胡小青
[摘 要]短文改錯(cuò)是2015屆江西考生面臨的新題型??键c(diǎn)涉及面廣,全面考查學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)掌握程度以及語(yǔ)感和語(yǔ)篇理解能力。研究1997年至2015年全國(guó)卷高考真題之短文改錯(cuò)部分,分析高考英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)的命題規(guī)律,總結(jié)高考英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)的考點(diǎn)分布,以便更好地服務(wù)于教學(xué)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]高考英語(yǔ) 短文改錯(cuò) 考點(diǎn)分布
[中圖分類號(hào)] G633.41[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 16746058(2016)150034
江西高考從2015年起開(kāi)始使用全國(guó)卷,短文改錯(cuò)也因此成為學(xué)生面臨的新題型。這一新題型以完整篇章的形式出現(xiàn),題材多涉及學(xué)生身邊的事情,文章難易度符合學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平,基本上不涉及生僻的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。體裁多為記敘文,有時(shí)也有應(yīng)用文、說(shuō)明文和議論文。但是其考點(diǎn)涉及面廣,全面考查學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)掌握程度。此外,還考查了學(xué)生的語(yǔ)感和語(yǔ)篇理解能力。由此可見(jiàn),高考對(duì)中學(xué)生的綜合能力提出了較高的要求。為了讓學(xué)生更好地適應(yīng)這樣的要求,筆者對(duì)1997年至2015年全國(guó)卷高考真題之短文改錯(cuò)部分進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真的分析研究,歸納總結(jié)出高考短文改錯(cuò)的以下七大考點(diǎn)。
一、冠詞的考查
短文改錯(cuò)對(duì)冠詞的考查主要有冠詞的漏用、多余或?yàn)E用。如Each player must obey captain, who is the leader of the team? (NMET, 1998年)Some wanted to see the programme while others preferred another. (NMET, 1999年)Ill take this chance to wish you wonderful time on your birthday.(2000年春季)We may be one family and live under a same roof.(NMET, 2001年)As result, the plants are growing everywhere. (2014年全國(guó)卷一)從這些真題中可看出,主要考查定冠詞表特指、不定冠詞表泛指的基本用法, an在元音音素開(kāi)頭的詞前用法如an honest boy, 以及一些與冠詞相關(guān)的固定搭配如:have a good knowledge of; have fun; in the 20th century; in the 1980s; on vacation; a second/a third; take an active part in...所以,要迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)冠詞錯(cuò)誤,考生應(yīng)養(yǎng)成多朗讀加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)感以及多記憶固定搭配的好習(xí)慣。
二、名詞的考查
主要考查可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)誤用;可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞濫用,名詞與形容詞誤用及名詞所有格誤用。如Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience.(NMET, 1998年) My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to stay another couple of day.(2011年全國(guó)卷II)Every one of us can make a great efforts to cut down the use of energy in our country.(2012年全國(guó)卷I)When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.(2013年新課標(biāo)2)考生在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中要多積累詞匯,注意它們的數(shù)的問(wèn)題。此外還要注意以下常見(jiàn)的不可數(shù)名詞:advice, fun, health, progress, information, news, furniture, equipment...
三、形容詞和副詞的考查
主要考查形容詞、副詞誤用; 形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)誤用。如:I used to play pingpong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football.(NMET, 1997年)Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family.(NMET, 1999年)Im a newcomer here from a small town. I would describe myself as shy and quietly. (2004年全國(guó)卷II)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.(2014年全國(guó)卷I)考生應(yīng)熟練掌握以下關(guān)于形容詞和副詞的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí):①形容詞修飾名詞,副詞修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子。②hard/straight的副詞為其本身。③likely/lovely/friendly/deadly/lonely/lively皆為形容詞。④far, even, still, much, any, a little, a lot 常與比較級(jí)連用。⑤high/deep/wide/close 的副詞有“本身”及“+ly”兩種形式,本身形式的副詞表示具體意義: The kite can fly high./He opened his eyes wide seeing the frightening animal.加 “l(fā)y”形式的副詞表示抽象意義: The teachers think highly of you./English is widely used around the world.
