楊舒雯,馬 奔,周 力,王 宇
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院頭頸外科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海200032
斯鈣素的生物學(xué)特征及其與人體腫瘤關(guān)系研究進展
楊舒雯,馬 奔,周 力,王 宇
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院頭頸外科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海200032
斯鈣素(stanniocalcin,STC)是一種糖蛋白激素,由魚類獨有的內(nèi)分泌腺斯坦尼小體所分泌。在哺乳動物中,也存在STC樣蛋白,分別命名為STC-1和STC-2,通過腎臟和胃腸道來調(diào)節(jié)鈣和磷酸鹽的代謝,STC-1與魚類STC氨基酸序列顯示高度同源性(約50%),STC-2則較低,有35%左右的氨基酸呈同源性。一些研究已發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的細胞定位、基因結(jié)構(gòu)在不同的生理和病理情況下的表達,為闡明哺乳動物的STC功能提供線索。此外,STC-1和STC-2在眾多腫瘤細胞系中有表達,提示哺乳動物STC具有除礦物質(zhì)代謝外的多種生物學(xué)功能。
斯鈣素;腫瘤;細胞增殖;腫瘤微環(huán)境
斯鈣素(stanniocalcin,STC)是一種糖蛋白激素,最早在硬骨魚中發(fā)現(xiàn),由魚類獨有的內(nèi)分泌腺斯坦尼小體所分泌。其生理作用在于抑制腮、腸的Ca2+轉(zhuǎn)運使血鈣降低和促進腎臟磷酸鹽的重吸收,因而是魚類一種重要的礦物質(zhì)代謝調(diào)節(jié)因子。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在人類和其他哺乳動物中也存在STC樣蛋白,分別命名為STC-1和STC-2。STC以旁分泌和自分泌的方式參與機體的多種生理功能,可以通過腎臟和胃腸道來調(diào)節(jié)鈣和磷酸鹽的代謝,STC-1和STC-2廣泛表達于各種組織,STC表達的上調(diào)被證明是由細胞外Ca2+通過調(diào)控膜相關(guān)的鈣敏感受體而介導(dǎo)[1],同時有研究表明,Na+和Cl-同樣可以調(diào)節(jié)STC的表達[2]。STC在心血管疾病、炎癥細胞遷移、胚泡著床和子宮的蛻膜化等多方面都起重要作用,且越來越多的研究表明,STC-1和STC-2的表達與人類腫瘤的發(fā)展過程相關(guān)。
1.1STC-1的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能
STC-1基因位于染色體8p11.2-p21上,包含4個外顯子,編碼247個氨基酸[3]。STC-1有兩個亞型,其中一個相對分子質(zhì)量為50×103的STC50,另一個為相對分子質(zhì)量更大的大STC[4]。STC-1有多重功能,包括外傷的愈合[5]、線粒體代謝[6]、血管形成[7]、巨噬細胞的趨化作用[1]、類固醇形成[8]、肌肉和骨骼的發(fā)育[9]等。同時STC-1可以抑制凋亡,在腦缺血時保護腦細胞,并能激活多潛能間質(zhì)細胞[10-12]。缺氧時神經(jīng)細胞誘導(dǎo)STC-1[11],刺激細胞通過旁分泌、自分泌機制吸收磷酸鹽,以此促進ATP的合成;另在缺血條件下,STC-1可能抑制具有細胞毒性的Ca2+進入細胞內(nèi)。
1.2STC-1在哺乳動物組織中的表達
STC-1廣泛表達于哺乳動物組織中。STC-1 mRNA在小鼠卵巢間質(zhì)細胞和卵泡內(nèi)膜細胞呈高表達,妊娠期和哺乳期的表達受到促黃體激素和孕激素的調(diào)控和催乳素的刺激[13]。在成骨細胞、軟骨細胞、發(fā)育中的幼鼠骨骼與肌肉組織、大腦皮質(zhì)錐體細胞、海馬區(qū)、脈絡(luò)叢和小腦的浦肯野細胞中都能觀察到STC-1 mRNA的表達。高Ca2+可穩(wěn)定原代培養(yǎng)細胞中STC的轉(zhuǎn)錄,推測STC-1 mRNA表達增加,也可能是由于STC-1轉(zhuǎn)錄穩(wěn)定性的增強。在通常情況下,除懷孕期間,STC-1在循環(huán)血液中無法檢測。然而,癌癥患者的血液樣本中可測得STC-1,此外,STC-1在許多腫瘤細胞系和腫瘤組織中均有表達[14]。在人神經(jīng)嵴源性腫瘤細胞中,經(jīng)PMA(PKC激活劑)誘導(dǎo)分化后STC-1表達在mRNA和蛋白水平上均增強,主要表達在完全分化的神經(jīng)元細胞中[15]。因此,STC-1可能用于惡性腫瘤的分子標志檢測血液或患者組織樣品中的腫瘤細胞。
低氧條件下,在鼻咽癌、甲狀腺髓樣癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、結(jié)直腸癌和卵巢癌等多種腫瘤組織中STC-1 mRNA被證實有表達變化[16-19],可能與人類腫瘤在缺氧情況下的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控發(fā)生變化,STC-1通過促進缺氧區(qū)域的血管生成和提高腫瘤細胞的缺氧耐受性,以維持腫瘤細胞的能量代謝有關(guān)[20]。Liu等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)在永生化的人卵巢上皮細胞、卵巢癌組織及卵巢癌患者血清中均有過表達的STC-1,推測STC-1過表達能夠促進腫瘤細胞增殖、遷移和克隆形成。
