王伊龍,趙性泉,劉新峰,曾進(jìn)勝,許予明,趙鋼,徐安定,樊東升,陳康寧,何俐,彭斌0,董強,黃家星,劉亞杰,帥杰,羅本燕,汪昕,繆中榮,劉麗萍,王春雪,荊京,王擁軍,代表中國卒中學(xué)會指南編寫組
NICE指發(fā)病后未遺留顯著殘疾的缺血性腦血管事件。包括以下3類人群:①短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA);②輕型缺血性卒中(minor ischemic stroke)(以下簡稱為輕型卒中);③癥狀迅速緩解,未遺留殘疾的缺血性腦血管事件。
存在下列情況之一者,視為HR-NICE:①發(fā)病時間小于24 h的高危TIA(ABCD2≥4分)和輕型卒中;②急性多發(fā)性腦梗死;③顱內(nèi)或顱外大動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄≥50%。
注意:①由于目前尚不統(tǒng)一,根據(jù)以往臨床研究結(jié)果,輕型卒中可定義為:A.美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)評分≤3分;B.NIHSS評分≤5分;C.改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)評分≤3分中的任意一種。②癥狀迅速緩解,未遺留殘疾的缺血性腦血管事件定義為:發(fā)病時癥狀重,但就診時癥狀緩解為TIA或輕型卒中。③急性多發(fā)性腦梗死定義為計算機斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)或磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)顯示2個及以上新發(fā)梗死病灶。
在病理生理上,TIA和輕型卒中是一個連續(xù)動態(tài)演變的過程,因此早期區(qū)分兩者的意義并不重要。TIA與輕型卒中有相似的流行病學(xué)特征,表現(xiàn)為早期卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險高[1]。TIA與輕型卒中有明確的早期強化抗栓治療降低卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)[2]。目前急性血管再通治療如靜脈溶栓治療和血管內(nèi)機械取栓治療,往往將NICE人群(NIHSS評分≤5)剔除在外[3]。
我國是世界上卒中負(fù)擔(dān)最重的國家之一[4],HR-NICE有龐大的人群基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)基于社區(qū)人群的中國成人TIA流行病學(xué)研究[5],中國人口標(biāo)化TIA患病率高達(dá)2.4%,據(jù)此推算中國TIA現(xiàn)患人群數(shù)量高達(dá)2390萬。中國國家卒中登記Ⅱ(China National Stroke RegistryⅡ,CNSRⅡ)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,缺血性卒中比例為85%,其中輕型卒中比例占缺血性卒中人群46.4%??紤]我國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平、人群健康素質(zhì)及面臨的防治任務(wù),應(yīng)把HR-NICE作為最為重要的防治人群,也是目前腦血管病的最佳防控窗口人群。
推薦意見:
1. 建議將TIA、輕型缺血性卒中和癥狀迅速緩解,未遺留殘疾的缺血性腦血管事件統(tǒng)稱為非致殘性缺血性卒中。將存在下列情況之一者,視為HR-NICE:①發(fā)病時間小于24 h的高危TIA(ABCD2≥4分)和輕型缺血性卒中;②急性多發(fā)性腦梗死;③顱內(nèi)或顱外大動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄≥50%。(Ⅱa級推薦,C級證據(jù))
2. 鑒于HR-NICE早期卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險高,建議將HR-NICE早期防治作為國家卒中防控的重要窗口。醫(yī)護人員應(yīng)重視HR-NICE人群的管理及防治。(Ⅱa級推薦,C級證據(jù))
多種因素能夠預(yù)測NICE的早期卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險,主要分為臨床預(yù)測因素、影像預(yù)測因素以及生物標(biāo)志物預(yù)測因素3類,以臨床及影像評估研究最為豐富(表1,2)。
臨床預(yù)測因素:NICE的風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型較多,如卒中預(yù)后評估工具(SPI)、Essen卒中風(fēng)險評分(ESRS)、Hankey風(fēng)險評分、LiLAC風(fēng)險評分、California風(fēng)險評分以及ABCD評分系統(tǒng)等[6-12]。其中以ABCD2[10]評分為代表的ABCD評分系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用最為廣泛。ABCD2評分能夠很好地預(yù)測非致殘性缺血性卒中的卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險,并在中國人群中得到驗證[13]。
