摘要:目的 該篇META分析比較右室非心尖部起搏(RVNAP)和心尖部起搏(RVAP)對(duì)心功能的影響。方法 檢索MEDLINE、EMBASE和Cochrane Controlled Trials Register數(shù)據(jù)庫,收集隨訪時(shí)間≥2個(gè)月的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。結(jié)果 20個(gè)試驗(yàn)包括1114例患者入選。與RVAP相比,RVNAP不僅在起搏閾值及R波感知方面表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)在隨訪末也明顯升高。結(jié)論 RVNAP在電極參數(shù)方面表現(xiàn)出令人滿意的長期結(jié)果,并在6個(gè)月隨訪后,提高左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)方面作用有利。
關(guān)鍵詞:META分析;右室非心尖部起搏;心功能;文獻(xiàn)檢索
中圖分類號(hào):R1,R4
Taking an Example of the Effects of Right Ventricular Pacing on Cardiac Function to Discuss META Analysi
WANG Wei-zong1,YIN Xiang-cui2,ZHANG Yu-jiao1
(1.Shandong University,Jinan 250014,Shandong,China;2.Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital,Jinan 250014,Shandong,China)
Abstract:Objective A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to compare the effects of right ventricular nonapical (RVNA) and right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing on cardiac function. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify RCTs comparing RVNA pacing with RVA pacing with follow-up ≥2 months. Results Twenty RCTs involving 1,114 patients were included. Compared with RVA pacing, RVNA pacing exhibited not only excellent pacing threshold and R-wave amplitude but also higher impedance. RVNA pacing showed a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at the end of follow-up. Conclusion This meta-analysis found that RVNA pacing exhibited satisfactory long-term lead performance compared with RVA pacing and demonstrated beneficial effects in improving LVEF after the 6-month follow-up.
Key words:META Analysis; Right Ventricular Nonapical Pacing; Cardiac Function; Literature Retrieval
自從心臟起搏器問世以來 [1],因?yàn)橛沂倚募獠恳子谧R(shí)別并且心尖部起搏具有良好的電極穩(wěn)定性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),右室心尖部起搏(RVAP)一直被認(rèn)為是治療癥狀性病態(tài)竇房結(jié)綜合征或慢性高度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯中安裝臨時(shí)或永久心臟起搏器的首要選擇 [2]。然而,越來越多的研究表明,長期RVAP改變了心室激動(dòng)順序,引起節(jié)段性室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)異常,損害了左室收縮及舒張功能,增加了心衰的發(fā)生率和死亡率,這將會(huì)抵消其潛在的優(yōu)勢(shì) [3~5]。因此,尋找一個(gè)具有同步化心室激動(dòng)順序的起搏位點(diǎn)從未間斷,并且一系列的右心室非心尖部起搏位點(diǎn)被發(fā)現(xiàn) [6, 7],但是,既往關(guān)于不同起搏位點(diǎn)的研究得到了不一致的結(jié)果 [8~11]。在以前的薈萃分析中,de Cock [12]發(fā)現(xiàn)右室非心尖部起搏(RVNAP)較RVAP在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)方面有了很大提高。最近,另一項(xiàng)涉及14個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的薈萃分析[13]指出,在一定時(shí)間起搏后,RVNAP左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)是高于RVAP的。然而,這項(xiàng)研究只描述了左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)這一指標(biāo),且研究表明需要進(jìn)一步比較更多的參數(shù)。我們?cè)俅芜M(jìn)行META分析來評(píng)價(jià)不同起搏位點(diǎn)電極的安全性及穩(wěn)定性,并進(jìn)一步通過常用的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)來評(píng)估RVNAP和RVAP對(duì)心功能的影響。
