通過詩歌和歌曲學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣的用法
——以虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法教學(xué)設(shè)計為例

常 英

教學(xué)設(shè)計

通過詩歌和歌曲學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣的用法
——以虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法教學(xué)設(shè)計為例

常 英

虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法是歷年高考英語的考查重點(diǎn)之一。要做好英語語法教學(xué)工作，不可做過多的講解，應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生在“用中學(xué)”。通過詩歌和歌曲學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法，使教學(xué)在師生互動、生生互動中輕松進(jìn)行，能夠使學(xué)生學(xué)有所獲，教師教有所長。

虛擬語氣；詩歌；歌曲；條件狀語從句

一、教學(xué)目標(biāo)

Knowledge goals（語言目標(biāo)）

1.Enable students to learn different forms of the subjunctive mood in conditional sentences.

2.Enable students to discover and use the different forms of the subjunctive mood in conditional sentences correctly and freely in proper situation through songs and poems.

Ability goals（能力目標(biāo)）

Be able to use the subjunctive mood in relation to conditional sentences in daily life,expressing wishes,regrets and dreams.

Feelings and Value goals（情感目標(biāo)）

1.Stimulate students'interest in learning English grammar through songs and poems.

2.Develop students'sense of teamwork and cooperation.

Teaching key points

Be able to use the subjunctive mood in conditional sentences.

Teaching difficult point

Work out some exercises concerning the use of the subjunctive mood in conditional sentences freely, correctly and properly.

Teaching methods

Task-based teaching and learning,students-centred,summarizing,cooperative method,practicing activities.

Learning methods

group work,cooperative learning

二、教材分析及備課思路

人教版普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教科書英語選修模塊6（劉道義2007）的第一、二單元的語法教學(xué)是虛擬語氣，第一單元學(xué)習(xí)與現(xiàn)在和將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法，第二單元學(xué)習(xí)與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法。為了使學(xué)生更好地學(xué)習(xí)掌握虛擬語氣的用法，教師應(yīng)整合教材內(nèi)容，利用兩節(jié)課講授這個語法項(xiàng)目。第一節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法，第二節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣的其他用法。教學(xué)中通過“呈現(xiàn)—發(fā)現(xiàn)—?dú)w納—實(shí)踐—活用”進(jìn)行語法教學(xué)。

《高中英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）》指出，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力，充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主觀能動性，同時切實(shí)提高語法課堂的知識性和趣味性，提升學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的合作意識和探究精神，為他們的終身學(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)（教育部2003）。

中學(xué)英語語法課是必要的，符合學(xué)生認(rèn)知規(guī)律的循序漸進(jìn)的語法教學(xué)能夠迅速有效地幫助學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確地理解和掌握英語。語法教學(xué)不可做過多的講解，給學(xué)生造成語法“繁、難、雜”的印象，應(yīng)讓學(xué)生在“用中學(xué)”。因此，本節(jié)課就通過詩歌和歌曲學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法，積極鼓勵學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中努力嘗試，使教學(xué)在師生互動、生生互動中輕松進(jìn)行，使學(xué)生和教師能學(xué)有所獲，教有所長。

三、教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)及設(shè)計意圖

Step 1:Lead in—Enjoy a poem

Encourage the students to read this poem in chorus and individually.Focus on the forms of the underlined words and learn the subjunctive mood in conditional sentences through this poem.

If All the Skies Were Sunshine

By Henry van Dyke

If all the skies were sunshine,如果滿天是陽光，

Our faces would be fain我們的臉龐就會渴望

Ifalltheworldweremusic,如果世界各地音樂飄飄

，Our hearts would often long我們的心靈就會不時想要

If life were always merry,如果生活總是歡樂，

Our souls would seek relief我們的靈魂就會尋求釋放（朱敏琦2012）

【設(shè)計意圖】詩歌表達(dá)的是真實(shí)的情感，詩歌創(chuàng)作的素材來源于生活，通過對Henry van Dyke的If All the Skies Were Sunshine這首詩的鑒賞，用詩歌中的幾個句子引出非真實(shí)條件句，學(xué)習(xí)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法。使學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語法的緊張心情可以得到放松。讓學(xué)生認(rèn)真明白：虛擬語氣不表示一個客觀事實(shí)，而是用來表示說話人的主觀假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑或推測。

Step 2:Listening and singing

As we know,English songs are popular with students,Beyonce's songs in particular.Play the songs“If I Were a Boy”sung by Beyonce to arouse students'interest in learning English grammar through songs.So encourage the students to focus on the listening exercise and ask the students to fill in the blanks with a proper word while listening.

If I were a boy

Even just for a day

I'd roll out of bed in the morning

I'd kick it with who I wanted

And I'd ever get confronted for it

Because they'd stick up for me

If I were a boy

I think I could understand...