影像預(yù)測因素:研究表明,在建立于臨床癥狀及病史基礎(chǔ)上的ABCD2預(yù)測模型中增加影像學(xué)指標(biāo)可以大大提高預(yù)測效果[11,14-15],如果NICE出現(xiàn)新發(fā)腦梗死[11,15](特別是多發(fā)梗死[16]),計算機斷層掃描血管造影術(shù)(computed tomography angiography,CTA)和磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)[17-19]檢查提示顱內(nèi)外動脈狹窄或閉塞等,均提示患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險高。
生物標(biāo)志物預(yù)測因素:血中的某些分子標(biāo)志物水平升高,如超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(highsensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)、可溶性CD40配體(soluble CD40L ligands,sCD40L)[20]、脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)[21]以及糖化白蛋白(glycated albumin,GA)[22]等也可預(yù)測卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險。
因此,對于NICE患者應(yīng)盡早完成風(fēng)險評估,評估手段應(yīng)考慮醫(yī)療機構(gòu)硬件條件,評估流程見圖1。
指南證據(jù)推薦級別表
傳統(tǒng)觀點認(rèn)為TIA和輕型卒中是“良性、可逆性腦缺血綜合征”,復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險低于完全性、致殘性卒中。然而,研究表明,TIA患者早期發(fā)生卒中的風(fēng)險很高[23],7 d內(nèi)的卒中風(fēng)險為4%~10%,90 d卒中風(fēng)險為10%~20%(平均11%)[8,10,12,24-26],其中,ABCD2評分≥4分的高?;颊?0 d復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險高達(dá)14%以上[10];輕型卒中90 d復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險為18%[1]。而急性卒中90 d內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險為2%~7%(平均為4%),顯著低于TIA和輕型卒中患者。因此,TIA(特別是ABCD2評分≥4分的高危人群)和輕型卒中是嚴(yán)重的、需緊急干預(yù)的“卒中預(yù)警”事件,是最為重要的急癥,同時也是二級預(yù)防的最佳時機。
表1 各種缺血性卒中危險模型的入組人群及觀察時間
表2 ABCD評分系統(tǒng)
圖1 NICE的評估流程圖
研究顯示,對NICE進(jìn)行早期干預(yù)能夠顯著降低卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險。EXPRESS(Early Use of Existing Preventive Strategies for Stroke)研究[27]表明,盡早積極干預(yù),可比延遲干預(yù)顯著降低TIA和輕型卒中患者90 d卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險達(dá)80%,并且與延遲干預(yù)相比,早期干預(yù)并沒有增加顱內(nèi)出血或其他出血風(fēng)險。另外,早期積極地強化干預(yù)可顯著減少患者的住院天數(shù)、住院花費和6個月的致殘率[28]。SOS-TIA研究[29]中所有確診TIA或可能TIA患者均接受卒中預(yù)防項目,經(jīng)過24 h TIA門診啟動緊急干預(yù),結(jié)果同樣顯著降低了卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險。英國TIA專病門診及其他研究也證實,門診早期診治,能夠大大降低TIA卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險[30-33]。
推薦意見:
1. 建議對NICE患者進(jìn)行早期系統(tǒng)評估,評估指標(biāo)包括臨床、影像以及分子標(biāo)志物,評估手段應(yīng)考慮醫(yī)療機構(gòu)硬件條件。(Ⅱa級推薦,B級證據(jù))
