王奕皓 帥訓(xùn)軍 程紹波 李會 范金鑫 艾登斌山東省青島市市立醫(yī)院本部麻醉科青島市臨床麻醉研究中心青島市臨床麻醉與疼痛質(zhì)控中心,山東青島266011
咪達(dá)唑侖滴鼻聯(lián)合酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前鎮(zhèn)痛對小兒麻醉效果的影響
王奕皓帥訓(xùn)軍程紹波李會范金鑫艾登斌▲
山東省青島市市立醫(yī)院本部麻醉科青島市臨床麻醉研究中心青島市臨床麻醉與疼痛質(zhì)控中心,山東青島266011
目的探討咪達(dá)唑侖滴鼻聯(lián)合酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前鎮(zhèn)痛對小兒麻醉效果的影響。方法選擇2014年1~9月于山東省青島市市立醫(yī)院擇期行扁桃體和腺樣體切除術(shù)患兒60例,ASA分級Ⅰ級或Ⅱ級。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為兩組:對照組(C組)和試驗(yàn)組(M組),每組各30例。麻醉誘導(dǎo)前30 min,M組給予咪達(dá)唑侖0.2 mg/kg滴鼻,C組給予等容量生理鹽水。麻醉誘導(dǎo)前10 min,M組靜脈注射酮咯酸氨丁三醇0.5 mg/kg(最大劑量不超過15 mg),C組靜脈滴注等容量生理鹽水。麻醉誘導(dǎo):兩組均靜脈注射芬太尼3 μg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg、維庫溴銨0.1 mg/kg。氣管插管后機(jī)械通氣,吸入七氟烷維持麻醉。記錄患兒入室鎮(zhèn)靜情緒評分、面罩接受程度、手術(shù)時(shí)間及蘇醒時(shí)間;分別于入室時(shí)(T0)、拔除管時(shí)(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、拔管后10 min(T3)、拔管后30 min(T4)和拔管后1 h(T5)記錄患者的心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)以及T1~T5時(shí)FLACC評分、PAED評分和Ramsay評分,并觀察惡心嘔吐、低氧血癥、呼吸抑制等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果與T0比較,C組在T1~T5時(shí)MAP升高;與C組比較,M組術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜滿意率和誘導(dǎo)面罩接受率升高,在T1~T5時(shí)HR和FLACC評分降低,在T1~T4時(shí)MAP和PAED評分降低,Ramsay評分升高;差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論小兒麻醉誘導(dǎo)前咪達(dá)唑侖0.2 mg/kg滴鼻聯(lián)合酮咯酸氨丁三醇0.5 mg/kg超前鎮(zhèn)痛可獲得良好的鎮(zhèn)靜作用和安全有效的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,且能顯著減少蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生。
咪達(dá)唑侖;酮咯酸氨丁三醇;超前鎮(zhèn)痛;蘇醒期躁動(dòng)
[Abstract]Objective To evaluate the influence of intranasal Midazolam combined with the preemptive analgesia with Ketorolac Tromethamine on the analgesia effect in pediatric patients.Methods Sixty ASAⅠorⅡpatients scheduled for elective tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in Qingdao Municipal Hospital from January to September 2014 were randomized into two groups:control group(group C)and the experimental group(group M),with 30 cases in each group.Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg were given intranasally at 30 min before anesthesia induction in group M,while the equal volume of normal saline was given intranasally in group C.10 min before intubation pediatric,patients in group M were given Ketorolac Tromethamine 0.5 mg/kg(maximum dose less than 15 mg)intravenous injection,while patients in group C were received the equal volume of normal saline intravenous injection.Anesthesia was induced with Fentanyl 3 μg/kg,Propofol 2 mg/kg,and Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg intravenous injection.After the routine anesthesia induction,endotracheal intubation was performed,and patients were mechanically ventilated.Anesthesia was maintained with Sevoflurane.The sedation scores and the mask acceptance rate after admission to operating room,the time of operation and wake-up were recorded.The heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP)and pulse oxygen saturation(SpO2)were recorded after admission to operating room(T0),immediately after removing tube(T1),5 min after extubation(T2),10 min after extubation(T3),30 min after extubation(T4)and 60 min after extubation(T5).The FLACC score,PAED score and Ramsay score were recorded from T1to T5.Adverse reactions were evaluated,such as the nausea and vomiting,hypoxemia and respiratory depression.Results Compared with T0,theMAP elevated at T1-T5in group C;compared with group C,the satisfactory rate of preanesthesia sedation and the mask acceptance rate were higher in group M,the HR and the FLACC score reduced significantly at T1-T4,the MAP and PAED score decreased significantly,while the Ramsay score elevated significantly at T1-T4,;the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion The application that Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg intranasally combined with the preemptive analgesia Ketorolac Tromethamine 0.5 mg/kg before the induction of general anesthesia,not only can obtain better sedation and significant analgesic effect,but also significantly reduce the agitation during recovery period.
