperature and food level also influenced survivorship, with more tadpoles surviving at warmer temperatures and high food level. However, there was not a significant interaction between temperature and food level. Our results are in accordance with Sanuy et al. (2008) and Orizaola and Laurila (2009), but contrary to Castano et al. (2010), who found that survivorship was higher at cooler temperatures in wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica). The differences may relate to adaptations for specific temperatures. Rice field frogs begin to breed in early summer and fnish in early autumn. Moreover, they prefer to lay eggs in small pools, which may reach higher temperatures during the summer; thus Rice field frog tadpoles may be better adapted to warmer temperatures. Taken together, if the growth condition is good, global climate change or local manipulations of the environment may promote growth and development of Rice feld frog tadpoles in natural ponds.

    AcknowledgementsWe are very grateful to J. DU, Y. L. HE and T. ZHAO for assistance with feldwork. Work was approved by the Wildlife Protection Law of China. The study was funded by Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in universities of Henan Province (Grant No. 17IRTSTHN019) and Henan Scientific and Technological Project (Grant No.162102310124).

    álvarez D., Nicieza A. G. 2002. Effects of temperature and food quality on anuran larval growth and metamorphosis. Funct Ecol, 16: 640–648

    Arendt J., Hoang L. 2005. Effect of food level and rearing temperature on burst speed and muscle composition of Western Spadefoot Toad (Spea hammondii) Funct Ecol, 19: 982–987

    Arnold S. J., Wassersug R. J. 1978. Differential predation on metamorphic anurans by garter snakes (Thamnophis): social behavior as a possible defense. Ecology, 59: 1014–1022

    Atkinson D. 1996. Ectotherm life-history responses to developmental temperature. Animals and Temperature. Phenotypic and Evolutionary Adaptation (eds I. A. Johnston and A. F. Benett), pp. 183–204. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Beck C. W., Congdon J. D. 2000. Effects of age and size at metamorphosis on performance and metabolic rates of Southern Toad, Buffo terrestris, metamorphs. Funct Ecol, 14: 32–38

    Berven K. A., Gill D. E. 1983. Interpreting geographic variation in life history traits. Am Zool, 23: 85–97

    Buchholz D. R., Hayes T. B. 2000. Larval period comparison for the Spadefoot Toads Scaphiopus couchii and Spea multiplicata (Pelobatidae: Anura). Herpetologica, 56: 455–468

    Castano B., Miely S., Smith G. R., Rettig J. E. 2010. Interactive effects of food availability and temperature on wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles. Herpetol J, 20: 209–211

    Fei L., Ye C. Y. 2001. The colour handbook of amphibians of Sichuan. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing

    Gosner K. L. 1960. A simplifed table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identifcation. Herpetologica, 16: 183–190

    Laugen A. T., Laurila A., Rasanen K., Merila J. (2003). Latitudinal countergradient variation in the common frog (Rana temporaria) development rates-evidence for local adaptation. J Evol Boil, 16: 996–1005

    Liess A., Rowe O., Guo J., Thomsson G., Lind M. I. 2013. Hot tadpoles from cold environments need more nutrients-life history and stoichiometry reflects latitudinal adaptation. J Anim Ecol, 82: 1316–1325

    Lindgren B., Laurila A. 2009. Physiological variation along a geographical gradient: is growth rate correlated with routine metabolic rate in Rana temporaria tadpoles? Biol J the Linn Soc, 98: 217–224

    Loman J. 2002. Temperature, genetic and hydroperiod effects on metamorphosis of brown frogs Rana arvalis and R. temporaria in the feld. J Zool, 258: 115–129

    Merila J., Laurila A., Laugen A. T., Rasanen K., Pahkala M. 2000. Plasticity in age and size at metamorphosis in Rana temporara comparison of high and low latitude populations. Ecography, 23: 457–465

    Morey S. R., Reznick D. N. 2004. The relationship between habitat permanence and larval development in California spadefoot toads: field and laboratory comparison of developmental plasticity. Oikos, 104: 172–190

    Nathan J. M., James V. G. 1972. The role of protozoa in the nutrition of tadpoles. Copeia, 1972: 669–679