2. 建議對于HR-NICE患者建立綜合防治體系及專病管理模式,盡早期干預(yù)治療。(Ⅱa級推薦,B級證據(jù))
EXPRESS與SOS-TIA研究結(jié)果表明,對HR-NICE進(jìn)行早期危險因素防治,可能降低早期的卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險。同時TIA.org登記研究[34]也表明,長期指南指導(dǎo)下二級預(yù)防治療可以大大減少HR-NICE的卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險。具體的二級預(yù)防策略和缺血性腦血管病二級預(yù)防并無差異,詳見《中國缺血性腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作二級預(yù)防指南2014》[35]。有一些特殊人群需個體化治療,本指南單獨列出如下。
·胰島素抵抗
研究表明,伴有胰島素抵抗患者的卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險顯著升高[36-40],且伴有胰島素抵抗的急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓后預(yù)后不良[41-42]。最新公布的卒中胰島素抵抗干預(yù)研究(Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke,IRIS)[43]表明,對于伴有胰島素抵抗的非糖尿病缺血性卒中或TIA患者,糖尿病藥物吡格列酮較安慰劑更有可能降低其卒中或心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)的風(fēng)險。但該治療會出現(xiàn)體重增加、水腫以及需要手術(shù)或住院治療的骨折的風(fēng)險,因此要個體化治療。
·頸動脈狹窄
目前,頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(c arotid endarterectomy,CEA)和頸動脈支架置入術(shù)(carotid artery stenting,CAS)已成為癥狀性頸動脈狹窄除內(nèi)科藥物治療外的主要治療手段,并被指南推薦[35,44]。對北美癥狀性頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)試驗研究(North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial,NASCET)及歐洲頸動脈外科試驗研究(European Carotid Surgery Trial,ECST)等研究結(jié)果的進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在HR-NICE患者發(fā)病后2周內(nèi)早期施行CEA能夠顯著降低發(fā)病30 d內(nèi)的卒中風(fēng)險及死亡率,且出血風(fēng)險低[45]。而頸動脈血供重建內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)對比支架置入術(shù)的隨機臨床試驗(Carotid Revascularization EndarterectomyvsStenting Trial,CREST)提示CEA與CAS手術(shù)在治療癥狀性頸動脈狹窄短期與長期療效相當(dāng)[46-47],因此對于HR-NICE患者如有適應(yīng)證,應(yīng)提早行CEA或CAS手術(shù)。
推薦意見:
1. 對于伴有胰島素抵抗的非糖尿病HR-NICE患者可以根據(jù)個體化情況給予口服吡格列酮預(yù)防卒中復(fù)發(fā),但要注意治療帶來的體重增加、水腫及骨折風(fēng)險。(Ⅱa級推薦,B級證據(jù))
小組合作學(xué)習(xí)是小學(xué)語文課堂教學(xué)中的重要教學(xué)模式之一,在將學(xué)生合理分組后,由教師分配學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),學(xué)生以小組為單位,對學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)進(jìn)行交流、討論,探尋問題的解決方式,最后將學(xué)習(xí)成果進(jìn)行展示,教師和學(xué)生共同進(jìn)行總結(jié)和評價。在小學(xué)語文課堂教學(xué)中,小組合作學(xué)習(xí)的開展,有助于強化學(xué)生的認(rèn)知,鍛煉學(xué)生的主動探究能力,對于學(xué)生全面發(fā)展具有重要意義。
2. 對于存在CEA或CAS的治療指征的HR-NICE患者,如果無早期再通禁忌證,應(yīng)在2周內(nèi)進(jìn)行手術(shù)。(Ⅱa級推薦,B級證據(jù))
