吳長(zhǎng)燕,玉獻(xiàn)鵬,陳方,呂樹錚,苑飛
糖尿病對(duì)無(wú)保護(hù)左冠狀動(dòng)脈主干病變患者不同血運(yùn)重建術(shù)的影響
吳長(zhǎng)燕1,玉獻(xiàn)鵬1,陳方1,呂樹錚1,苑飛1
目的 探討糖尿病對(duì)經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)或冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)治療無(wú)保護(hù)左冠狀動(dòng)脈主干(左主干)病變的影響是否存在差異。方法 回顧性分析北京安貞醫(yī)院2003年1月~2007年7月間入院明確診斷冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。ü谛牟。┗颊?22例,其按治療方式不同分組,PCI使用藥物洗脫支架(DES)與CABG治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變患者(PCI組465例,CABG組457例),分別在糖尿病人群中和無(wú)糖尿病人群中比較PCI和CABG兩組間死亡、心肌梗死、再次血運(yùn)重建等不良事件發(fā)生率。結(jié)果 隨訪中位數(shù)7.1年,多因素校正后無(wú)論是否合并糖尿病,PCI和CABG兩組死亡率(合并糖尿病P=0.41;非糖尿病P=0.25)及死亡、心肌梗死、卒中聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(合并糖尿病HR=0.79,P=0.40;非糖尿病HR=0.82,P=0.35)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,PCI組再次血運(yùn)重建發(fā)生率顯著高于CABG組(糖尿病HR=2.11,P=0.02;非糖尿病HR=2.37,P<0.001),而CABG組卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于PCI組(糖尿病HR=0.23,P=0.02;非糖尿病HR=0.40,P=0.02)。結(jié)論 糖尿病在治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變血運(yùn)重建策略選擇中不是獨(dú)立影響因素。
無(wú)保護(hù)左冠狀動(dòng)脈主干病變;糖尿??;冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù);經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入術(shù)
根據(jù)現(xiàn)行指南,冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)是治療無(wú)保護(hù)左冠狀動(dòng)脈主干(左主干)病變的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1],然而,經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入術(shù)(PCI)的快速發(fā)展使得PCI成為治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變的重要方式。很多研究旨在探討風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具能夠幫助在CABG和PCI兩種血運(yùn)重建方式間選擇最優(yōu)治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變的策略[2,3]。在
諸多危險(xiǎn)因素中,糖尿病是能夠預(yù)測(cè)冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心?。┗颊卟涣际录莫?dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[4,5]。以往的研究表明在多支病變合并糖尿病患者中CABG優(yōu)于PCI[6,7],提示復(fù)雜冠心病患者行血運(yùn)重建策略選擇時(shí)糖尿病是一個(gè)重要考慮因素。然而,糖尿病對(duì)無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變患者行PCI或CABG影響如何目前尚不確定。本研究旨在對(duì)比PCI及CABG在合并糖尿病及不伴糖尿病的情況下治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變患者的長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后。
1.1研究對(duì)象 回顧性分析2003年1月~2009年7月北京安貞醫(yī)院入院行PCI(僅置入藥物洗脫支架)或者CABG治療的無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變患者922例,男性744例,女性178例。所有患者入院期間生化檢查結(jié)果及病史回顧. 其按治療方式不同分組,PCI使用藥物洗脫支架(DES)與CABG治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變患者(PCI組465例,CABG組457例),分別在糖尿病人群中和無(wú)糖尿病人群中比較PCI和CABG兩組間死亡、心肌梗死、再次血運(yùn)重建等不良事件發(fā)生率。冠狀動(dòng)脈無(wú)保護(hù)左主干(ULMCA)病變定義為冠脈造影顯示前降支和回旋支無(wú)通暢的橋血管或自身側(cè)支循環(huán)保護(hù)時(shí),左主干直徑狹窄≥50%的病變。
入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①保護(hù)左主干病變;②左主干病變?yōu)樵徊∽儯虎跴CI組僅植入藥物洗脫支架。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①左主干病變?cè)踩胫Ъ?;②年齡>80歲;③計(jì)劃進(jìn)行伴發(fā)的其他心臟疾病外科手術(shù)(例如,瓣膜病手術(shù)或主動(dòng)脈瘤、左室室壁瘤切除術(shù)等);④嚴(yán)重心臟瓣膜疾?。虎菁韧鵆ABG史;⑥急性肺水腫或嚴(yán)重充血性心力衰竭(NYHA3或4級(jí))或心源性休克;⑦急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死或急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死行急診PCI或急診CABG的患者;⑧嚴(yán)重主動(dòng)脈疾患患者:如主動(dòng)脈夾層;⑨預(yù)期壽命<2年。