    Newman R. A. 1998. Ecological constraints on amphibian metamorphosis: interactions of temperature and larval density with responses to changing food level. Oecologia, 115: 9–16

    Orizaola G., Laurila A. 2009. Microgeographic variation in temperature-induced plasticity in an isolated amphibian metapopulation. Evol Ecol, 23: 979–991

    Palo J. U., O'Hara R. B., Laugen A. T., Laurila A., Primmers C. R., Merila J. 2003. Latitudinal divergence of common frog (Rana temporaria) life history traits by natural selection: evidence from a comparison of molecular and quantitative genetic data. Mol Ecol, 12: 1963–1978

    Pandian T. J., Marian M. P. 1985. Predicting anuran metamorphosis and energetics. Physiol Zool, 58: 538–552

    Peacor S. D., Pfster C. A. 2006. Experimental and model analyses of the effects of competition on individual size variation in wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles. J Anim Ecol, 75: 990–999

    Riha V. F., Berven K. A. 1991. An analysis of latitudinal variation in the larval development of the wood frog (Rana syIvatica). Copeia, 1991: 209–221

    Rose C. S. 2005. Integrating ecology and developmental biology to explain the timing of frog metamorphosis. Trends Ecol Evol, 20: 129–135

    Sanuy D., Oromí N., Galofré A. 2008. Effects of temperature on embryonic and larval development and growth in the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) in a semi-arid zone. Anim Biodiv Conserv, 31: 41–46

    Shi L. Q., Zhao L. H., Ma X. H., Ma X. M. 2012. Selected body temperature and thermal tolerance of tadpoles of two frog species (Fejervarya limnocharis and Microhyla ornata) acclimated under different thermal conditions. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32: 465–471

    Skelly D. K. 2004. Microgeographic countergradient variation in the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Evolution, 58: 160–165

    Steinwascher K., Travis J. 1983. Influence of food quality and quantity on early growth of two anurans. Copeia, 1983: 238–242

    von Bertalanffy L. 1960. Principles and theory of growth. Pages 137–259 in W. W. Nowinski, ed. Fundamental aspects of normal and malignant growth. Elsevier, New York

    Wilbur H. M. 1980. Complex life cycles. Ann Rev Ecol Syst, 11: 67–93

    Wilbur H. M., Collins J. P. 1973. Ecological aspects of amphibian metamorphosis. Science, 182: 1305–1314

    Woodward B. D., Travis J., Mitchell S. 1988. The effects of the mating system on progeny performance in Hyla crucifer (Anura, Hylidae). Evolution, 42: 784–794

    Wu Y. L., Sun Y. H. 1981. A preliminary observation on the early embryonic development of Rana limnocharis. Chin J Zool, 3: 28–30

    *Corresponding author: Dr. Tonglei YU, from Xinyang Normal University, Henan, China, with his research focusing on wildlife ecology and conservation.