[Key words]Midazolam;Ketorolac Tromethamine;Preemptive analgesia;Emergence agitation
小兒身心發(fā)育尚不成熟,圍術(shù)期常伴有緊張、焦慮及恐懼感,影響麻醉誘導(dǎo)和手術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行,部分患兒術(shù)后出現(xiàn)不同程度的人格和行為改變[1],因此小兒麻醉前適度鎮(zhèn)靜具有重要意義。蘇醒期躁動(dòng)是小兒麻醉常見問題,可明顯增加小兒麻醉恢復(fù)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。疼痛是術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,小兒疼痛管理較為復(fù)雜,多數(shù)未得到有效控制[2]。阿片類藥物鎮(zhèn)痛效果充分,但可導(dǎo)致呼吸抑制、惡心嘔吐、痛覺超敏等不良反應(yīng)[3]。有國外研究[4]證實(shí)選擇不同鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛藥物組合,可明顯緩解患兒術(shù)前緊張焦慮和術(shù)后疼痛。本研究擬探討麻醉前咪達(dá)唑侖滴鼻聯(lián)合酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前鎮(zhèn)痛對小兒麻醉效果的影響。
1.1一般資料
選擇2014年1~9月于山東省青島市市立醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)擬在全麻氣管插管下行扁桃體和腺樣體切除術(shù)患兒60例,男33例,女27例,年齡3~7歲,體重指數(shù)在18~24 kg/m2,ASA分級Ⅰ或Ⅱ級,無阿司匹林過敏史、消化道潰瘍史、嚴(yán)重血液系統(tǒng)疾病及出血傾向,近期無服用鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛藥物史。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患兒分為兩組:對照組(C組)和實(shí)驗(yàn)組(M組),每組各30例。本研究已獲我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),并與患兒監(jiān)護(hù)人簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法
麻醉前訪視患兒,禁食6~8 h,禁飲3~4 h?;純壕?nèi)注射阿托品0.02 mg/kg后由監(jiān)護(hù)人陪同至手術(shù)等候區(qū)。麻醉誘導(dǎo)前30 min,M組經(jīng)鼻滴入咪達(dá)唑侖(江蘇恩華藥業(yè)有限公司,批號:20100308)0.2 mg/kg,容量1 mL;C組經(jīng)鼻滴入等容量生理鹽水。麻醉醫(yī)生監(jiān)護(hù)15 min后與監(jiān)護(hù)人分離轉(zhuǎn)入手術(shù)室。監(jiān)測各項(xiàng)生命體征,開放靜脈后M組患兒按0.5 mg/kg靜脈注射酮咯酸氨丁三醇(山東新時(shí)代藥業(yè)有限公司,批號:0351 11213),最大劑量為15 mg(均稀釋至5 mL);C組患兒靜脈注射等容量的生理鹽水。10 min后行麻醉誘導(dǎo):靜脈注射芬太尼3 μg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg、維庫溴銨0.1mg/kg。氣管插管后行機(jī)械通氣,術(shù)中吸入七氟烷維持麻醉,連續(xù)監(jiān)測平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)、呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(PetCO2)、最低肺泡有效濃度(MAC)及BIS值。術(shù)畢患兒清醒、反射及呼吸恢復(fù)后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管,觀察5 min后送麻醉蘇醒室。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
由同一名對分組不知情的麻醉護(hù)士評估并記錄各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)和評分。采用鎮(zhèn)靜情緒評分[5]評估患兒入室時(shí)狀態(tài)。1分:哭鬧,與父母分離時(shí)掙扎;2分:清醒,與父母分離時(shí)哭泣;3分:嗜睡,與父母分離時(shí)安靜;4分,入睡。鎮(zhèn)靜情緒評分≥3分時(shí),患兒鎮(zhèn)靜狀態(tài)滿意。