1.2PCI術(shù)及CABG術(shù) 所用DES包括西羅莫司、紫杉醇、佐他莫司洗脫支架。所有接受PCI的患者至少術(shù)前3 d起口服氯吡格雷(波立維,杭州賽諾菲生產(chǎn))75 mg,1/日,或術(shù)前1 d負(fù)荷量300 mg~600 mg,繼之75 mg,1/日,術(shù)后連續(xù)服用至少12個(gè)月;同時(shí)服用阿司匹林100 mg,1/日,長(zhǎng)期服用。CABG采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式[8],盡量采用左乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈橋與前降支吻合。接受CABG的患者術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期服用阿司匹林100 mg,1/日。
1.3臨床事件的定義和隨訪 隨訪時(shí)間截止到2013 年8月,心內(nèi)科門診或電話隨訪患者,造影隨訪非必須執(zhí)行。研究終點(diǎn)包括:全因死亡、心源性死亡、卒中、非致命性心肌梗死、再次血運(yùn)重建、心源性死亡/非致命性心肌梗死/卒中的聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 所有數(shù)據(jù)使用SPSS17.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,偏態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用中位數(shù)表示,計(jì)量資料采用(±s)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分比表示。Kaplan-Meier法用以計(jì)算生存率,Long rank檢驗(yàn)生存率差異有無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型用以計(jì)算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR)及95%CI,及多因素分析。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1臨床及手術(shù)相關(guān)基線資料 入選共922例ULMCA病變冠心病患者(465例行PCI置入DES,457例行CABG),隨訪中位數(shù)7.1(5.3,8.2)年,總體人群隨訪率93.2%(PCI組93.8%,CABG 組92.6%;P=0.47)。合并糖尿病患者273例(PCI組143例,CABG組131例)。如表1所示,PCI和CABG兩組間性別、年齡、糖尿病、吸煙史、高血壓病、家族史、既往卒中史、外周血管病史、歐洲心臟手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)分、完全血運(yùn)重建率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,PCI組高脂血癥和既往PCI比例顯著高于CABG組,PCI組射血分?jǐn)?shù)顯著高于CABG組,CABG組血肌酐水平顯著高于PCI組,CABG組左主干分叉病變、合并三支病變和完全慢性閉塞患者顯著多于PCI組。CABG組左乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈橋使用率85.3%,不停跳搭橋422例,占92.3%。在整個(gè)隨訪期內(nèi),113例患者死亡(占總體人群的12.3%),其中69例為心源性死亡(占7.5%),共59例發(fā)生心肌梗死(6.4%),57例發(fā)生卒中(6.2%),167例患者再次血運(yùn)重建(18.1%)。
2.2PCI和CABG在糖尿病人群和非糖尿病人群中的臨床事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較結(jié)果 在合并糖尿病的人群中(表2),校正后PCI和CABG兩組間死亡/心肌梗死/卒中聯(lián)合硬終點(diǎn)發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.40),PCI組再次血運(yùn)重建發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍顯著高于CABG組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR=0.79,P=0.02),CABG組卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于PCI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR=0.23,P=0.02)。
在不合并糖尿病的無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變?nèi)巳褐校ū?),校正后PCI和CABG兩組間死亡/心肌梗死/卒中發(fā)生差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.35),PCI組再次血運(yùn)重建發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于CABG組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR=2.16,P<0.001),CABG組卒中發(fā)生率顯著高于PCI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR=0.4,P=0.02)。
有研究顯示糖尿病患者具有較高的心血管不良事件發(fā)生率[9],ATP Ⅲ將糖尿病劃為冠心病的等危癥,即合并糖尿病的患者10年內(nèi)發(fā)生心源性死亡或心肌梗死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和有既往心肌梗死病史患者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相當(dāng)(>20%)[10]。對(duì)于整個(gè)冠心病人群,糖尿病是已知的最強(qiáng)不良事件預(yù)測(cè)因子之一[11],合并糖尿病的PCI術(shù)后患者血中炎癥因子顯著增高[12],合并糖尿病的患者行PCI不良事件增加[13],合并糖尿病的CABG患者較不合并糖尿病者增加圍手術(shù)期及遠(yuǎn)期死亡率[14],因此,糖尿病在決定血運(yùn)重建策略時(shí)是一個(gè)重要的考慮因素。
表1 PCI和CABG兩組間臨床和手術(shù)相關(guān)變量基線資料
表2 PCI和CABG在糖尿病人群和非糖尿病人群中的臨床事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較
糖尿病對(duì)多支病變患者PCI/CABG術(shù)后預(yù)后的影響結(jié)果并不一致。有研究顯示在合并糖尿病的多支病變?nèi)巳褐?,PCI和CABG有相似生存率[15],而另一研究在不合并糖尿病的人群中PCI和CABG兩者生存率相當(dāng),合并糖尿病的人群中PCI的生存率顯著低于CABG[16]。
