劉國偉, 唐 驍, 嚴 棟, 郭大喬
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院血管外科,上海 200032
慢性頸動脈粥樣硬化閉塞治療的研究進展
劉國偉, 唐 驍, 嚴 棟, 郭大喬*
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院血管外科,上海 200032
慢性頸動脈粥樣硬化閉塞會導(dǎo)致腦血流低灌注而增加卒中風(fēng)險。無癥狀患者首選藥物治療,對于反復(fù)出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)癥狀的患者可選擇手術(shù)治療。顱外-顱內(nèi)動脈旁路術(shù)(extracranial-intracranial artery bypass, EIAB)治療效果不優(yōu)于藥物治療。頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(carotid endarterectomy, CEA)、頸動脈支架成形術(shù)(carotidartery stent, CAS)手術(shù)風(fēng)險高、成功率低,治療效果尚待驗證,故術(shù)前應(yīng)嚴格篩選患者、把握適應(yīng)證。本文就目前對于慢性頸動脈閉塞的治療現(xiàn)狀作一綜述。
慢性頸動脈閉塞;藥物治療;手術(shù)治療
慢性頸動脈閉塞年患病率約為6/100 000,由于部分患者因一過性癥狀未就診,實際患病率更高[1]。動脈粥樣硬化是引起頸動脈閉塞的主要原因,病變好發(fā)于頸內(nèi)動脈起始部。在藥物治療下,閉塞側(cè)的大腦半球年卒中率仍為6%~20%[1-2]。一側(cè)頸動脈閉塞同時伴有對側(cè)狹窄的患者,其卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack, TIA)發(fā)生率更高,每年約為10%[3]。慢性頸動脈閉塞患者的卒中癥狀主要是由腦血流低灌注導(dǎo)致。改善腦血流灌注可以緩解神經(jīng)癥狀,降低卒中發(fā)生率和死亡率,但治療方式的選擇目前仍有爭議。
目前關(guān)于慢性頸動脈閉塞藥物治療的經(jīng)驗較少,主要還是基于頸動脈狹窄和卒中的二級預(yù)防,實施抗血小板及他汀類藥物治療方案。高血壓病、高脂血癥、糖尿病和吸煙等是頸動脈閉塞患者再發(fā)卒中的主要危險因素,應(yīng)積極控制。對于癥狀性頸動脈閉塞患者,尤其當(dāng)臨床特征(如肢體抖動樣發(fā)作、直立性TIA、慢性眼部缺血綜合征)和輔助檢查表明是由血流動力學(xué)異常引起的癥狀時,要避免快速降壓,以免誘發(fā)腦缺血[4]。他汀類藥物能有效降低卒中風(fēng)險,約為5%[5]。有研究[6]推薦將低密度脂蛋白降低到1 000 mg/L。此外,調(diào)整生活方式如戒煙限酒、適當(dāng)運動也可降低卒中發(fā)生率。Markus等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對于近期出現(xiàn)癥狀的頸動脈狹窄患者,氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林(雙抗聯(lián)合治療)比單獨服用阿司匹林更能有效減少無癥狀栓塞事件。對于有明確指征,如癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄、TIA、小卒中患者,雙抗聯(lián)合治療3個月能夠有效預(yù)防卒中[8-9]。但在遠期結(jié)局(>2年)包括心肌梗死、心血管因素引起的卒中、死亡事件的發(fā)生率上,兩者區(qū)別不大[10],雙抗聯(lián)合還會增加出血風(fēng)險[11]。因此,頸動脈閉塞患者建議卒中后3個月內(nèi)雙抗聯(lián)合治療,之后可削減為單用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷,以減少出血風(fēng)險。約2.3%頸動脈閉塞患者可以自發(fā)遠期再通[12],這可能是由原病變部位纖維蛋白溶解[12]或滋養(yǎng)血管建立了側(cè)支循環(huán)[13]所致。有研究[14]認為,同側(cè)缺血事件發(fā)生超過6個月可認為無癥狀,但是否應(yīng)以無癥狀性頸動脈狹窄來治療自發(fā)再通患者,目前尚沒有定論。
2.1 顱外-顱內(nèi)動脈旁路術(shù)(extracranial-intracranial artery bypass, EIAB) 2014年美國心臟病學(xué)會基金會(ACCF)和美國心臟協(xié)會(AHA)指南[6]指出,對于近6個月內(nèi)發(fā)生TIA或缺血性卒中伴有大腦中動脈或頸動脈狹窄或閉塞的患者,不建議進行EIAB(A類證據(jù))。1985年,大型、前瞻性、多中心的顱外-顱內(nèi)(extracranial-intracranial, EC/IC)旁路試驗(1 377例)[15]納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)患者既往TIA或小卒中病史;(2)大腦中動脈(MCA)主干或主要分支的狹窄或閉塞,C2椎體以上的頸動脈閉塞(無法行頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù))。研究[15]顯示:對于頸動脈閉塞患者卒中的遠期(5年)預(yù)防效果,EC/IC手術(shù)組和藥物組分別為31%、29%,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。