記錄麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)面罩接受程度(接受或不接受),記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間(停藥至患兒氣管導(dǎo)管拔除)及蘇醒室停留時(shí)間,記錄入室時(shí)(T0)、拔除管時(shí)(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)、30 min(T4)和1 h(T5)時(shí)的心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)以及T1-5時(shí)改良面部表情評分法(FLACC)評分[6]、躁動(dòng)評分(PAED評分)[7]和鎮(zhèn)靜評分(Ramsay評分)[8],并觀察惡心嘔吐、低氧血癥、呼吸抑制、反流誤吸、瘙癢等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組內(nèi)比較采用重復(fù)測量設(shè)計(jì)的方差分析,組間比較采用成組LSD-t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1一般資料比較
兩組患兒性別構(gòu)成比、年齡、體重比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(P>0.05);兩組患兒麻醉時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間及蘇醒室停留時(shí)間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜滿意率和誘導(dǎo)面罩接受率比較
與C組比較,M組術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜滿意率和誘導(dǎo)面罩接受率升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3生命體征比較
與T0比較,C組在T1~T5時(shí)MAP升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);HR、SpO2差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與C組比較,M組在T1~T5時(shí)HR降低,在T1~T4時(shí)MAP降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),SpO2差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
表1 兩組患兒一般資料、手術(shù)及術(shù)后情況的比較(x±s)
表2 術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜滿意率和誘導(dǎo)面罩接受率[n(%)]
表3 兩組各時(shí)點(diǎn)HR、MAP、SPO2比較(x±s)
2.4 FLACC評分、PAED評分和Ramsay評分比較
與C組比較,M組T1~T5時(shí)疼痛評分降低,T1~T4時(shí)躁動(dòng)評分降低,鎮(zhèn)靜評分升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
表4 兩組患兒不同時(shí)點(diǎn)FLAACC、PAED、Ramsay評分的比較(分,x±s)
2.5不良反應(yīng)比較
兩組均未發(fā)生惡心嘔吐、低氧血癥(SpO2<90%)、呼吸抑制、反流誤吸、瘙癢等不良反應(yīng)。
咪達(dá)唑侖是目前臨床廣泛應(yīng)用的麻醉前鎮(zhèn)靜藥,其給藥途徑有口服、靜脈注射、肌內(nèi)注射和鼻內(nèi)給藥,口服起效快但生物利用度低,肌內(nèi)注射可產(chǎn)生明顯注射痛,可增加患兒恐懼感[9-11]。有研究證實(shí),咪達(dá)唑侖經(jīng)鼻給藥后吸收迅速,最大藥物濃度和血藥濃度-時(shí)間曲線下面積同劑量呈正相關(guān),生物利用度可達(dá)(60± 23)%[12]。國外有研究顯示,咪達(dá)唑侖滴鼻后鎮(zhèn)靜作用起效時(shí)間和警覺恢復(fù)時(shí)間均短于口服[13]。因此本研究選擇滴鼻作為咪達(dá)唑侖術(shù)前用藥方式。
本研究中,M組術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜滿意率和誘導(dǎo)面罩接受率均顯著高于C組,提示咪達(dá)唑侖0.2 mg/kg滴鼻可明顯緩解小兒術(shù)前緊張焦慮,產(chǎn)生明顯的鎮(zhèn)靜作用,與國內(nèi)外研究[14-16]報(bào)道的術(shù)前鼻內(nèi)應(yīng)用咪達(dá)唑侖(0.2~0.5 mg/kg)的結(jié)果一致。本研究中,M組術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜滿意率為56.7%,而國外研究[17]顯示咪達(dá)唑侖滴鼻后患兒與父母分離時(shí)鎮(zhèn)靜滿意率達(dá)93%,可能與情緒鎮(zhèn)靜評分的主觀性有關(guān),另外增加咪達(dá)唑侖滴鼻劑量能否提術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜滿意率,及其安全性有待于進(jìn)一步研究。