目前抗栓治療已經(jīng)成為TIA和缺血性卒中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案,由于以往二級預(yù)防指南已經(jīng)詳細(xì)描述了抗栓治療的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),本文不再贅述,僅羅列NICE相關(guān)的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。
·阿司匹林+氯吡格雷
快速評估卒中和TIA以預(yù)防早期復(fù)發(fā)研究(Fast Assessment of Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack to Prevent Early Recurrence,F(xiàn)ASTER)[48]針對NICE人群探討了阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療和阿司匹林單藥治療,觀察并比較了90 d的臨床預(yù)后情況。由于入組樣本量小,該研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)早期雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療降低卒中復(fù)發(fā)的絕對風(fēng)險,但雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療組顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險未顯著增加。氯吡格雷用于高危急性非致殘性腦血管事件人群研究(Clopidogrel in Highrisk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events,CHANCE)[2]入組5170例發(fā)病時間在24 h內(nèi)的非心源性HRNICE患者?;颊弑浑S機分配為兩組:①聯(lián)合應(yīng)用氯吡格雷(首次300 mg負(fù)荷量,繼以75 mg/d)與阿司匹林(75 mg/d)治療21 d,之后單獨應(yīng)用氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)至90 d;②阿司匹林(75 mg/d)90 d。比較兩組90 d治療的有效性及安全性。結(jié)果顯示,相對于阿司匹林單抗治療,雙抗治療能夠顯著減少90 d的卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險,未增加出血風(fēng)險,且雙抗治療的獲益可持續(xù)一年,未出現(xiàn)心血管病雙抗治療中常見的氯吡格雷停藥后反跳現(xiàn)象[49]。需要注意的是,CHANCE方案并不針對心源性栓塞性HR-NICE,且研究中排除了高危出血風(fēng)險患者,故在實際應(yīng)用中應(yīng)權(quán)衡出血與獲益。
由于CHANCE研究納入的受試對象全部為中國人群,因此雙抗應(yīng)用的全球化推廣仍受到質(zhì)疑,仍在美國進(jìn)行中的新發(fā)TIA和輕型卒中血小板抑制研究(Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke Trial,POINT)[50]與CHANCE研究設(shè)計類似,但在入組患者方面與CHANCE研究略有不同,其使用的氯吡格雷的負(fù)荷劑量更高,患者發(fā)病時間在12 h以內(nèi),而不是24 h,且入組人群均為西方人群。POINT研究將在西方人群中驗證雙抗治療是否有效。最新薈萃分析指出,雙抗治療的獲益可擴大至發(fā)病3 d的缺血性卒中患者,并可擴大到西方人群,但仍需等待POINT研究結(jié)果[51]。
目前,大量系統(tǒng)分析表明,短程阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療TIA及卒中相對于單聯(lián)抗血小板治療的療效顯著且不增加出血風(fēng)險[51-57]。
·新型抗血小板藥
替格瑞洛對比阿司匹林治療急性卒中/TIA預(yù)后研究(Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Treated with Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes,SOCRATES)[58]針對HR-NICE人群,探討了替卡格雷單藥對比阿司匹林單藥治療的有效性及安全性。結(jié)果顯示,盡管替卡格雷對比阿司匹林能夠降低缺血性卒中事件,但主要臨床終點(卒中、MI和死亡)兩種治療方式差異均無顯著性。但替卡格雷對比阿司匹林并不增加出血風(fēng)險。
·抗凝治療
華法林-阿司匹林治療癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄研究(Warfarin–Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Trial,WASID)[59]以伴有癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄的NICE患者為主要研究對象,結(jié)果提示與阿司匹林相比,在伴有顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄的輕型卒中或TIA患者中應(yīng)用中等強度華法林的不良事件發(fā)生率更高,安全性不及阿司匹林。