2.1STC-2的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能
STC-2也稱為斯鈣素相關(guān)肽。STC-2基因位于染色體5q35上,含有302個氨基酸殘基,相對分子質(zhì)量為33×103,STC-2與STC-1有30%左右的氨基酸呈同源性。STC-2為同型二聚體糖蛋白結(jié)構(gòu),可被酪蛋白激酶磷酸化,STC-2原的1~18位氨基酸殘基組成信號肽,19~44位氨基酸殘基從STC-2原上裂解后剩余的肽段即稱為成熟的STC-2[22]。與STC-1不同的是,STC-2氨基酸序列在C-末端包含一簇組氨酸殘基,這提示STC-2可能與鈷、銅、鎳及鋅等金屬離子相互作用有關(guān)[23-24]。
2.2STC-2在哺乳動物組織中的表達
STC-2也可在哺乳動物多種組織細胞中表達。在骨中豐富表達提示,STC-2在骨代謝中起某些作用[2,22];Ishibashi等[25]認為,STC-2的作用在于抑制腎臟磷酸鹽的攝取,因為STC-2轉(zhuǎn)染CHO細胞的培養(yǎng)介質(zhì)能抑制負鼠腎臟細胞Na+/ PO43-協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運體啟動子的活性;Moore等[26]利用Northern blot和雙重免疫染色技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)STC-2存在于胰島素α細胞中,推測STC-2可能與血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)。
與相應(yīng)的正常組織相比,STC-2在多種腫瘤組織中均過表達,如乳腺癌[27]、成纖維細胞瘤[31]、食管鱗癌[32]、胃癌[33]、結(jié)直腸癌[34]、腎細胞癌[28,35]、前列腺癌[36]和子宮內(nèi)膜癌[37]。其中在結(jié)直腸癌[34]、胃癌[33]和腎細胞癌[35]中,STC-2高表達與患者生存率呈負相關(guān)。在人乳腺癌中,STC-2和雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)水平呈正相關(guān),且雌激素可誘導(dǎo)STC-2表達[29],對雌激素敏感的人乳腺癌細胞的12 550個基因表達分析后顯示,約0.4%的基因表達上調(diào)3倍以上,其中STC-2上調(diào)10倍,STC-1水平卻沒有變化[30]。在腎細胞癌組織中,STC-2的mRNA和蛋白均上調(diào);在正常腎臟組織中,STC-2的表達僅限于末梢腎小管和腎小球,而在腫瘤組織中的細胞質(zhì)強染色,細胞膜也染色。STC-2在透明細胞、嫌色細胞和乳突狀腎細胞腎癌中都有表達。STC-2的細胞質(zhì)強染色,則患者生存期較短;在沒有轉(zhuǎn)移的腎細胞腎癌中,有無進展的因素與患者總生存期較短相關(guān)[35]。
3.1STC與腫瘤間的關(guān)聯(lián)
目前許多研究證實,STC-1和STC-2參與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,并且高表達水平的STC-1和STC-2與不同類型癌癥的不良預(yù)后相關(guān)。白血病患者外周血的高STC-1 mRNA表達生存率較低。在散發(fā)的腎透明細胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)及BRCA1和BRCA2突變的乳腺癌中均有染色體5q異常,STC-2基因正位于此[27-28]。cDNA微陣列和實時熒光定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RTFQ-PCR)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),STC-2在二甲基苯并蒽、輻射誘發(fā)的小鼠乳腺癌腫瘤組織中均有表達,并且相對于對照組,STC-2穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染的小鼠乳腺癌細胞發(fā)生形態(tài)學(xué)變化[38]。一項72例乳腺癌的回顧性研究結(jié)果顯示,STC-2在復(fù)發(fā)較晚(術(shù)后5、10年)的原發(fā)灶及復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移灶中的表達均高于其在早期復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移灶中的表達(P=0.004,P=0.000 1),說明STC-2高表達作為促生存因子,有助于乳腺腫瘤細胞的休眠[27]。
相反,Kita等[32]用激光微切割和寡核苷酸微陣列分析技術(shù)分析食管癌淋巴結(jié)特異性的轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的基因,在識別的63個基因中,發(fā)現(xiàn)STC-2在食管癌組織中的表達明顯高于相應(yīng)正常組織(P<0.001),且與食管鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、淋巴管浸潤及腫瘤遠處轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)(P值分別為0.005、0.007和0.038),STC-2高表達者5年生存率低于低表達患者(P=0.016),STC-2轉(zhuǎn)染的細胞增生率高于對照組細胞(P<0.001),但STC-2在腫瘤進展中的作用和它的鈣調(diào)節(jié)能力無關(guān)。
