徐俊
【摘要】本文從詞、句、篇三方面闡述了如何培養(yǎng)釋義轉(zhuǎn)述意識(shí)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】釋義語(yǔ)句 釋義轉(zhuǎn)述 語(yǔ)句釋義轉(zhuǎn)述 意識(shí)培養(yǎng)
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】G633.41 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089(2016)05-0132-02
一、定義
釋義(paraphrase),顧名思義就是解釋詞義。根據(jù)Oxford Advanced Learners English – Chinese Dictionary(《牛津高階英漢詞典》),它是指“ to express what sb has said or written using different words especially in order to make it easier to understand.”所謂“語(yǔ)句釋義轉(zhuǎn)述” 是指用另一句話(huà)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述解釋?zhuān)磉_(dá)相同或相似的意思?!罢Z(yǔ)句釋義轉(zhuǎn)述意識(shí)”則指學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)句釋義轉(zhuǎn)述的敏感性。學(xué)生應(yīng)該逐漸具有這樣的敏感性,即能理解兩個(gè)用詞不同、結(jié)構(gòu)有別的句子說(shuō)的是一個(gè)意思,只不過(guò)是換了一種說(shuō)法的已。這種意識(shí)愈強(qiáng),讀懂的句子愈多,閱讀水平邊愈高,也更容易讀出字里行間的隱晦語(yǔ)義(read between the lines),從而形成強(qiáng)大的閱讀推導(dǎo)(inferring)能力,有助于提高閱讀理解答題判斷的準(zhǔn)確性??梢陨钊胪笍乩斫庠~義,從而達(dá)到掌握詞匯及其用法的目的。同時(shí),學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)新詞復(fù)習(xí)舊詞,提高了單詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)率。
二、如何培養(yǎng)釋義轉(zhuǎn)述意識(shí)
1.熟練掌握詞匯
我們常說(shuō)學(xué)英語(yǔ)好比建房子,單詞好比一塊塊磚頭,可見(jiàn)詞匯教學(xué)是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的一個(gè)重要方面。詞匯教學(xué)到底有多重要呢?英國(guó)著名的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家D.A.Wilkins(1972)曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò),“沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法,能表達(dá)的內(nèi)容很少,沒(méi)有詞匯則什么也表達(dá)不了”(" Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.)??梢哉f(shuō)是一語(yǔ)道破了詞匯學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者的重要性。所以,在平時(shí)教學(xué)中促使學(xué)生熟練掌握新學(xué)詞匯是教師的教學(xué)重點(diǎn)??陀^地說(shuō),詞匯量增多了,給教學(xué)帶來(lái)一定的難度。怎樣突破詞匯教學(xué)的瓶頸呢?新教材主張培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)在語(yǔ)境中感悟和領(lǐng)會(huì)詞匯含義,找出意思相近或相同的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)。學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義。利用語(yǔ)塊整體記憶詞匯。理解詞語(yǔ)的詞性,并利用詞性解讀詞匯意思。通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法分析詞義等。詞匯教學(xué)采用英語(yǔ)釋義、類(lèi)比、聯(lián)想等方法并注意不斷復(fù)現(xiàn)(劉道義,2006)。教材采用英語(yǔ)釋義的方法設(shè)計(jì)了各種詞匯練習(xí)。
(1)同義詞、近義詞替換。如:Which words or phrases in the letters have the same or similar meanings as the following? Write a sentence using each word or phrase.(八下unit 4 section A 3c)
makesth. clear—— explain talk——- communicate not allow——- refuse
worried——nervous get along with——get on with
八下unit10 section B 2b八下unit9 section A 3c八下unit10 section A 3c九年級(jí)unit4 section B 2e
(2) 根據(jù)釋義找出文中對(duì)應(yīng)的單詞。如:Look at the words in bold in the article. Can you guess their meanings? Try to match them with the meanings below. (八下unit4 section B 2c) 有此類(lèi)練習(xí)。
1)Keeps on happening continues
2)Physical exercise and practice of skills training
3)Worries about things at home, school or work stress
八下unit8 section A 3a 九年級(jí)unit8 section A 3b八下unit8 section A 3a 有此類(lèi)練習(xí)。
(3)根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義。如:Use the clues from the passage to help you guess the meaning of the words in the box.(九年級(jí)unit4 section B 2d)
(4)利用同義語(yǔ)塊整體記憶詞匯。如:Complete the passage with proper
forms of the words and phrases in the box( 九年級(jí)unit4 section B 2e)
長(zhǎng)此以往,學(xué)生會(huì)逐漸養(yǎng)成注意英語(yǔ)同義詞、反義詞及詞性異而詞根同的詞,并形成把它們連貫起來(lái)記憶的習(xí)慣。例如,foolish一詞與下列同義詞或反義詞可聯(lián)系起來(lái):slow、stupid、dull、dumb、intelligent等,還有與foolish一詞詞根相同而詞性不同的詞:fool(n.)、fool(v.)、foolish(adj.)、foolishly(adv.)等。但是也要注意同義詞間的辨析。如:How much is this painting worth? Whats the value of the painting?