【設(shè)計意圖】英文歌曲中虛擬語氣的應(yīng)用是很頻繁的，英語歌曲中的歌詞常常表達(dá)人們內(nèi)心的許多愿望，使學(xué)生在歌曲中輕松愉快地學(xué)習(xí)語法結(jié)構(gòu)，激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的興趣，突破學(xué)習(xí)語法結(jié)構(gòu)這個難點(diǎn)，達(dá)到事半功倍的教學(xué)效果。通過讓學(xué)生在欣賞這首歌曲的同時補(bǔ)全歌詞，使學(xué)生帶著問題學(xué)習(xí)，讓學(xué)生體會所填內(nèi)容，引出非真實(shí)條件句，進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法。

Step 3：Group work

Play a game“If I were a...，I would...”.

Get the students to work in groups.Encourage them to imagine what they would do if they could be somebody or do something.Make their sentences as interesting and imaginative as they can.Finally share some with the class.

Example：

If I were a rich man，I would make sure that all poor people had enough to eat.

If I were a big tree，I would grow so tall that I'd touch the sky.

If I were a bird，I could fly freely in the sky.

（2007年普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教科書英語選修6第43頁）

【設(shè)計意圖】通過假設(shè)虛擬情境，讓學(xué)生積極參與到教學(xué)情景設(shè)計中，用所學(xué)的虛擬句式造句或表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)。通過游戲，鼓勵學(xué)生表達(dá)美好的愿望，讓學(xué)生展開想象力，和同伴利用歌曲中的典型句式暢談自己的夢想，抒發(fā)自己的情懷。這樣可以加強(qiáng)學(xué)生間的思想交流，使學(xué)生互相合作、互相學(xué)習(xí)、同伴互助，發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)，主動去獲取知識，在用中學(xué)習(xí)了語法句式，使學(xué)習(xí)過程更加具有趣味性，學(xué)生也會有一定的成就感。

Step 4：Reading aloud

Encourage the students to read this poem in chorus and in pairs.Focus on the forms of the underlined words and go on learning the subjunctive mood in conditional sentences through this poem.

Our First Football Match

We would have won

if Jack had scored that goal,

We would have won...

if we had been better!（2007年普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教科書英語選修6第10頁）

【設(shè)計意圖】通過聽和朗讀這首詩，讓學(xué)生仔細(xì)觀察這首詩的動詞形式，學(xué)習(xí)與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法。使學(xué)生明白：在學(xué)習(xí)生活中，我們都曾經(jīng)留下了缺憾，但我們要相信不經(jīng)歷風(fēng)雨怎么見彩虹，只有努力了才能夠成功。

Step 5：Sing a song

Play the song“If it hadn't been for love”sung by Adele.Get the students to fill each blank with proper words while listening.

If it hadn't been for love

by Adele.

Never would have hitchhiked to Birmingham

If it hadn't been for love

Never would have caught the train to Louisiana

If it hadn't been for love

Never would have run through the blinding rain

Without one dollar to my name

If it hadn't been if it hadn't been for love

【設(shè)計意圖】通過聽歌曲If it hadn't been for love進(jìn)行聽力訓(xùn)練，讓學(xué)生仔細(xì)觀察這首歌的動詞形式，在歌曲中繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣，重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法。

Step 6：Group work

Get the students to work in groups to fill in this chart and sum up the structures of the subjunctive mood in conditional sentences.

表1：虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法

【設(shè)計意圖】設(shè)計用表格呈現(xiàn)，鼓勵學(xué)生通過小組合作學(xué)習(xí)，總結(jié)虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的語法（如表1）。虛擬語氣表示說的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或者與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等，一般常用于正式的書面語中。鼓勵他們積極參與小組學(xué)習(xí)活動，發(fā)展學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力（教育部2003），發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時解決，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生合作意識。

Step 7:Explanations

1.虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的省略：在虛擬條件狀語從句中可以省略if，將were，had， should提到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b句。如：

If Mike were free now,he would go with us. ==>Were Mike free now，he would go with us.

If Mary had studied harder last term,she would have made greater progress.==>Had he studied harder lastterm,hewouldhavemadegreaterprogress.

If it should rain tomorrow，we would have to put off the sport meet.==>Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the sport meet.

2.含蓄條件句

Without your timely help，I couldn't havefinished my work.

He hesitated；otherwise he would have scored that goal.

【設(shè)計意圖】教師進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)撥解釋，幫助學(xué)生拓寬語法知識，靈活運(yùn)用虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法。

Step 8：Practice

Encourage the students to work out the following exercises in groups of four.Hold the belief that I can do it.Get the students to discuss their problems if any.Get all the students involved in group work and express their opinions.