然后日本EC/IC旁路試驗(Japanese EC/IC bypass trial, JET)和北美頸動脈調(diào)查(carotid occlusion surgery study, COSS)通過腦流動力學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入高風(fēng)險患者進行研究[16-18]。JET試驗2次中期分析共納入196例患者,結(jié)果顯示,藥物組和手術(shù)組到達臨床終點分別為14/98和 5/98(Kaplan-Meier分析,P=0.046),但沒有提及圍手術(shù)期卒中發(fā)生率和死亡率,且試驗完成后至今未公布最終結(jié)果。COSS研究最終納入195例患者,主要終點事件定義為30 d內(nèi)卒中或死亡,以及2年內(nèi)發(fā)生同側(cè)缺血性卒中。研究結(jié)果顯示:30 d內(nèi)閉塞同側(cè)卒中發(fā)生率約為14.4%;2年的隨訪結(jié)果顯示手術(shù)組與藥物組卒中風(fēng)險相近(22.7%vs21.0%,P=0.78)。由此可見,EC/IC旁路術(shù)治療頸動脈閉塞與藥物治療相比不具優(yōu)勢。
2.2 頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(carotid endarterectomy, CEA) CEA作為治療頸動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄、預(yù)防缺血性卒中較為有效,然而對癥狀性頸動脈閉塞的CEA治療目前仍有爭議。對于節(jié)段性閉塞頸動脈的治療,CEA或聯(lián)合Fogarty導(dǎo)管取栓術(shù)仍然是一種安全有效的方法[19]。對于一側(cè)閉塞伴對側(cè)狹窄的治療,CEA可以改善雙側(cè)腦血流,降低頸動脈閉塞后的卒中發(fā)生率[20],但重建閉塞血管血運的成功率低,為34%~83%[21-22],且圍手術(shù)期風(fēng)險較高[23]。術(shù)前的充分評估和嚴格的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證是頸動脈閉塞CEA再通成功的關(guān)鍵,主要包括:(1)頸內(nèi)動脈局限性閉塞,遠端可見反流血;如遠端有新鮮血栓形成,則可聯(lián)合Fogarty導(dǎo)管取栓[19];但慢性頸動脈閉塞病變由于形成時間過長,頸動脈閉塞處斑塊及血栓逐漸機化、纖維化、鈣化,頸動脈變細,不能徹底切除動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的內(nèi)膜,因而降低手術(shù)成功率[24]。(2)MRI觀察既往腦梗死的大小和范圍以及有無新鮮梗死,盡量避免在腦梗死急性期進行CEA,從而降低缺血再灌注損傷甚至腦出血概率。研究[19-26]表明,頸動脈閉塞癥狀出現(xiàn)后2周內(nèi)施行CEA是安全有效的治療方法之一。
2.3 頸外動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(external carotid artery endarterectomy, ECAE) 當(dāng)頸內(nèi)動脈廣泛閉塞不能行CEA,或CEA聯(lián)合Fogarty導(dǎo)管取栓術(shù)仍無反流血或反流血仍不滿意時,且同時伴頸外動脈(external carotid artery, ECA)疾病時,可通過ECAE增加側(cè)支循環(huán)血流以延長無卒中生存期[21,27]。在Gertler等[27]的研究中,195例患者術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)神經(jīng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為5%,死亡率為3%。但這項研究中,許多患者曾先行頸內(nèi)、外動脈旁路術(shù)或頸動脈-鎖骨下動脈旁路術(shù),這可能增高ECAE的術(shù)后風(fēng)險。1年后,1項納入192例患者僅針對ECAE的研究[28]顯示,圍手術(shù)期的神經(jīng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為1.6%,死亡率為0。近期的一項研究[29]納入了27例患者,術(shù)后圍手術(shù)期的神經(jīng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為13.7%,死亡率為0,3年內(nèi)卒中發(fā)生、死亡累計率為17%,頸外動脈通暢率為80%。盡管ECAE開展已有50年,但其確切適應(yīng)證仍然不明,結(jié)果也缺乏大型隨機對照試驗驗證。在無癥狀或出現(xiàn)嚴重卒中頸動脈閉塞患者中,ECA血運重建似乎沒有作用[30]。雙側(cè)頸動脈閉塞患者行ECAE可增加腦血流灌注,減輕癥狀,且手術(shù)風(fēng)險低[25]。