1資料與方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)選擇 所有比較RVNAP與RVAP關(guān)于電參數(shù)和(或)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)果的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)均被納入本研究。納入的試驗(yàn)包括平行對(duì)照和交叉設(shè)計(jì),隨訪時(shí)間≥2個(gè)月。所有的研究都是以人為研究對(duì)象,發(fā)表形式為中文或英文。
1.2 檢索策略
1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①非隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn);②試驗(yàn)包括植入心臟除顫器或心室再同步化起搏;③隨訪時(shí)間少于2個(gè)月;④結(jié)果沒涉及到電參數(shù)及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)果。
1.4 質(zhì)量評(píng)估 根據(jù)合作網(wǎng)推薦的評(píng)估文章真實(shí)性的工具,采用基于結(jié)構(gòu)域的評(píng)價(jià)方法來分析文章質(zhì)量和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的偏倚,具體包括以下七個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域 [14]:隨機(jī)序列的產(chǎn)成、分配隱藏、實(shí)施偏倚、參與者與實(shí)施者雙盲、結(jié)局評(píng)估中的盲法、不全結(jié)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)和其他偏倚。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 為了更好地分析試驗(yàn)內(nèi)及試驗(yàn)間誤差,選用DerSimonian-Laird 隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型 [15]對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行合并,計(jì)算加權(quán)平均差(WMV)和95%可信區(qū)間 (CIs)。P值、I2進(jìn)行研究的異質(zhì)性評(píng)價(jià)。如異質(zhì)性顯著,通過亞組分析對(duì)異質(zhì)性來源進(jìn)行探討。
分兩個(gè)部分進(jìn)行薈萃分析,第一個(gè)部分評(píng)估了不同起搏位點(diǎn)間電極的安全性與穩(wěn)定性;第二個(gè)部分則探討了其對(duì)心功能的影響。
敏感性分析根據(jù)各納入試驗(yàn)的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果以及各研究的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行。發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)價(jià)采用漏斗圖及Egger' S檢驗(yàn) [16]。所有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)分析、處理采用Review Manager 5. 1, SAS9. 21軟件進(jìn)行,P < 0. 05認(rèn)為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 搜索結(jié)果 共計(jì)檢索出2974篇文章。總共9個(gè)比較電參數(shù)的試驗(yàn)和17個(gè)比較中長期心功能的試驗(yàn) (6個(gè)研究為重復(fù)的 [8, 17~21])符合本研究的入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn) [8, 17~35] (篩選步驟見圖1)。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程圖
2.3 薈萃分析
2.3.1 電參數(shù)
2.3.1.1 植入即刻起搏參數(shù)
2.3.1.2 隨訪末起搏參數(shù)
2.3.2 血流動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)果
2.3.2.1 QRS波時(shí)限 11篇文章
2.3.2.2 LVEF 15個(gè)試驗(yàn)
2.3.2.3 LVEF亞組分析 為了進(jìn)一步探討異質(zhì)性來源,我們進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)亞組分析。
亞組2 (右室流出道 vs. 右室間隔部)
為了探討不同部位非心尖部起搏對(duì)左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)的影響,3 討論