I.Match the beginning of each sentence with the correct ending.

1.I would have waited for her

A.if she saw a snake.

2.Clare would be frightened

B.if he hadn't tripped over.

3.I would have been on time

C.if we had money.

4.Jack would have run first

D.if she had asked.

5.We would buy a bigger house

E.if my mother had woken up.

（2007年普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教科書英語選修6第50頁）

II.Choose the best answer from A，B，C or D.

1.If I_____it with my own eyes，I wouldn't have believed it.（杜志建2015，北京卷，34）

A.didn't seeB.weren't seeing

C.Wouldn't seeD.hadn't seen

2.It might have saved me much trouble_____ the schedule.（杜志建2015，江蘇卷，28）

A.did I knowB.have I known

C.do I knowD.had I known

3.Without his wartime experiences,Hemingway _____his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.（杜志建2015，重慶卷，7）

A.Didn't writeB.hadn't written

C.wouldn't write D.wouldn't have written

4.We_____back in the hotel now if you didn't lose the map.（杜志建2014，北京卷，34）

A.areB.wereC.will beD.would be

5._____no modern telecommunications,we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.（杜志建2014，福建卷，32）

A.Were thereB.Had there been

C.If there areD.If there have been

6.Sorry，I am too busy now.If I_____time，I would certainly go for an outing with you.

（杜志建2012，湖南卷，29）

A.have hadB.had had

C.haveD.had

7.Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she_____there,she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often.（杜志建2012，安徽卷，31）

A.livesB.would live C.having askedD.were to live

【設(shè)計意圖】通過句子配對和7個高考單選題真題訓(xùn)練，了解學(xué)生對虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法的理解程度，及時發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)中存在的問題，教師進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)撥解釋，使學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)印象加深，幫助他們拓寬語法知識，增長見識。通過高考題，提醒學(xué)生解題技巧，提高答題準(zhǔn)確率，使學(xué)生明白其實(shí)高考題中相關(guān)的語法題都是非常基礎(chǔ)的，幫助學(xué)生樹立學(xué)習(xí)信心，相信自己。

Step 9：Sing a song—Never say goodbye sung by Hayley Westenra

If I could take this moment forever

Turn the pages of my mind

To another place and time

We would never say goodbye

If I could find the words I would speak them

Then I wouldn't be tongue tied

【設(shè)計意圖】通過這首歌曲復(fù)習(xí)本節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)的與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法，鼓勵學(xué)生在英語歌曲中尋找學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣，快樂學(xué)習(xí)，健康成長。

Step 10：Summary

1.Had I really succeeded at anything else,I might never have found the determination to succeedin the one arena where I believe I truly belonged.—J.K.Rowling

2.I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple.

—Steve Jobs

【設(shè)計意圖】播放兩個小視頻片段，通過J.K.羅琳2008年在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講——失敗的好處和想象力的重要性及喬布斯2005年在斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講中的含有虛擬語氣句子的學(xué)習(xí)，讓學(xué)生及時鞏固與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法，組織學(xué)生朗讀欣賞這些句子，鼓勵學(xué)生在合適的時候做合適的事情，抓住機(jī)遇，永不放棄。

Homework：

1.Surf the Internet and look for more poems and songs in which the subjunctive mood is used.

2.Work in groups of four by talking about their wishes and giving their reasons as well,using If I were a...because I would...

【設(shè)計意圖】結(jié)合單元話題詩歌，讓學(xué)生通過詩歌和歌曲表達(dá)自己美好的愿望，或回憶自己在學(xué)習(xí)生活中曾經(jīng)留下的缺憾，利用本節(jié)課所學(xué)知識進(jìn)行口語訓(xùn)練和寫作訓(xùn)練。一方面鞏固虛擬語氣的用法，另一方面，及時告訴學(xué)生把握今天，面對事實(shí)，充分利用時間，過健康快樂充實(shí)的生活，做最好的自己。

引用文獻(xiàn)

杜志建.2012.金考卷特快專遞全國各省市高考試題匯編.英語[M].烏魯木齊：新疆青少年出版社.

杜志建.2014.金考卷特快專遞全國各省市高考試題匯編.英語[M].烏魯木齊：新疆青少年出版社.

杜志建.2015.金考卷特快專遞全國各省市高考試題匯編.英語[M].烏魯木齊：新疆青少年出版社.

教育部.2003.普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）[S].北京：人民教育出版社.

劉道義.2007.普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教科書英語選修6[M].北京：人民教育出版社.

朱敏琦.2012.If All the Skies Were Sunshine[J].新東方英語teens，（11）：1.

作者信息：710082，陜西西安，陜西省西安市第一中學(xué)