    E-mail: yutonglei_00000@163.com

    Received: 29 September 2015 Accepted: 20 September 2016

    猜你喜歡
    后驗質(zhì)點遭遇
    巧用“搬運法”解決連續(xù)質(zhì)點模型的做功問題
    基于對偶理論的橢圓變分不等式的后驗誤差分析(英)
    貝葉斯統(tǒng)計中單參數(shù)后驗分布的精確計算方法
    “遲到城”里的遭遇
    “祝遭遇各種不幸”
    質(zhì)點的直線運動
    質(zhì)點的直線運動
    一種基于最大后驗框架的聚類分析多基線干涉SAR高度重建算法
    雷達學報(2017年6期)2017-03-26 07:53:04
    基于貝葉斯后驗模型的局部社團發(fā)現(xiàn)
    基于貝葉斯后驗模型的局部社團發(fā)現(xiàn)
    成人国产av品久久久| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 国产精品三级大全| 春色校园在线视频观看| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 午夜福利视频精品| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版| 有码 亚洲区| 春色校园在线视频观看| 国产xxxxx性猛交| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 精品国产国语对白av| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 亚洲av男天堂| 大香蕉97超碰在线| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡 | 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 欧美97在线视频| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 99热网站在线观看| 春色校园在线视频观看| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 亚洲国产色片| 97超碰精品成人国产| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| av不卡在线播放| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 美女国产视频在线观看| av不卡在线播放| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看 | 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 男女免费视频国产| 另类精品久久| 国产一级毛片在线| 老熟女久久久| 美女中出高潮动态图| 深夜精品福利| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 狠狠婷婷综合久久久久久88av| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 国产精品成人在线| 国产麻豆69| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 天天影视国产精品| a级毛片在线看网站| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 久久99热6这里只有精品| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 91国产中文字幕| 精品第一国产精品| 亚洲av综合色区一区| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 国产精品成人在线| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 亚洲综合色惰| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 午夜福利乱码中文字幕| 超色免费av| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 国产乱来视频区| 亚洲精品一二三| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 国产男女内射视频| 精品一区在线观看国产| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 国产淫语在线视频| 一本一本久久a久久精品综合妖精 国产伦在线观看视频一区 | 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 尾随美女入室| 精品国产一区二区久久| 国产精品熟女久久久久浪| 日韩视频在线欧美| 日本与韩国留学比较| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 18禁观看日本| av.在线天堂| 精品午夜福利在线看| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 久久精品国产综合久久久 | 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 三级国产精品片| 亚洲在久久综合| 最黄视频免费看| 9191精品国产免费久久| 日韩视频在线欧美| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 18+在线观看网站| 国产精品无大码| 国精品久久久久久国模美| 内地一区二区视频在线| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 国产综合精华液| 一级毛片 在线播放| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 男人操女人黄网站| av不卡在线播放| 热99久久久久精品小说推荐| 精品国产一区二区久久| 免费黄色在线免费观看| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 午夜久久久在线观看| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 夫妻午夜视频| 在线看a的网站| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 熟女电影av网| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 久久久久久人人人人人| 久久99一区二区三区| 国产亚洲最大av| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 国产成人精品无人区| 久久久精品94久久精品| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 男女免费视频国产| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕 | 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区 | 国产成人精品婷婷| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 九九在线视频观看精品| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 男女免费视频国产| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 97在线人人人人妻| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 久久久久久人人人人人| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 精品国产国语对白av| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 成年美女黄网站色视频大全免费| h视频一区二区三区| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区 | 一级毛片电影观看| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 精品一区二区三卡| 五月开心婷婷网| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 欧美性感艳星| 亚洲精品第二区| 一级爰片在线观看| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 制服人妻中文乱码| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 午夜免费观看性视频| 制服诱惑二区| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频 | 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 久久av网站| 亚洲综合色惰| 欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 人人澡人人妻人| 在线观看人妻少妇| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 午夜免费观看性视频| 制服人妻中文乱码| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 高清欧美精品videossex| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 男女免费视频国产| 99九九在线精品视频| 97超碰精品成人国产| 桃花免费在线播放| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 成人无遮挡网站| 亚洲精品一二三| 桃花免费在线播放| 成年av动漫网址| 91午夜精品亚洲一区二区三区| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在| 综合色丁香网| 国产不卡av网站在线观看| 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 欧美另类一区| 男女午夜视频在线观看 | 男人爽女人下面视频在线观看| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 一区二区三区精品91| 亚洲综合精品二区| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 国产成人精品婷婷| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 搡女人真爽免费视频火全软件| 精品国产国语对白av| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 看免费av毛片| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| 久久99精品国语久久久| 国产成人91sexporn| 亚洲国产色片| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 蜜桃在线观看..| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 少妇 在线观看| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀 | 日本wwww免费看| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲 | 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| videos熟女内射| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 亚洲精品日本国产第一区| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 午夜91福利影院| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 9色porny在线观看| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 久久国产精品大桥未久av| 日韩av免费高清视频| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合| 国产老妇伦熟女老妇高清| 亚洲国产精品999| 最黄视频免费看| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 少妇人妻 视频| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 国产永久视频网站| a级毛片黄视频| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院 | 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 美女大奶头黄色视频| 大香蕉97超碰在线| 欧美xxⅹ黑人| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 嫩草影院入口| 老司机影院毛片| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 久久久久久久久久成人| 制服人妻中文乱码| 久久av网站| 欧美精品av麻豆av| 少妇的逼水好多| 亚洲综合色网址| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 成人手机av| 人妻系列 视频| 91午夜精品亚洲一区二区三区| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区 | 有码 亚洲区| 老司机影院成人| 亚洲国产精品999| 亚洲av.av天堂| 人妻系列 视频| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| www.