酮咯酸氨丁三醇是可供臨床靜脈注射的非選擇性環(huán)氧化酶(COX-2)抑制劑,無成癮性和呼吸抑制,應(yīng)用于2~16歲兒童急性疼痛或術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的安全性和有效性已得到證實(shí)[18-19]。靜脈注射或肌內(nèi)注射30 min內(nèi)產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用,1~2 h血藥濃度達(dá)峰值,持續(xù)4~6 h[20]。本次研究中,M組T1~T5時(shí)FLACC評分明顯低于C組,表明超前應(yīng)用酮咯酸氨丁三醇可為行腺樣體和扁桃體切除術(shù)的患兒提供良好的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,與國外報(bào)道結(jié)論一致[21]。本研究在誘導(dǎo)前10 min超前靜脈注射酮咯酸氨丁三醇(0.5 mg/kg),經(jīng)麻醉誘導(dǎo)和手術(shù)準(zhǔn)備,切皮時(shí)已產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng),術(shù)畢患兒蘇醒時(shí)鎮(zhèn)痛作用正處于峰值,充分發(fā)揮其超前鎮(zhèn)痛作用。本研究C組MAP在T1~T5時(shí)較T0時(shí)升高,M組MAP較T0時(shí)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示術(shù)前應(yīng)用咪達(dá)唑侖和酮咯酸氨丁三醇鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛可使患兒術(shù)后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更穩(wěn)定。M組在T1~T5時(shí)MAP和HR低于對照組,T1~T4時(shí)PAED評分和Ramsay評分高于對照組,提示術(shù)前咪達(dá)唑侖(0.2 mg/kg)滴鼻聯(lián)合靜脈注射酮咯酸氨丁三醇(0.5 mg/kg)可在術(shù)后維持適度的鎮(zhèn)靜效果和鎮(zhèn)痛作用,有效預(yù)防蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生。
本研究所有患兒術(shù)后均未出現(xiàn)鼻咽出血、呼吸抑制及蘇醒延遲等不良反應(yīng),且圍術(shù)期血流動(dòng)力學(xué)無明顯波動(dòng),提示咪達(dá)唑侖鼻內(nèi)給藥是安全有效的方式,與國外研究[22]報(bào)道的結(jié)論相似。本研究M組鼻腔給藥后部分患兒出現(xiàn)短暫面色潮紅,鼻咽部不適,國外也有類似文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[12],考慮咪達(dá)唑侖注射液的pH為3.5,呈弱酸性所致,因此適合鼻腔應(yīng)用的咪達(dá)唑侖劑型和用藥預(yù)處理措施有待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,對于擇期行扁桃體和腺樣體切除術(shù)患兒,全麻誘導(dǎo)前咪達(dá)唑侖滴鼻聯(lián)合酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前鎮(zhèn)痛可產(chǎn)生良好的術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜作用,安全有效的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,顯著減少蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生,明顯提高小兒麻醉舒適度。
[1]Kogan A,Katz J,Efrat R,et al.Premedication with Midazolam in young children:a comparison of four routes of administration[J].Prediatric Anaesth,2002,12(8):685-689.
[2]Patricia D Scherrer.Safe and sound:pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia[J].Minnesota Medicine,2011,94(3):43-47.
[3]Benya min R,Trescot AM,Datta S,et al.Opioid complications and side effects[J].Pain Physician,2008,11(2Suppl):S105-S120.
[4]Doyle L,Colletti JE.Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia[J].Pediatr Clin North Am,2006,53(2):279-292.
[5]Dalens BJ,Pinard AM,Létourneau DR,et al.Prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia for pediatric cerebral magnetic resonance imaging by small dose of keta mine or nalbuphine ad ministerd just before discontinuing anesthesia[J].Anesth Analg,2006,102(4):1056-1061.
