石雪峰,王立生,格日力
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低氧對骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞生物學特性的影響
石雪峰,王立生,格日力
作者單位:810001 西寧,青海大學醫(yī)學院高原醫(yī)學研究中心(石雪峰、格日力);100850 北京,軍事醫(yī)學科學院放射與輻射醫(yī)學研究所(石雪峰、王立生);810001 西寧,青海省人民醫(yī)院呼吸科(石雪峰)
近年來,大量研究表明骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞(bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMMSCs)是一群具有多向分化潛能、低免疫原性的多能干細胞,在一定的誘導條件下能最終分化成心肌、骨、軟骨、神經(jīng)等多種組織,易于在體外分離培養(yǎng),并易于為外源基因轉(zhuǎn)染和表達。這些特性使BMMSCs 成為在細胞治療、基因治療中有效發(fā)揮療效的理想工程細胞,展示了其作為一種新的理想干細胞來源在治療多種缺血缺氧性疾病中的良好應用前景[1-3]。但骨髓中BMMSCs 含量極其稀少,研究顯示,BMMSCs 在新生兒骨髓單個核細胞中占 0.01%,隨著年齡增大,數(shù)量逐漸降低,到 80 歲僅占 0.00005%[4]。而應用于臨床治療的干細胞每次需要 5 千萬 ~ 2 億個,這不可能從一個捐獻者體內(nèi)分離獲得[5-7],而是需要進行體外擴增。但是,BMMSCs 體外增殖亦較慢,因此,如何實現(xiàn)少量取樣,批量獲取是 BMMSCs滿足臨床試驗研究的當務之急。BMMSCs 的自我更新受多種復雜微環(huán)境的調(diào)控,如細胞間的接觸、各種蛋白及生長因子等,而微環(huán)境中的氧張力是調(diào)控 BMMSCs 功能的重要因素[8]。早在 1958 年,Cooper 等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)在低氧條件下培養(yǎng)細胞時,細胞的增殖能力增強。骨髓中氧張力僅為 1% ~6%[10-13],因此,推測低氧可能更適合骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞的培養(yǎng)。另外,當缺血性心臟病、缺血性腦病等發(fā)生時,局部損傷器官多處于低氧微環(huán)境中,局部氧濃度可低于0.2%[14-15],BMMSCs 移植后療效的發(fā)揮與損傷部位的低氧環(huán)境密切相關。因此,開展低氧條件對間充質(zhì)干細胞生物學特性的研究對于 BMMSCs 的應用具有非常重要的意義。
隨著干細胞治療技術的發(fā)展,如何提高 BMMSCs 增殖效率成為 BMMSCs 移植治療的關鍵。2007 年,F(xiàn)ehrer等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與常氧培養(yǎng) BMMSCs 相比,3% 氧濃度培養(yǎng)使 BMMSCs 增殖效率提高約 10 倍。2010年,Dos Santos 等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在 2% 的低氧條件下培養(yǎng)BMMSCs,其增殖效率明顯優(yōu)于常氧條件,并能很好地維持其免疫原性及分化潛能,研究認為這可能與低氧條件下細胞代謝效率提高有關。Estrada 等[17]同樣證明,3% 氧濃度下培養(yǎng)可以明顯提高 BMMSCs 增殖效率。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),同等數(shù)量的 BMMSCs 在低氧條件下培養(yǎng)到第五代時可獲得 1 × 109個細胞,而在常氧條件下培養(yǎng)僅能得到 2 × 107個??傊?,低氧可以促進 BMMSCs 的增殖,但是其機制目前尚不明確,可能與 Oct-4 和 Rex-1 表達升高有關[18],也可能是通過上調(diào) HIF-1α 或 HIF-2α 表達[19]。
除了 BMMSCs 的增殖能力,BMMSCs 的分化潛能在干細胞治療中也有著舉足輕重的地位,已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1% ~5% 氧張力可以維持 BMMSCs 的多向分化潛能。Raheja等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),21% 的氧張力與 1%、2%、5% 的氧張力相比具有更高的成骨分化潛能,低于 5% 的氧張力可以抑制 BMMSCs 的分化潛能。Holzwarth 等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相對于常氧培養(yǎng),1% 氧張力可抑制 BMMSCs 的成脂、成骨分化潛能。當氧張力升高到 3% 時,可以恢復其成骨分化潛能。Basciano 等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于常氧培養(yǎng),5% 氧張力可以促進第二代 BMMSCs 成骨及成脂分化??傊?,目前部分研究者認為低氧抑制 BMMSCs 的成骨分化[23-24],而另有研究者認為低氧可促進 BMMSCs 成骨分化潛能而抑制其成脂分化[25]。因此,目前關于低氧對 BMMSCs 分化潛能的影響頗有爭議[26]。
可遷移至損傷局部是 BMMSCs 應用于干細胞治療的另一重要特性。BMMSCs 遷移依賴于不同細胞因子與其受體的結合,如基質(zhì)細胞衍生因子 1(stromal cell-derived factor 1,SDF-1)/CXC 趨化因子受體 4(CXC chemokine receptor-4,CXCR4)、干細胞因子(SCF)-c-Kit、肝細胞生長因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)/c-Met、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)/VEGFR、血小板衍生因子(platelet derived growth factor,PDGF)/PDGFR、單核細胞趨化蛋白 1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)/CC 類趨化因子受體 2(C-C motif chemokine receptor-2,CCR2)以及高遷移率族蛋白 1(high mobility group box-1 protein,HMGB1)/晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物受體(receptor for advanced glycation endproducts,RAGE)等[27]。已有研究表明,低氧預處理 BMMSCs 有利于干細胞的遷移。