3.2STC對腫瘤細胞增殖、凋亡和腫瘤血管形成的調(diào)控
STC-1和STC-2的細胞生長相關(guān)性與細胞凋亡有關(guān)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在STC-1過表達卵巢細胞系和異種移植小鼠腫瘤中,STC-1有明顯促增殖作用[21]。在共同培養(yǎng)的多能干細胞與紫外照射過的成纖維細胞、乏氧誘導(dǎo)的肺癌上皮細胞、人卵巢癌細胞中,STC-1起到抗凋亡作用[12,21]。而有研究證明,STC-1對碘乙酰胺(蛋白酶抑制劑)治療下的人類鼻咽癌細胞[20]、曲古抑菌素治療下的人結(jié)直腸癌細胞[40-41]和在氧化應(yīng)激下的鼠胚胎成纖維細胞[41]均具有促凋亡作用。以上差異性結(jié)果并不矛盾,因為STC-1可能不是促或抑制細胞凋亡的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)點。研究推測,STC-1促或抑制細胞凋亡作用依賴于細胞適應(yīng)內(nèi)、外環(huán)境功能紊亂的程度。盡管STC-1促或抑制細胞凋亡作用尚未確定,但一些細胞生存相關(guān)信號分子和通路已確定調(diào)控STC-1表達,如HIF-1[16]、p53[42]、Sp1[40]、NF-κB[39,42]、ERK-1/2[41]和線粒體的抗氧化通路[43]。
STC-2能夠促進人類胃細胞和缺氧下人類卵巢細胞的增殖[44-45]。實體瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展通常與缺氧有關(guān)。在缺氧條件下,STC-2基因是HIF-1的下游基因,且STC-2蛋白促進Rb和cyclinD的磷酸化,并促進細胞增殖、抑制凋亡。STC-2基因沉默后的乏氧細胞增殖能力明顯弱于STC-2過表達的乏氧細胞[45]。有研究[36]報道,采用RTFQ-PCR和免疫組織化學(xué)檢查方法在去勢抵抗和惡性程度比較高的前列腺癌組織中發(fā)現(xiàn)STC-2呈高表達,通過小干擾RNA可有效沉默STC-2基因表達、減少前列腺細胞系的增殖,提示它可能是預(yù)測前列腺癌惡性程度和治療前列腺癌的一個靶分子。Ieta等[34]將STC-2基因轉(zhuǎn)染至分化程度高且STC-2基因低表達的結(jié)、直腸癌細胞系中,結(jié)果伴隨著STC-2基因表達的增加,同時還出現(xiàn)細胞分化程度降低、細胞增殖旺盛等改變,提示STC-2可能通過參與調(diào)控細胞增殖來促進結(jié)腸癌細胞的侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移。在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)功能紊亂、缺氧情況下,STC-2基因為PERK-ATF4通路和HIF-1下游靶基因,其抗凋亡能力增強[45,47],主要通過與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)鈣離子結(jié)合器結(jié)合,抑制細胞膜對鈣離子的轉(zhuǎn)運程序[46]。
相比之下,有研究認為,在乳腺癌細胞、體外神經(jīng)細胞瘤中,STC-2起了細胞增殖抑制作用[31,46]。在無血清培養(yǎng)條件下,STC-2的基礎(chǔ)表達抑制細胞增殖、遷移和細胞活性,并且雌二醇、孕酮和維甲酸可調(diào)節(jié)乳腺癌細胞中的STC2的表達[46]。高水平的STC-2抑制乳腺癌細胞增殖,與乳腺癌患者較長的無病生存期相關(guān),并提示較好的預(yù)后[18]。此外,有研究報道,STC-2通過增加人成纖維細胞瘤細胞的基礎(chǔ)凋亡率抑制細胞的增殖[31]。因此,關(guān)于STC-2對腫瘤增殖作用有待進一步研究。
有進一步研究報告顯示,STC-1和STC-2的表達與腫瘤抑制因子和血管生成因子相關(guān)。有研究已證明,BRCA1和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)激活STC-1的表達[48-49],且STC-1基因被確定為結(jié)腸腫瘤的一種血管特異性血管生成相關(guān)基因[50]和VEGF/Wnt2下游目標基因[50-51]。另外,血管網(wǎng)的建立和形成促進實體瘤生長,Law等[45]對人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細胞行侵襲試驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)STC-2可刺激內(nèi)皮細胞侵襲,但其機制尚未闡明。
3.3STC與腫瘤微環(huán)境
腫瘤的發(fā)生和轉(zhuǎn)移與腫瘤細胞所處的內(nèi)外環(huán)境有著密切關(guān)系。它不僅包括腫瘤所在組織的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能和代謝,而且亦與腫瘤細胞自身的(細胞核和細胞質(zhì))內(nèi)在環(huán)境有關(guān)。腫瘤細胞在微環(huán)境中的適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致細胞的致癌性轉(zhuǎn)化、凋亡抵抗和轉(zhuǎn)移等概率增加,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)STC-1和STC-2在腫瘤細胞中的表達、對腫瘤遷移和浸潤的促進作用與微環(huán)境中缺氧和內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)功能紊亂相關(guān)。此二者密切影響腫瘤的生長特性[44,47]。事實上,腫瘤進展中的微環(huán)境變化類似慢性炎癥的過程,開始時缺血,而最終血管生成[49]。應(yīng)用細胞遷移實驗和平板克隆分析不同人類卵巢癌細胞株,Liu等[21]闡明了STC-1刺激卵巢腫瘤發(fā)生的刺激效應(yīng)。