[6]Merkel SI,Voepel-Lewis T,Shayevitz JR,et al.Extracted from The FLACC:a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children[J].Pediatr Nurse,1997,23(3):293-297.
[7]Frederick HJ,Wofford K,De LDG,et al.A Randomized Controlled Trial to Deter mine the Effect of Depth of Anesthesia on Emergence Agitation in Children[J].Anesth Analg,2016,122(4):1141-1146.
[8]Jacobi J,F(xiàn)raser GL,Coursin DB,et al.Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult[J].Critical Care Medicine,2002,30(1):119-141.
[9]Conway A,Rolley J,Rolley J.Midazolam for sedation before procedures[J].Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,2016,5(5):9-12.
[10]Gazal G,F(xiàn)areed WM,Zafar MS,et al.Pain and anxiety management for pediatric dental procedures using various combinations of sedative drugs:a review[J].Saudi Pharm J,2016,24(4):379-385.
[11]原皓,鄒亮,孫莉.全麻術(shù)中應(yīng)用咪達(dá)唑侖鎮(zhèn)靜的安全性及有效性臨床分析[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2015,21(7):1337-1339.
[12]Wermeling DP,Record KA,Archer SM,et al.A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study,in healthy volunteers,of a rapidly absorbed intranasal Midazolam formulation[J].Epilepsy Res,2009,83(2-3):124-132.
[13]Kay L,Reif PS,Belke M,et al.Intranasal Midazolam during presurgical epilepsy monitoring is well tolerated,delays seizure recurrence,and protects from generalized tonicclonic seizures[J].Epilepsia,2015,56(9):1408-1414.
[14]Aynur A,Adnan B,Aliye E,et al.Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for premedication of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia[J].Pediatric Anesthesia,2012,22(9):871-876.
[15]Baldwa NM,Padvi AV,Dave NM,et al.Atomised intranasal Midazolam spray as premediation in pediatric patients:comparison between two doses of 0.2and0.3 mg/kg[J].J Anesth,2012,26(3):346-350.
[16]于威威,季海音,薛航,等.咪達(dá)唑侖滴鼻用于小兒術(shù)前藥的效果觀察[J].實(shí)用藥物與臨床,2014,17(7):838-841.
[17]Otsuka Y,Yusa T,Higa M.Intranasal Midazolam for sedation before anesthesia in pediatric patients[J].The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology,1994,43(1):106-110.
[18]Dsida RM,Wheeler M,Bir mingham PK,et al.Age-stratified pharmacokinetics of Ketorolac Tromethamine in pediatric surgical patients[J].Anesth Analg,2002,94(2):266-270.
[19]VadiveluN,GowdaAM,UrmanRD,etal.Ketorolactrometha mine-routes and clinical implications[J].Pain Pract,2015,15(2):175-193.
[20]Sinha VR,Kumar RV,Singh G.Ketorolac trometha mine formulations:an overview[J].Expert Opin Drug Deliv,2009,6(9):961-975.
[21]Butrón-López FG,Vázquez-Labastida AB,Avila-CastilloA,et al.Preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain with preoperative IM ketorolac trometha mine vs.parecoxib sodium and postoperative oral ketorolac trometha mine vs.valdecoxib[J].Revista Mexicana de Anestesiologia,2005,28(1):27-31.
[22]Stephen MC,Mathew J,Varghese AM,et al.A Randomized controlled trial comparing intranasalmidazolam and chloral hydrate for procedural sedation in children[J]. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2015,153(6):1042-1050.
Influence of intranasal Midazolam combined with the preemptive analgesia with Ketorolac Tromethamine on the analgesia effect in pediatric patients
WANG YihaoSHUAI XunjunCHENG ShaoboLI HuiFAN JinxinAI Dengbin▲
Department of Anesthesiology,Qingdao Municipal Hospital,Shandong Province,Qingdao Municipal Clinical Research Center of Anesthesiology,Qingdao Municipal Clinical Anaesthesia and Pain Quality Control Center,Shandong Province,Qingdao266011,China
R614.2
A
1673-7210(2016)09(a)-0100-04
2016-06-05本文編輯:任念)