熟女人妻精品国产 | av福利片在线| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 亚洲av.av天堂| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99| 多毛熟女@视频| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 在线看a的网站| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 赤兔流量卡办理| www.色视频.com| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看 | 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 欧美成人午夜精品| 国产一区二区三区av在线| 久久久精品区二区三区| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 国产一级毛片在线| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 丝袜喷水一区| 黑人高潮一二区| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 日韩中文字幕视频在线看片| 久久婷婷青草| 一级毛片电影观看| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 两个人看的免费小视频| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区| 看免费av毛片| 成人免费观看视频高清| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 免费观看av网站的网址| 亚洲精品日本国产第一区| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 国产精品 国内视频| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 亚洲av欧美aⅴ国产| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| 免费看av在线观看网站| 最黄视频免费看| 久久久久久久国产电影| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久| 日韩成人伦理影院| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 免费大片黄手机在线观看| 亚洲,一卡二卡三卡| 日韩熟女老妇一区二区性免费视频| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 春色校园在线视频观看| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 中文字幕制服av| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 久久久久视频综合| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| av一本久久久久| 97超碰精品成人国产| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 国产在线免费精品| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 两性夫妻黄色片 | 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 国产精品久久久久久av不卡| 熟女电影av网| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 男女免费视频国产| 人妻系列 视频| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 欧美精品高潮呻吟av久久| 九色成人免费人妻av| 久久毛片免费看一区二区三区| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| 伦精品一区二区三区| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 日日撸夜夜添| 日韩电影二区| 黄片播放在线免费| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 国产精品久久久久久av不卡| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 亚洲精品第二区| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 久久精品国产鲁丝片午夜精品| 黑人高潮一二区| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 午夜激情av网站| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 久久久久久人妻| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 在线天堂最新版资源| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| av在线观看视频网站免费| 狠狠精品人妻久久久久久综合| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 久久久久网色| 91国产中文字幕| 乱人伦中国视频| 亚洲内射少妇av| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看 | 综合色丁香网| 插逼视频在线观看| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 美女主播在线视频| 一级爰片在线观看| 人人澡人人妻人| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 国产成人精品婷婷| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频 | 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 香蕉丝袜av| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 成人国产麻豆网| 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 51国产日韩欧美| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 日本欧美视频一区| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx在线观看| 在线天堂中文资源库| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 日韩制服丝袜自拍偷拍| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| av有码第一页| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 成人国产麻豆网| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | av在线播放精品| 亚洲中文av在线| 在线 av 中文字幕| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 永久网站在线| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 黄色一级大片看看| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡 | 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 99热6这里只有精品| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 亚洲美女黄色视频免费看| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡 | 国产av精品麻豆| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 久久久久久伊人网av| 亚洲精品一二三| 美国免费a级毛片| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| av天堂久久9| 在线天堂最新版资源| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 捣出白浆h1v1| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕 | 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 香蕉国产在线看| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 两个人看的免费小视频| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 超碰97精品在线观看| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 免费观看在线日韩| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 在线天堂中文资源库| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 日本wwww免费看| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 国产精品一国产av| 日韩视频在线欧美| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 亚洲精品视频女| 在线观看人妻少妇| 久久久久久久精品精品| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看 | 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 精品福利永久在线观看| 97在线人人人人妻| 午夜免费鲁丝| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 丁香六月天网| 啦啦啦中文免费视频观看日本| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 丁香六月天网| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 看免费av毛片| 亚洲精品视频女| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 91精品国产国语对白视频| av在线观看视频网站免费| 精品一区二区三卡| 99九九在线精品视频| 一区在线观看完整版| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 美国免费a级毛片| 欧美bdsm另类| 97超碰精品成人国产| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区| 一区二区av电影网| 在线精品无人区一区二区三| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 少妇的丰满在线观看|