主動脈弓相關(guān)卒中風(fēng)險研究(Aortic Arch Related Cerebral Hazard Trial,ARCH)針對伴有主動脈粥樣硬化斑塊(存在大于4 mm的主動脈弓斑塊而無其他明確血栓來源)的NICE人群,比較了阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷治療和華法林單獨治療[維持國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)2~3之間]對聯(lián)合血管性事件(腦梗死、MI、血管性死亡及顱內(nèi)出血)的預(yù)防作用。由于樣本量不足,兩種治療方案中主要終點事件發(fā)生率差異無顯著性。但相對于華法林抗凝治療,雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療有增加獲益的趨勢,且減少血管源性死亡。兩種治療下出血風(fēng)險一致,差異無顯著性[60],仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
推薦意見:
1. 對于非心源性NICE患者,建議給予口服抗血小板藥物而非抗凝藥物預(yù)防卒中復(fù)發(fā)及其他心血管事件的發(fā)生。(Ⅰ級推薦,A級證據(jù))
2. 發(fā)病在24 h內(nèi)的非心源性HR-NICE患者,應(yīng)盡早給予氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林治療21 d(氯吡格雷首日負(fù)荷量300 mg),隨后氯吡格雷單藥治療(75 mg/d),總療程為90 d。(Ⅰ級推薦,A級證據(jù))
3. 對于伴有主動脈弓動脈粥樣硬化斑塊證據(jù)的NICE患者,口服抗凝藥物與阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷藥物治療效果的比較尚無肯定結(jié)論。(Ⅱa級推薦,B級證據(jù))
心源性腦栓塞是心房顫動的重要并發(fā)癥。研究表明,心房顫動患者口服華法林抗凝治療能有效預(yù)防缺血性卒中[61-62],使卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險下降60%以上[63]。因此,若無禁忌證,理論上所有發(fā)生過卒中事件的心房顫動患者都需要長期口服抗凝藥物治療,但在臨床實踐中,心房顫動患者的華法林使用卻存在嚴(yán)重不足[64-67]。
針對心源性(伴有非瓣膜性心房顫動)HR-NICE人群的二級預(yù)防抗凝治療研究較少。歐洲心房顫動試驗(European Atrial Fibrillation Trial,EAFT)[68]指出,與安慰劑相比,華法林能明顯降低HR-NICE的聯(lián)合終點事件(血管性死亡、MI、卒中或系統(tǒng)性栓塞),年卒中風(fēng)險從12%降低至4%。
推薦意見:
對伴有非瓣膜性心房顫動的HR-NICE患者,推薦使用適當(dāng)劑量的華法林口服抗凝治療,預(yù)防再發(fā)的血栓栓塞事件。華法林的目標(biāo)劑量是維持INR在2.0~3.0。(Ⅰ級推薦,A級證據(jù))
患者病情輕微而排除在阿替普酶(alteplase,rt-PA)靜脈溶栓治療之外的缺血性卒中患者中,約30%預(yù)后不良[69],提示應(yīng)重視對該類患者的評估和關(guān)注,以篩查可能從溶栓獲益的患者。
針對NICE人群進(jìn)行溶栓治療的研究很少,替奈普酶治療動脈閉塞的輕型卒中(TNKTissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Evaluation for Minor Ischemic Stroke With Proven Occlusion,TEMPO-1)研究[70]納入50例CTA顯示顱內(nèi)動脈閉塞的輕型卒中患者,分別給予替奈普酶0.1 mg/kg和0.25 mg/kg治療。主要終點事件為癥狀性顱內(nèi)外出血、嚴(yán)重的口舌水腫以及溶栓相關(guān)低血壓。次要終點事件為完全和部分性血管再通、90 d神經(jīng)和功能結(jié)局以及復(fù)發(fā)事件(卒中進(jìn)展或卒中復(fù)發(fā))。結(jié)果顯示替奈普酶治療顱內(nèi)動脈閉塞的輕型卒中患者安全有效。因此,TEMPO-2研究也已經(jīng)啟動。
