馮新熠 陸蘇 劉曉 劉紅
·臨床研究與應(yīng)用·
保乳治療對年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者預(yù)后的影響
馮新熠 陸蘇 劉曉 劉紅
目的:探討保乳手術(shù)對年齡在35歲以下三陰性乳腺癌患者預(yù)后的影響。方法:回顧型分析2000年1月至2009年12月天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院收治126例行保乳手術(shù)的年輕乳腺癌患者的臨床資料,根據(jù)免疫組織化學(xué)法將患者分為三陰性乳腺癌及非三陰性乳腺癌兩組,比較其臨床病理學(xué)特征及生存情況。結(jié)果:在接受保乳治療的年輕患者中,三陰性乳腺癌患者的發(fā)病年齡早(P=0.029)、復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移時間早(P=0.041)、組織學(xué)分級高(P=0.020)。三陰組和非三陰組5年局部復(fù)發(fā)率分別為14.3%W T.4.4%(P=0.048),5年遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為14.3%W T.12.1%(P=0.731),總生存率分別為91.4%W T.95.6%(P=0.349)。Cox比例風(fēng)險模型多因素分析顯示組織分級是局部復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(HR=10.686,P=0.019),三陰性并不是局部復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(HR=3.469,P=0.064)。腫瘤分期是生存的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(HR=3.503,P=0.001),組織學(xué)分級較高的患者死亡風(fēng)險亦增高(HR=5.472,P= 0.020)。結(jié)論:保乳術(shù)后三陰性乳腺癌年輕患者復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移時間早,局部復(fù)發(fā)率較高,而其遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率和總生存率與非三陰性乳腺癌患者比較并無顯著性差異。三陰性乳腺癌年輕患者仍可接受保乳治療。
三陰性乳腺癌 保乳治療 預(yù)后
一系列臨床研究證實(shí),年輕乳腺癌患者較老年患者預(yù)后更差[1]。由于保乳手術(shù)創(chuàng)面小且保留形體美感,年輕患者在治療手段上更傾向于保乳手術(shù),然而其術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)率亦更高。有研究表明導(dǎo)致保乳手術(shù)局部復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素為年齡<50歲和組織分級為3級[2],但目前對于三陰性乳腺癌年輕患者的保乳術(shù)后療效的臨床病例研究尚少,治療規(guī)范仍存在爭議。本研究收集年齡<35歲行保乳手術(shù)的乳腺癌患者的臨床病理學(xué)資料,分析其中三陰性乳腺癌及非三陰性乳腺癌的臨床病理學(xué)特征及生存情況,以期
為治療方法的選擇提供依據(jù)。
1.1病例資料
收集2000年1月至2009年12月天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院收治126例行保乳手術(shù)的年輕乳腺癌患者資料。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):初診年齡<35歲;接受保乳手術(shù)治療;有完整的臨床病理資料。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):初治時已發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;炎性乳腺癌。根據(jù)2011年圣加倫會議專家共識,采用免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測病理結(jié)果。其判定方法為:1)雌激素受體和孕激素受體陽性指染色陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)在1%以上;2)HER-2染色0或+被判定為陰性,+++被判定為陽性,++采用熒光原位雜交進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,F(xiàn)ISH結(jié)果陽性判定為陽性,相反則判定為陰性[3]。本研究根據(jù)免疫組織化學(xué)法參考激素受體和HER-2狀態(tài)將患者分為:ER、PR和HER-2均陰性定義為三陰性乳腺癌,其他定義為非三陰性乳腺癌。126例患者均行腫瘤局部擴(kuò)大切除術(shù)加腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),術(shù)中對標(biāo)本上下、內(nèi)外、淺表基底6點(diǎn)取材行冰凍病理檢查,術(shù)后行石蠟切片病理檢查以確保切緣陰性。術(shù)后行輔助化療和放療,對激素受體ER、PR陽性的患者行內(nèi)分泌治療,藥物以三苯氧胺為主。
1.2隨訪
術(shù)后2年內(nèi)每3個月復(fù)查1次,術(shù)后第3年開始每6個月復(fù)查1次,術(shù)后第5年后每年復(fù)查1次。復(fù)查內(nèi)容包括乳腺腫瘤標(biāo)志物、乳腺超聲、鉬靶、胸片、腹部超聲等檢查,必要時行全身骨掃描等檢查。通過臨床或組織學(xué)檢測診斷乳腺癌局部復(fù)發(fā)或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。隨訪從初次確診乳腺癌開始計算,隨訪至患者死亡或截至2013年12月。隨訪方式為電話、信件、查閱門診住院病歷等,隨訪內(nèi)容主要為患者是否生存及復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移。局部復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移時間按手術(shù)日期至確診腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移日期計算??偵鏁r間按手術(shù)日期至乳腺癌相關(guān)性死亡日期計算。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。運(yùn)用χ2檢驗(yàn)比較不同分子分型之間臨床病理學(xué)特征差異,采用Kaplan-Meier法進(jìn)行生存分析,Log-rank法進(jìn)行組間對比,采用Cox比例風(fēng)險模型進(jìn)行預(yù)后的多因素分析。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1臨床病理學(xué)特征
患者中位年齡為32(18~35)歲。腫瘤大小均值為2.2 cm,淋巴結(jié)陽性率為19.8%(25/126)?;颊咝g(shù)后免疫組織化學(xué)法結(jié)果:三陰組占27%(35/126),非三陰組占73%(91/126)。三陰組年齡<35歲患者占77.1%(27/35),高于非三陰組(P=0.029);組織學(xué)Ⅲ級占25.7%(9/35),較非三陰性患者高(P=0.020);在復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移患者中,三陰組的1年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移患者占40%(4/10),高于非三陰組(P=0.041);腫瘤大小和有無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移方面差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(表1)。