This painting is worth about 100,000yuan. The painting is valued at about 100,000 yuan. 對(duì)學(xué)生經(jīng)常進(jìn)行Paraphrase的訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生就會(huì)對(duì)同義表達(dá)在形式上的區(qū)別加以注意,可以深入透徹理解詞義,從而達(dá)到掌握詞匯及其用法的目的。同時(shí),學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)新詞復(fù)習(xí)舊詞,提高了單詞的使用率。
2.靈活轉(zhuǎn)換句式
新教材要求學(xué)生能正確使用復(fù)雜句式,若能準(zhǔn)確掌握并熟練運(yùn)用,將會(huì)大大提高我們的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)水平,使我們的句式不至于太過(guò)單調(diào),達(dá)到形式多變、生動(dòng)活潑的效果。幫助學(xué)生透視句子的深層結(jié)構(gòu),豐富句子的表層結(jié)構(gòu)。學(xué)生在教師給出答案之前,大膽的開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋把所學(xué)的句型靈活變換,天長(zhǎng)日久,就可避免逐詞逐句硬譯難句的毛病,而且也有助于用英語(yǔ)想英語(yǔ)能力的發(fā)展,況且為掌握語(yǔ)言的用法打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,自然而然會(huì)養(yǎng)成用英語(yǔ)來(lái)思維的好習(xí)慣。初始階段教師的任務(wù)不是讓學(xué)生嘗試著自己用一個(gè)句子去解釋另一個(gè)句子,而是能夠?qū)蓚€(gè)看似不同但意義近似或相同的句子相互匹配,并培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)如何以不同形式說(shuō)出相同或相似意思的好奇心。
(1)單復(fù)句互相轉(zhuǎn)換(九年級(jí)unit3 section A1c)
Excuse me , could you please tell me how to get to the bookstore?
Excuse me , could you please tell me how I can get to the bookstore?
David was so careless that he didn't find the mistakes in his test paper. (變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單句)
David was__________careless_________find the mistakes in his test paper.
(2)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換(九年級(jí)unit5 section B1d)
There is an international kite festival there every April.
The international kite festival is held in April every year.
(3)語(yǔ)法成分位置的移動(dòng)(九年級(jí)unit5 section B1d)
People from all over the world compete in kite flying.
The competitors at the festival are from all over the world.
(4)固定句式的轉(zhuǎn)換
Jeff is less serious than most kids.(F) (八上unit3 section B 2c)
Im quieter and more serious than most kids.
Huang Lei isnt as good at tennis as Larry.(T)
We both like sports ,but he plays tennis better, so he always win.
Neither of us did any housework for a week. (八下unit3 section A 3b)
For one week, she didnt do any housework and neither did I.