一些回顧性研究也探討了NICE溶栓治療的有效性及安全性。美國國立神經(jīng)病學(xué)與卒中研究所rt-PA卒中研究(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study,NINDS)的一篇回顧性分析中[71],以5種不同輕型卒中患者定義來比較溶栓組與安慰劑組患者,同安慰劑組相比,溶栓組均顯示能從rt-PA靜脈溶栓中獲益的趨勢,而溶栓組36 h內(nèi)癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血的發(fā)生率為0.5%~4.0%(安慰劑組均為0),但由于各組的例數(shù)均較少,差異均無顯著性。NINDS研究的另一項回顧性分析顯示[72],選擇基線NIHSS評分≤5分者作為輕型卒中患者進(jìn)行比較分析,僅58例(42例溶栓,16例安慰劑)入選,未能顯示兩組的治療結(jié)局差異有顯著性,溶栓組有1例癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血(symptomatic intracraninal hemorrhage,sICH)(2.4%),安慰劑組無sICH。國際卒中試驗-3(the Third International Stroke Trial,IST-3)[73]回顧性分析選取發(fā)病3 h內(nèi)、基線NIHSS評分≤5分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶栓組和安慰劑組的患者進(jìn)行比較分析,以探討輕型卒中患者是否能從rt-PA靜脈溶栓中獲益。結(jié)果顯示:共106例患者入選(溶栓組55例,安慰劑對照組51例),溶栓組存活和生活自理[定義為牛津殘障評分(Oxford Disability Score,OHS)0~2分]的比例顯著高于安慰劑組(84%vs65%),但結(jié)局良好(定義為OHS 0~1分)的比例兩組無顯著差別(60%vs51%)。溶栓組無患者發(fā)生癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血。通過對美國GWTG(Get With The Guideline)登記數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行分析,在2010年5月-2012年10月的數(shù)據(jù)中共有5910例發(fā)病4.5 h內(nèi)到院接受tPA靜脈溶栓治療的輕型卒中患者(NIHSS評分≤5分)[74],結(jié)果顯示,癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率為1.8%,威脅生命或嚴(yán)重的系統(tǒng)性出血的發(fā)生率為0.2%,死亡率也很低,為1.3%,但是在出院時,仍有30.3%的患者不能獨立行走,29.4%的患者不能直接回家。高齡、非洲裔、糖尿病及NIHSS評分較高的患者相對短期結(jié)局更差。
另一個多中心的卒中登記數(shù)據(jù)庫回顧分析[75],選擇發(fā)病4.5 h內(nèi)且NIHSS評分≤5分的急性缺血性卒中患者,根據(jù)是否接受了tPA靜脈溶栓分為兩組,并校正了兩組的基線差異。結(jié)果共入選了1386例患者,其中194例進(jìn)行了靜脈溶栓。溶栓治療組卒中后3個月mRS 0~1分的比例顯著高于未溶栓組,溶栓組癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈出血的發(fā)生率也非顯著性地高于未溶栓組。一項挪威單中心研究[76]和一項澳大利亞的大型注冊研究[77]均表明溶栓治療可為輕度急性缺血性卒中(NIHSS評分≤5分)患者帶來獲益。
目前缺乏針對輕型卒中的溶栓治療隨機對照研究,在進(jìn)行中的大規(guī)模的隨機對照研究包括:①阿替普酶治療輕型卒中的有效性及安全性研究[A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Alteplase in Patients With Mild Stroke,PRISMS(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02072226)]。該研究自2014年5月開始,計劃研究例數(shù)為948例輕型卒中患者(NIHSS評分≤5分),目前仍在進(jìn)行中,預(yù)計2018年8月完成全部病例入組及隨訪;②TEMPO-2研究(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02398656)是TEMPO-1的延續(xù),目前仍在進(jìn)行中,預(yù)計2021年完成全部病例入組及隨訪。
推薦意見:
1. 鑒于既往大量隨機對照研究將NICE人群排除,因此缺乏NICE人群溶栓治療循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),但NICE患者不應(yīng)被靜脈溶栓治療排除,因為上述患者可能從靜脈溶栓中獲益。(Ⅱa級推薦;C級證據(jù))
2. 發(fā)病3~4.5 h,癥狀持續(xù)在30 min以上者,應(yīng)盡早啟動溶栓評估,權(quán)衡風(fēng)險與獲益以判斷是否行靜脈溶栓治療。(Ⅱa級推薦;C級證據(jù))
3. 對于NICE人群最佳溶栓獲益人群的確定,仍需大型臨床研究加以證實。(Ⅱa級推薦;C級證據(jù))
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