3.1 安全性和穩(wěn)定性 既往研究表明,盡管RVNAP保留了雙室同步收縮順序,但仍不能代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的RVAP成為主要的起搏模式 [1]。與此相反,我們的META分析表明,在起搏即刻和隨訪末起搏閾值及R波感知上,RVNAP與RVAP無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。除此之外,隨訪末,RVNAP閾值較高。起搏即刻RVNAP閾值有一個(gè)升高的趨勢(shì),但未達(dá)到統(tǒng)計(jì)差異??赡苡腥缦略颍褐鲃?dòng)電極同樣應(yīng)用于心尖部起搏 [21, 35],并且電極隔離材料、大小與形狀不斷升級(jí),使結(jié)果差異不顯著。對(duì)R波感知幅度而言,雖然RVNAP在起搏即刻數(shù)值較低,但在隨訪末,與心尖部達(dá)到了一個(gè)相似的水平。在起搏即刻,RVAP和RVNAP在阻抗上無差異,但隨訪末,右室非心尖部(RVNA)閾值較高。起搏閾值反映了起搏器、電極與心肌連接的緊密程度,并且不同位點(diǎn)間阻抗的的差異與電極組織接觸界面的緊密度呈正相關(guān) [36]。
3.2 血流動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)果
3.2.1 QRS波時(shí)限 RVAP電激動(dòng)波從右室心尖部向周圍傳導(dǎo),與生理激動(dòng)順序相反 [37]。尚無證據(jù)表明QRS波時(shí)限與心室內(nèi)機(jī)械收縮不同步呈負(fù)相關(guān),但QRS波寬度可以反映心室間收縮的同步性 [38]。心室間同步收縮在一定程度上有助于改善心功能。而且,有研究選擇最窄的QRS波作為最佳起搏位點(diǎn)的替代指標(biāo) [8, 26]。本研究中,QRS波時(shí)限在起搏即刻及隨訪末均較窄,提示RVNAP更接近于生理激動(dòng)順序。然而,最窄的QRS波時(shí)限是否可作為最佳起搏位點(diǎn)的替代指標(biāo)尚未達(dá)成一致 [39, 40]。
3.2.2 左室射血分?jǐn)?shù) 結(jié)果表明與RVAP相比,RVNAP在隨訪末具有高水平的左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)[14]。
根據(jù)第一個(gè)亞組分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)RVNAP在6到12個(gè)月亞組上開始在左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)上較RVAP高,且隨著時(shí)間延長,這一優(yōu)勢(shì)得以維持。這一電的不同步性可以延伸到機(jī)械模式,使心肌收縮不平衡而導(dǎo)致收縮效率降低 [37]。因?yàn)殡姾蜋C(jī)械的不同步,心肌將不可避免的引起代謝及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的不穩(wěn)定,包括收縮和舒張功能的紊亂。提前激動(dòng)的心肌過早的舒張和延遲收縮的心肌共同作用使舒張功能下降[41],這一過程隨時(shí)間延長而逐漸顯現(xiàn)。
另一個(gè)亞組分析表明RVAP在隨訪末左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)上均低于右室間隔部及右室流出道起搏。上述結(jié)果的原因可能為右室流出道的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)所引起。右室流出道起搏包括多個(gè)起搏位點(diǎn),具體為間隔部、游離壁和前壁三部分 [42]。有文獻(xiàn)表明 [38],間隔部是第一個(gè)去極化的位置;也就是說,右室間隔部是最接近于內(nèi)在傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的起搏位點(diǎn)。右室間隔部起搏較RVAP在左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)上為優(yōu),故當(dāng)右心室起搏不能避免時(shí),右室間隔部起搏而非右室流出道起搏與傳統(tǒng)心尖部起搏相比,更好的保留了左室收縮功能。較RVAP相比,兩組在左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)上均有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
3.2.3 其他指標(biāo) 已經(jīng)有報(bào)道稱RVAP因?yàn)楫惓5碾娂?dòng)模式 [41],會(huì)逐漸損害左室舒張和收縮功能。我們推測(cè):延長隨訪期可能使舒張末容積的差異得以顯現(xiàn)。在隨訪末,RVAP和RVNAP在紐約心功能分級(jí)上有明顯差異。紐約心功能分級(jí)作為一種常用的評(píng)價(jià)心功能的指標(biāo),這一差異對(duì)RVNAP在改善心功能上優(yōu)于RVAP提供了更多的證據(jù)?;仡櫺苑治鲞@一組納入的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)試驗(yàn) [18, 25, 29]起搏時(shí)間超過12個(gè)月,可能是得出陽性結(jié)果的原因。
4 結(jié)論
右室非心尖部(主要為右室間隔)起搏在電極表現(xiàn)上是優(yōu)秀的,尤其是電極阻抗。RVNAP帶來更窄的QRS時(shí)限,更好的左室收縮功能和較低級(jí)別的紐約心功能分級(jí)。右室流出道起搏在最終左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)上與心尖部相比無明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。到目前為止,右室間隔部應(yīng)該被當(dāng)做為替代右室心尖部的最佳起搏位點(diǎn)。
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