(5)熟詞生義(八下unit1 section A3b)
Some passengers helped to get the old man onto the bus. ( get 此處是沿……移動(dòng),艱難地移動(dòng) 與move 同義)
Some passengers helped Mr. Wang to move the old man onto the bus.
(6)替換或增添連詞
My mom came over as soon as I sat down in front of the TV. (八下unit3 section A3b)
The minute I sat down in front of the TV, my mom came over.
The sun shines straight into the Stonehenge as the stones were put in a special position. (九年級(jí)unit8 section B1d)
The large stones were put together in a certain way. On midsummers morning, the sun shines directly into the center of the stones.
3.踐行整體教學(xué)
教學(xué)大綱中明確指出:“課文首先應(yīng)作為整體教學(xué)”。也就是說(shuō)課文教學(xué)中應(yīng)從全篇內(nèi)容著眼,既要防止只講語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)而忽略通篇內(nèi)容,也要避免只注重文章內(nèi)容而忽視語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練。課文教學(xué)在學(xué)生全面理解課文的基礎(chǔ)上培養(yǎng)他們應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的能力。然而,學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)一些課文時(shí),往往不理解整段或整篇文章的含義,出現(xiàn)“只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木,不見(jiàn)森林”的問(wèn)題。學(xué)生即使看幾遍仍然感到不知所云。若能把paraphrase教學(xué)法滲透到閱讀教學(xué)中,效果就不同了。在閱讀教學(xué)中運(yùn)用paraphrase進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇整體教學(xué)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于幫助學(xué)生們理清思路,抓住細(xì)節(jié),完整、系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇閱讀與理解,理解作者寫(xiě)作意圖等,從而提高推理歸納能力,同時(shí)可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維的能力和提高學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。
下面我就以(八下unit58 section B 2c& 2d)為例,談?wù)劰P者是如何在語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)中滲透paraphrase。
(1)Read the passage again and underline the main ideas. Then use the underlined text to write short answers to the questions below.
(2)Use the notes you made in 2c to write a short summary of the passage. Write no more than 100 words.
Main idea:
Para 1 Sarah is an American girl and she loves American country music
Para2 Country is a traditional kind of music from the southern states of America. However, country music brings us back to the “good old days” when people were kind to each other and trusted one another.
本文共三段。在閱讀教學(xué)的導(dǎo)入及skimming 環(huán)節(jié)后,要求學(xué)生找出每段的topic sentence。然后鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生用更簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)來(lái)paraphrase這三句,并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意關(guān)鍵動(dòng)詞。在這過(guò)程中,學(xué)生既運(yùn)用英語(yǔ),也訓(xùn)練了理解歸納能力,學(xué)生積極發(fā)言,很快給出了更明了的表達(dá),即:
Sarah is an American girl who used to fight over almost everything with her family. While she was studying in England, she heard a country music song which made her think of her family and friends. She became a fan of country music. Country music is a traditional kind of music from the southern states of America.
同時(shí),在多種paraphrase答案中感受到了英語(yǔ)表達(dá)的多樣性。最重要的是體驗(yàn)到了運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的成就感。為課文的下一步閱讀教學(xué)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。此外,復(fù)述、改寫(xiě)、縮寫(xiě)、擴(kuò)寫(xiě)等都是paraphrase在語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用,老師應(yīng)采取多種paraphrase方式,來(lái)提高閱讀教學(xué)的效果。
三、結(jié)論
總之,paraphrase在初中中閱讀教學(xué)中的十分重要。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的paraphrase能力,既能訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的理解能力,表達(dá)能力,逐步培養(yǎng)“用英語(yǔ)思維”的能力,還能讓學(xué)生學(xué)以致用。 Paraphrase這種教學(xué)方法鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生“用腦思考”, 充分激發(fā)了他們的潛能,發(fā)展心智,符合“素質(zhì)教育”思想,值得提倡。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]新版人教版新目標(biāo)學(xué)生用書(shū).
[2]新版人教版新目標(biāo)教師教學(xué)用書(shū).