Annabi 等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧微環(huán)境可以快速誘導BMMSCs 的遷移,并且可以降低基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶 2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)的表達及分泌,明顯提高膜1 型 MMP(membrane-type1-MMP,MT1-MMP)的表達,提示低氧可通過促進 BMMSCs 表達 MT1-MMP 提高其遷移能力。Liu 等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧可誘導 BMMSCs 低氧誘導因子 1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)表達,后者作用于下游基因 VEGF 和 SDF-1α,促進 BMMSCs的遷移。多項研究同樣認為低氧可能通過上調(diào) SDF-1α、CXCR4、RhoA 或 HIF-1α 的表達從而促進 BMMSCs 的遷移[29-31]。
早在 1963 年就有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMMSCs 可以合成細胞因子、生長因子等釋放到微環(huán)境中發(fā)揮對其他細胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用[32]。大量文獻表明,短期低氧預處理 BMMSCs 可以促進 VEGF、HGF、PDGF、bFGF 等表達,從而發(fā)揮促進血管生成的作用[33-35]。Hu 等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧可以促進血管生成素 1 及促紅細胞生成素等微血管形成相關因子的表達。另外,還有研究表明低氧可以促進 BMMSCs 分泌腫瘤壞死因子 α、IL-10 等炎性因子[37],IL-10 可以抑制心肌缺血缺氧條件下心肌纖維母細胞增殖以及膠原蛋白的合成,從而發(fā)揮保護心肌以及抑制局部炎癥反應的作用。Chen 等[38]將 BMMSCs 移植到小鼠心梗移行區(qū),檢測心肌促炎因子(IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8)以及抗炎因子(IL-10)的表達,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)在心肌缺血缺氧局部微環(huán)境下,BMMSCs 可以降低心肌促炎因子與抗炎因子的比率,從而發(fā)揮抑制局部炎癥反應的作用。由此我們認為,低氧條件下 BMMSCs 的旁分泌功能明顯高于常氧培養(yǎng),細胞可分泌更多的血管生長因子、抗炎因子等活性物質(zhì)發(fā)揮組織修復功能。
目前,BMMSCs 移植到缺血缺氧心肌局部后在數(shù)天內(nèi)大量死亡也是干細胞治療需要解決的重要問題[39]。Chacko等[34]以 0.5% 氧濃度分別預處理 BMMSCs 24、48 和72 h,發(fā)現(xiàn)低氧預處理 BMMSCs 可以抑制其凋亡,促進其存活、血管生成、分化等能力,并且低氧預處理 24 h 效果明顯優(yōu)于預處理 72 h。Maslov 等[39]研究顯示,低氧預處理可以保護移植 BMMSCs 歸巢到缺血心肌局部后的長期低氧及氧化應激反應所致的凋亡,從而發(fā)揮減少心梗面積、促進梗死后心肌重建等組織修復功能。
BMMSCs 的基因不穩(wěn)定性是干細胞治療安全性的主要問題,例如 BMMSCs 在體外擴增及進入體內(nèi)后出現(xiàn)的染色體數(shù)目異常(非整倍體)、DNA 降解、端??s短等問題[40-41]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),常氧培養(yǎng)細胞可以導致 DNA 損傷從而導致細胞衰老及失去活力[17, 42-43]。Oliveira 等[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧可以迅速降低 DNA 損傷相關基因的表達及染色體數(shù)目異常,促進微衛(wèi)星的不穩(wěn)定性及維持端粒的長度。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧不影響 BMMSCs 線粒體基因組的完整性。Fan等[45]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),常氧(20%)條件下培養(yǎng) BMMSCs 出現(xiàn)廣泛的染色體異常,而低氧可以降低其氧化性損傷,聯(lián)合抗氧化劑α-苯丁酰硝酮和 N-乙酰半胱氨酸可以進一步降低DNA 損傷及染色體異常,并可以促進 BMMSCs 的增殖。但是也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),被認為是腫瘤發(fā)生的主要因素的染色體數(shù)目異常,受供體影響而不是受培養(yǎng)環(huán)境中氧張力的影響[40]。
綜上,低氧預處理(氧張力 0.5% ~ 5%)BMMSCs 可以作為一種有效方法在一定程度上克服 BMMSCs 的增殖緩慢、移植后遷移率低、基因不穩(wěn)定等缺點,提高其臨床應用的有效性及安全性,對再生醫(yī)學的研究有至關重要的意義。另外,關于 BMMSCs 在低氧條件下的分化能力爭議頗多,這可能與不同培養(yǎng)環(huán)境的氧張力、BMMSCs 的傳代次數(shù)、細胞狀態(tài)等有關??傊m然目前低氧對 BMMSCs 調(diào)控作用還缺乏一致性,特別是低氧對其分化能力的影響,但低氧對 BMMSCs 的生物學特性的影響及其在再生醫(yī)學中的應用是不可忽視的。氧張力對細胞生物學行為的影響在一系列的影響因素中最為突出,且通過控制氧張力來影響細胞的生物學行為簡單易行。但臨床實踐中仍有很多問題需要解決:①氧張力的最佳比例和最適培養(yǎng)時間的確定;②低氧對BMMSCs的調(diào)控機制是什么?其調(diào)節(jié)作用是否受傳代次數(shù)及凍存后復蘇的影響;③低氧預處理后,BMMSCs 體內(nèi)致瘤性等問題??傊?,低氧環(huán)境對 BMMSCs 生理特性及作用機制的影響研究具有重要意義,或可為解決缺血缺氧性疾病提供新的思路。
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·協(xié)會之窗·
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-713X.2016.03.011
基金項目:國家重點基礎研究發(fā)展計劃(973 計劃)(2012CB518205);國家自然科學基金(81573086、31160219、31571231)
通信作者:格日力,Email:geriligao@hotmail.com
收稿日期:2016-01-12