糖尿病對(duì)左主干病變?nèi)巳貉\(yùn)重建術(shù)后的影響的研究較少,MAIN-COMPARE和SYNTAX此兩項(xiàng)研究的糖尿病亞組人群分析顯示在合并糖尿病的左主干病變患者中[17,18],PCI和CABG生存率相似,不論是否合并糖尿病,PCI再次血運(yùn)重建率增高,一項(xiàng)包含7七項(xiàng)研究、超過(guò)6000例患者的薈萃分析也顯示同樣的結(jié)果[19]。在本研究入選的922例患者進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)期隨訪中數(shù)據(jù)顯示糖尿病不是影響CABG/PCI治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變患者預(yù)后的影響因素。無(wú)論是否合并糖尿病,CABG和PCI治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變患者的聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)生率未見明顯差異;無(wú)論是否合并糖尿病,PCI均較CABG合并顯著高的再次血運(yùn)重建發(fā)生率,與以上研究結(jié)果一致。SYNTAX積分II也未將糖尿病納入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)體系[3],提示左主干病變患者在PCI和CABG之間選擇時(shí),糖尿病并不是有重大影響的因素。這可能和糖尿病是全身代謝性疾病,糖尿病對(duì)人的影響是多器官性有關(guān),比如影響冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的彌漫程度、腎功能、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)等,而這些因素在多因素模型中校正后,糖尿病的作用就不再明顯。糖尿病在治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變血運(yùn)重建策略選擇中不是獨(dú)立影響因素。
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本文編輯:劉暢,田國(guó)祥
Influence of diabetes on different revascularizations in patients with unprotected left main coronary arterydisease
WU Chang-yan*, YU Xian-peng, CHEN Fang, LV Shu-zheng, YUAN Fei. *Department of Cardiology,Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
CHEN Fang, E-mail: drchenf@263.com
Objective To discuss the influence of diabetes on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. Methods The data of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) was analyzed retrospectively from Jan. 2003 to Jul. 2007, and the patients (n=922) were divided into PCI group (n=465) and CABG group (n=457) according to therapies. The incidence of adverse events, including death, myocardial infarction and re-revascularization, were compared between 2 groups and diabetic group and non-diabetic group respectively. Results The follow-up median was 7.1 y. After adjusting with multiple factors, PCI group and CABG group, whether or not patients with diabetes, had no statistical difference in mortality (P=0.41 in diabetic group, P=0.25 in non-diabetic group), and in risks of death, myocardial infarction and stroke (HR=0.79, P=0.40 in diabetic group, HR=0.82, P=0.35 in nondiabetic group). The incidence of re-revascularization was significantly higher in PCI group than that in CABG group (HR=2.11, P=0.02 in diabetic group, HR=2.37, P<0.001 in non-diabetic group). The risk of stroke was significantly higher in CABG group than that in PCI group (HR=0.23, P=0.02 in diabetic group, HR=0.40, P=0.02 in non-diabetic group). Conclusion Diabetes is not an independent influencing factor on revascularization strategies selection in treatment of unprotected LMCA disease.
Unprotected left main coronary artery disease; Diabetes; Coronary artery bypass grafting;Percutaneous coronary intervention
R587.1
A
1674-4055(2016)03-0283-04
首都醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展科研基金(2009-2074)
1100029 北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
陳方,E-mail:drchenf@263.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2016.03.07