2.4 頸動脈支架成形術(shù)(carotid artery stent, CAS) 早先認為頸動脈閉塞無法運用支架成形術(shù)治療,主要原因是導(dǎo)絲無法通過閉塞部位。隨著技術(shù)、材料的進步,頸動脈閉塞腔內(nèi)治療成為可能。頸動脈閉塞患者腔內(nèi)治療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沒有明確,其適應(yīng)證主要基于經(jīng)驗總結(jié)[31-38],包括:(1)經(jīng)藥物治療無效,患側(cè)癥狀反復(fù)發(fā)作;(2)術(shù)前評估(CT灌注、MR灌注、PET-CT、SPECT-CT等)確定患側(cè)腦半球低灌注;(3)同側(cè)頸外動脈、眼動脈向顱內(nèi)供血,同時有血液反流至海綿竇段以下;(4)閉塞近端有殘端;(5)患者一般情況較好,無明顯神經(jīng)功能障礙或大面積腦梗死。Lin等[34]研究顯示,54例患者中,手術(shù)成功率為65%(35/54)。3個月內(nèi)卒中和死亡占4%,短期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、死亡率均較低。但是該研究并沒有提供具體技術(shù)細節(jié)。理論上,頸動脈閉塞段在閉塞前存在一道“真腔”,微導(dǎo)絲探及此潛在的“真腔”是該手術(shù)的關(guān)鍵。但手術(shù)難點之一是無法通過路圖模式觀察導(dǎo)絲通過該“真腔”的過程。有病例報道[38]發(fā)現(xiàn),閉塞段前側(cè)壁通過的成功率較高,這可能與動脈粥樣斑塊好發(fā)于頸內(nèi)動脈分叉后壁并逐漸增厚向前壁發(fā)展有關(guān)[39]。需要注意的是,在通過閉塞段后,導(dǎo)絲在經(jīng)過頸內(nèi)動脈巖部時可能存在一處極度彎曲的血管,這里也是手術(shù)操作導(dǎo)致夾層或穿孔的好發(fā)部位[38]。另外還應(yīng)考慮高灌注損傷和遠端栓塞。再灌注損傷在腦血流儲備不足的患者中更容易發(fā)生[40]??刂蒲獕涸陬A(yù)防高灌注綜合征上非常重要。遠端腦保護裝置可有效預(yù)防遠端栓塞,對于遠端難以放置的,可先使用近端腦保護裝置,在導(dǎo)絲通過閉塞段后,再放置遠端腦保護裝置[41]。
癥狀性頸動脈閉塞發(fā)病率低,未來仍需要前瞻性、多中心的隨機對照試驗來比較并證實藥物、開放手術(shù)、介入技術(shù)的治療效果。雖然當(dāng)前ACCF/AHA指南不建議對閉塞的頸動脈進行血運重建,但對于特定的患者,血運重建帶來的益處仍將高于風(fēng)險,對于這類患者的篩選仍缺乏嚴格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外,盡管血管腔內(nèi)技術(shù)治療頸動脈閉塞取得了長足的進步,但其有效性與安全性還需要大型隨機對照試驗進一步驗證。
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The treatment for chronic atherosclerotic occlusion of carotid: research progress
LIU Guo-wei, TANG Xiao, YAN Dong, GUO Da-qiao*
Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Chronic atherosclerotic occlusion of carotid can lead to low cerebral blood flow and increase the risk of stroke. Drug therapy is the first choice for asymptomatic patients, while the patients with recurrent neurological symptoms may need surgical treatment. Extracranial-intracranial artery bypass (EIAB) is not better than medicine treatment. The operation risks of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotidartery stent (CAS) are high with low success rate and the therapeutic effects remain to be verified. Therefore, the surgical indications should be strictly controlled. In this paper, the current status of treatment for chronic carotid artery occlusion was reviewed.
chronic carotid occlusion; medicine treatment; surgical treatment
2017-01-27接受日期2017-09-06
上海市科委醫(yī)學(xué)引導(dǎo)類項目(14411962300). Supported by Medical Guidance Project of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (14411962300).
劉國偉,碩士生. E-mail: liuguoweicyy@163.com
*通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel: 021-64041990-2165, E-mail: guo.daqiao@zs-hospital.sh.cn
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2017.20170069
R 543.4
A
[本文編輯] 葉 婷