表1 年齡<35歲的三陰性與非三陰性乳腺癌保乳患者的臨床病理特征比較Table 1Clinicopathologic characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)and non-TNBC patients aged under 35 years who underwent breast-conserving surgery(BCS)
2.2預(yù)后分析
中位隨訪時間為70個月。5年總局部復(fù)發(fā)率為7.1%(9/126),總轉(zhuǎn)移率為12.7%(16/126),患者總生存率為94.4%(119/126)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示:三陰性和非三陰性乳腺癌患者的5年局部復(fù)發(fā)率為14.3%W T. 4.4%,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.048,圖1);5年遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率為14.3%W T.12.1%,5年生存率為91.4%W T.95.6%,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.731,P=0.349,圖2,3)。
圖1 三陰性與非三陰性乳腺癌保乳患者無局部復(fù)發(fā)生存比較Figure 1Kaplan-Meier analysis of local recurrence-free survival based on molecular subtype of patients who underwent BCS
圖2 三陰性與非三陰性乳腺癌保乳患者無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移生存比較Figure 2Kaplan-Meier analysis of distant recurrence-free survival based on molecular subtype of patients who underwent BCS
圖3 三陰性與非三陰性乳腺癌保乳患者總生存比較Figure 3Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS based on molecular subtype of patients who underwent BCS
2.3單因素分析
研究結(jié)果顯示,未接受化療和內(nèi)分泌治療,組織學(xué)分級較高,三陰性乳腺癌患者的局部復(fù)發(fā)率較高。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)較多,腫瘤分期較高,組織學(xué)分級較高的患者死亡率較高(表2)。
表2 年輕保乳患者影響生存的單因素分析Table 2Univariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting survival of patients aged under 35 years undergoing BCS
2.4多因素分析
將單因素分析中差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的因素納入Cox比例風(fēng)險模型,采用前進(jìn)法進(jìn)行多因素分析。結(jié)果提示三陰性乳腺癌保乳術(shù)后患者局部復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險高,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(HR=3.469,P=0.064)。組織分級是影響保乳術(shù)后患者局部復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(HR=10.686,P=0.019)。腫瘤分期與組織學(xué)分級是影響保乳患者生存的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(HR=3.503,P= 0.001與HR=5.472,P=0.020),見表3。
表2 年輕保乳患者的影響生存的單因素分析(續(xù)表2)Table 2Univariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting survival of patients aged under 35 years who underwent BCS
表3 影響年輕保乳患者生存的多因素分析Table 3Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting survival of patients aged under 35 years who underwent BCS
近幾十年來乳腺癌術(shù)式的改善顯著提高了患者的生存質(zhì)量,本研究綜合評價各種臨床病理因素,特別是保乳治療對年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者預(yù)后的影響。
通過基因分型定義乳腺癌亞型已得到廣泛認(rèn)同[4],其中三陰性乳腺癌患者發(fā)病年齡偏低且組織學(xué)分級較高[5-6],侵襲性較強(qiáng),保乳術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)時間較早[7-8]。有研究提示,三陰性、低齡、腫瘤大小為保乳術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立影響因子[9]。本研究中的126例年輕保乳患者中,三陰性乳腺癌患者組織學(xué)分級高,復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移時間早,這與早期一系列研究結(jié)果一致。另一項(xiàng)對平均年齡為55歲的乳腺癌保乳患者的研究指出,5年總局部復(fù)發(fā)率為1.8%,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率為6.3%[10]。本研究患者5年總局部復(fù)發(fā)率為7.1%,總轉(zhuǎn)移率為12.7%,總生存率為94.4%。本研究患者的預(yù)后較其他文獻(xiàn)的報道更差,主要原因可能是本研究人群為年輕患者,年輕女性致密乳腺富含更多的IGF-1,其水平較高被認(rèn)為是絕經(jīng)前女性罹患乳腺癌的危險因素[11]。
保乳治療對三陰性乳腺癌患者預(yù)后的影響,文獻(xiàn)報道結(jié)果并不一致。Caudle等[12]的研究顯示,HER-2型和三陰性乳腺癌患者保乳術(shù)后預(yù)后較差,局部復(fù)發(fā)率更高(P=0.001)。Solin等[13]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多因素分析中三陰性乳腺癌并不是影響保乳手術(shù)預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因素(P=0.097)。另一項(xiàng)研究顯示,三