四、代詞的考查
主要考查人稱代詞主格和賓格的誤用;代詞多余或遺漏;前后指代性別或單復(fù)數(shù)不一致;不定代詞something, anything, both, all 等的誤用;反身代詞的誤用。如:Weve been writing to each for nearly a year now.(2008年全國(guó)卷I)Thank you very much for showing them around your city and providing us with the wonderful meals.(2011年全國(guó)卷II)Other way is to watch our everyday use of water and electricity at home.(2012年全國(guó)卷I)I knew that they would be worried about myself because I was so far away.(2013年全國(guó)二卷)對(duì)于這一考點(diǎn),考生要有很強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)篇意識(shí),注意上下文的人稱指代等是否一致。
五、介詞的考查
主要考查介詞遺漏、多余或誤用。如:I imagine youll be at vacation yourself by that time.(2008年全國(guó)卷I)Im sorry that I wasnt able to return to your bike on time yesterday. (2009年全國(guó)卷II)I think over her a lot and I miss the food and the good time we had together. (2011年全國(guó)卷I)考生應(yīng)多檢查句中介詞與動(dòng)詞、 名詞、 形容詞、副詞等的搭配是否正確。此外,還應(yīng)多加強(qiáng)短語(yǔ)積累,尤其是以下短語(yǔ):be on business/vacation/service; be particular about; be curious about; with ones help; with the development of...have difficulty (in) doing sth/ have difficulty with sth; spend time/money (in) doing sth; spend time/money on sth; be filled with/ be full of...
六、動(dòng)詞的考查
主要考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)誤用(特別是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)之間濫用)、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的誤用、主謂一致、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形、易混動(dòng)詞的誤用。如:At that time, we often spend time together.(2010年全國(guó)卷二)I hold my lunchbox in my hand when I was going to school.(2011年全國(guó)卷I)My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days.(2011年全國(guó)卷II)Next, no drinking water should left running.(2012年全國(guó)卷II)對(duì)動(dòng)詞的考查是短文改錯(cuò)的重中之重,可以考查的形式有很多,所以考生必須學(xué)會(huì)正確分析句子成分,熟悉謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的功能及用法,多在練習(xí)中總結(jié)規(guī)律。此外,還要特別注意以下易混動(dòng)詞的記憶:spend(主語(yǔ)為sb)/cost(主語(yǔ)為sth); lie vi./lay vt; raise vt./rise vi.; pass vt./past adv.; reach vt./ arrive vi。
七、邏輯關(guān)系的考查
主要考查考生基于對(duì)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系的理解,正確判斷邏輯副詞(如:however/therefore; beside/besides )或連詞(包括并列連詞and, but, or, so和從句引導(dǎo)詞)的多余、遺漏或誤用,上下語(yǔ)義中否定詞not/never的多余或遺漏以及ever/never誤用及反義詞誤用。如:After we said goodbye to you, we went to Washington D.C, that we stayed for three days.(2011年全國(guó)卷II)It is in the downtown area, but it is easy to go to anywhere from the hotel by public transport.(2013年全國(guó)一卷)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problem.(2014年全國(guó)一卷)
結(jié)語(yǔ)
綜上所述,短文改錯(cuò)主要有冠詞、名詞、形容詞與副詞、代詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞、邏輯關(guān)系七大考點(diǎn),不僅考查基本語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感,而且考查文段的行文邏輯。因此在備考過(guò)程中,考生不僅要養(yǎng)成多朗讀、多積累、多訓(xùn)練、多總結(jié)的好習(xí)慣,還要在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中養(yǎng)成細(xì)心縱覽全文的好習(xí)慣,這樣方能在高考短文改錯(cuò)中取得比較滿意的成績(jī)。
(責(zé)任編輯 黃 曉)