上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是腫瘤浸潤、轉(zhuǎn)移的重要機制。Law等[52]運用蛋白[質(zhì)]印跡法(Western blot)和免疫細胞化學(xué)法,揭示在缺氧條件下,誘導(dǎo)活性氧生成、激活MAPK/ERK信號通路,穩(wěn)定表達的STC-2能促進卵巢癌SKOV3細胞的EMT過程,很大程度地增強了細胞運動能力和侵襲能力,膠原蛋白降解基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metallo-proteinase,MMP-2)和MMP-9活性的提高可能參與了這個過程,提示STC-2在缺氧條件下為腫瘤進展的正調(diào)節(jié)蛋白。在原發(fā)的人成纖維細胞瘤組織中,STC-2與4期和4s期轉(zhuǎn)移、MYCN表達相關(guān);轉(zhuǎn)染了STC-2的成纖維細胞瘤細胞MMP-2活性增強,具有更高的侵襲潛能并引起出血,可能促進轉(zhuǎn)移[31]。實驗說明在一定環(huán)境下,STC-2與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)。
目前大量研究嘗試闡明STC的生物學(xué)特性,包括細胞與組織表達的調(diào)控機制、特定細胞的受體及這些受體的信號產(chǎn)生的生理效應(yīng)與病理生理作用。STC在人類腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮著比較廣泛的作用,臨床試驗表明,STC-1、STC-2與人體腫瘤分化程度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、淋巴管浸潤和腫瘤分期等相關(guān),預(yù)測STC可以應(yīng)用于臨床工作中,但在不同腫瘤有不同程度的表達,且調(diào)控作用不盡相同,這些研究是在不同的細胞中進行,可能存在細胞種類的依賴性,因此其生物學(xué)活性與腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展及信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑等具體機制需行進一步實驗研究。
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The progress of the research on the relationship between stanniocalcins and cancers
YANG Shuwen,MA Ben, ZHOU Li, WANG Yu
(Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
Correspondence to: WANG Yu E-mail: neck130@hotmail.com
Stanniocalcin (STC) was first found as a calcium- and phosphate-regulating hormone produced in bony fish by the corpuscles of Stannius. In mammals, the homolog STC-1 displays a relative high amino acid sequence identity (nearly 50%) with fish STC, and STC-2 has a lower identity (nearly 35%) with STC-1 and fish STC. Both STC-1 and STC-2 are expressed in a variety of tissues. The functions of STC have not been understood. But some findings have been reported on their cellular localization, gene structure, and expression in different physiological and pathological conditions, which will be clues in elucidating the functions of STC in mammals. Moreover, STC-1 and STC-2 are expressed in many tumor cell lines, suggesting other biological functions of STC in mammals other than mineral metabolism.
Stanniocalcin; Tumor; Cell proliferation; Tumor microenvironmemt
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2016.10.012
R73-37
A
1007-3639(2016)10-0875-06
王 宇 E-mail: neck130@hotmail.com
(2015-02-10
2015-10-15)