陰性乳腺癌并未造成年輕乳腺癌患者保乳術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)率升高(P=0.849)[14]。本研究中三陰性乳腺癌患者的5年局部復(fù)發(fā)率較非三陰性高,5年遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率及5年生存率均無差別,多因素分析結(jié)果提示三陰性并不是局部復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。原因可能是患者年輕,總體局部復(fù)發(fā)率較高,降低了三陰性乳腺癌對于保乳術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)的作用。目前尚不能確定對于年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者,根治術(shù)能否帶來比保乳術(shù)更佳的預(yù)后效果。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在三陰性乳腺癌者中,根治術(shù)和保乳術(shù)在局部復(fù)發(fā)、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移及總生存率上并無顯著性差異[15],證實(shí)擴(kuò)大切除范圍并未對患者生存情況帶來改善。這提示了雖然年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者對內(nèi)分泌及曲妥珠單抗靶向治療無效且侵襲性較強(qiáng),但是只要給予更為積極的治療,保乳手術(shù)仍然是該類患者可行的治療選擇。
綜上所述,雖然保乳術(shù)后年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移時間早,局部復(fù)發(fā)率較高,然而其遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率和總生存率與非三陰性乳腺癌患者并無顯著性差異。保乳治療仍是年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者的合適選擇。
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(2014-09-24收稿)
(2014-12-17修回)
Effect of breast-conserving surgery on the prognosis of young women with triple-negative breast carcinoma
Xinyi FENG,Su LU,Xiao LIU,Hong LIU
Hong LIU;E-mail:lh713@163.com
Objective:To evaluate the outcomes of women aged under 35 years with triple-negative(TN)breast cancer(BC)who underwent breast-conserving surgery(BCS).Methods:The medical records of 126 patients aged under 35 years who underwent BCS in the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between January 2000 and December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed.On the basis of immunohistochemical methods,the patients were divided into TN and non-TN groups.The clinical features between the groups were compared to clarify the prognostic significance of TNBC.Results:The TN group was significantly associated with young age(P=0.029),early recurrence and metastasis(P=0.041),as well as high histological grade(P=0.020).Five-year recurrence rates were 14.3%and 4.4%in the TN and non-TN groups,respectively(P=0.048).The distant metastasis rate between the two groups was 14.3%vs.12.1%(P=0.731),and the overall survival(OS)rate was 91.4%vs.95.6%(P=0.349).Multivariate analysis was performed,and the recurrence rate was associated with histological grade(HR=10.686,P=0.019).TN was not the risk factor for local failure(HR=3.469;P=0.064).The factors associated with OS were TNM stage(HR=3.503,P=0.001)and histological grade(HR= 5.472,P=0.020).Conclusion:The TN group exhibited earlier recurrence and metastasis,as well as higher recurrence rates,than those of the non-TN group.However,there were no significant differences in the distant metastasis rate and OS between TN and non-TN groups.Thus,TNBC should not be contraindicated for breast conservation.
triple-negative breast carcinomas,breast-conserving surgery,prognosis
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20141621
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺二科,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,乳腺癌防治教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(天津市300060)
劉紅lh713@163.com
The Second Department of Breast Cancer,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy;Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin Medical University,Ministry of Education,Tianjin 300060,China
馮新熠專業(yè)方向?yàn)槿橄侔┑膫€體化綜合診治。
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