曾瑤 李曉星 于君
胃癌是我國(guó)最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,由于缺乏特殊癥狀大部分患者在確診時(shí)已處于中晚期,世界范圍內(nèi)其病死率居各種腫瘤第二位[1]。《2012中國(guó)腫瘤登記年報(bào)》顯示,我國(guó)胃癌發(fā)生呈明顯地理性分布,高發(fā)區(qū)主要分布在西北及沿海各省市,如江蘇、甘肅、青海等[2]。從疾病的篩查和控制方面來(lái)說(shuō),胃癌發(fā)病機(jī)制以及有效預(yù)后生物標(biāo)志物的研究迫在眉睫。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的研究成果表明異常DNA甲基化導(dǎo)致抑癌基因的失活是胃癌發(fā)生的重要原因之一[3]。
胃癌是一個(gè)多因素、多基因、多步驟協(xié)同參與的過(guò)程,其發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制復(fù)雜,詳細(xì)的機(jī)制尚未完全清楚。隨著表觀遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基因CpG島區(qū)域的異常甲基化參與癌癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程,尤其是抑癌基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域CpG島高甲基化引起的表達(dá)沉默或下調(diào)被認(rèn)為是在胃癌細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移、細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡及p53和Wnt在內(nèi)的信號(hào)通路中起重要作用[3-5]。如上皮型鈣黏蛋白基因(E-cadherin)為腫瘤浸潤(rùn)抑制基因,該基因的表觀遺傳學(xué)改變與腫瘤的浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切。原鈣黏附蛋白10(PCDH10)基因?qū)儆赾adherin超家族Procadherins亞族成員,具細(xì)胞黏附活性。Yu等[6]檢測(cè)17種胃癌細(xì)胞株和104例早期胃癌樣本的PCDH10基因甲基化情況,用亞硫酸氫鈉測(cè)序法(BGS)證實(shí)PCDH10啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域甲基化密集,94%(16/17)的胃癌細(xì)胞株中PCHD10 mRNA表達(dá)沉默或下調(diào),82%(85/104)的胃癌組織出現(xiàn)PCHD10甲基化,正常樣本中PCHD10無(wú)異常甲基化且穩(wěn)定表達(dá)。早期胃癌組織與癌旁組織相比,前者PCHD10 mRNA表達(dá)顯著下調(diào)。用去甲基化試劑5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine處理后,PCDH10恢復(fù)表達(dá),說(shuō)明該基因表達(dá)失活受啟動(dòng)子區(qū)甲基化影響。該研究還通過(guò)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明在表達(dá)沉默的胃癌細(xì)胞株中過(guò)表達(dá)PCDH10能顯著抑制細(xì)胞集落形成、細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。體外過(guò)表達(dá)PCDH10可以抑制移植瘤的增長(zhǎng),與其它報(bào)道一致[7]。此外,Yu 等[6]還 指 出 pro-apotosis genes Fas、Caspase8、Jun、CDKN1A、抗增殖基因纖維母細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子受體、抗侵襲基因HIV-1 TAT相互作用蛋白2均受PCDH10的腫瘤抑制調(diào)節(jié)影響。
越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,與胃癌發(fā)生相關(guān)抑癌基因高甲基化可以作為預(yù)后不良的一種有效標(biāo)志物[3-4,8]。目前已有不少于84篇論文對(duì)胃癌組織中56個(gè)甲基化基因進(jìn)行了預(yù)后相關(guān)性研究,以整體生存期為依據(jù),有35個(gè)基因甲基化與預(yù)后相關(guān),見表1,其中許多預(yù)后基因結(jié)論不一致,尚處于研究階段。本文選取4個(gè)具有代表性并且與預(yù)后不良明顯相關(guān)的甲基化抑癌基因進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要綜述。
表1 胃癌中預(yù)后相關(guān)甲基化基因的研究總結(jié)
續(xù)表
續(xù)表
CDH1位于染色體16q22.1區(qū),是上皮鈣黏蛋白的編碼基因,編碼產(chǎn)物是一種介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞間相互黏附依賴性的跨膜糖蛋白,包含五個(gè)串聯(lián)重復(fù)胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域、一個(gè)跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域和一個(gè)胞漿結(jié)構(gòu)域,其中胞漿結(jié)構(gòu)域通過(guò)α-,β-,γ-連鎖蛋白與細(xì)胞骨架中的肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維交替連接。該蛋白有細(xì)胞黏附功能,在維持細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定和分化上有重要作用。不良的細(xì)胞黏附能導(dǎo)致腫瘤早期形成過(guò)程中生長(zhǎng)接觸抑制功能的喪失,加速腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。而黏附能力的缺失則導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞穿透正常組織進(jìn)行遷移。因此,該基因功能的缺失在癌癥發(fā)生中起重要作用[46]。在多種惡性腫瘤,如卵巢癌、食管癌、結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、前列腺癌、皮膚癌等中都發(fā)現(xiàn)CDH1的表達(dá)減少。已有研究表明CDH1的轉(zhuǎn)錄沉默與表觀遺傳學(xué)改變有關(guān),其啟動(dòng)子高甲基化與胃癌發(fā)生緊密相關(guān)[47-50]。Lee 等[17]用 甲 基 化 特 異 性 PCR 法(MSP)和焦磷酸測(cè)序法檢測(cè)散發(fā)性彌漫型胃癌中CDH1啟動(dòng)子甲基化率分別為73.6%(53/72)和77.8%(56/72),與先前在散發(fā)性彌漫型胃癌研究結(jié)果類似[51-52]。胃癌患者病理組織和血清中CDH1啟動(dòng)子高甲基化被認(rèn)為是患者的存活率分析的一個(gè)重要預(yù)后因素。Ikoma等[23]運(yùn)用MSP檢測(cè)胃癌患者血清中CDH1基因啟動(dòng)子高甲基化率為24%(24/97),通過(guò)生存曲線分析高甲基化者有一個(gè)較差的3年預(yù)后存活期(P<0.05)。Graziano等[24]用 MSP 法對(duì)彌漫型胃癌樣本進(jìn)行CDH1基因啟動(dòng)子甲基化檢測(cè),其高甲基化率為54%(40/73),免疫組織化學(xué)反應(yīng)顯示CDH1甲基化與E-鈣黏蛋白表達(dá)情況顯著相關(guān)(P<0.001),多變量分析CDH1甲基化與胃癌患者的總存活期顯著相關(guān),在彌漫型胃癌中CDH1啟動(dòng)子高甲基化是一個(gè)不利的預(yù)后因素。多項(xiàng)研究表明,CDH1的甲基化與胃癌患者的預(yù)后較差相關(guān)[12,18-19,23-24]。綜上所述,CDH1 基因甲基化可以作為胃癌患者預(yù)后診斷的預(yù)測(cè)因子,同時(shí)E-鈣黏蛋白可以作為一個(gè)新的治療靶標(biāo),用于預(yù)防胃癌細(xì)胞的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移及其他惡性生物學(xué)行為。
BCL6B(B cell CLL/lymphoma6,member6)為BCL6的同源基因,又稱為BAZF,ZNF63或ZBTB28,位于染色體17p13.1,是一種核內(nèi)序列特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子,編碼706個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成的核蛋白,包括分別位于氨基末端的BTB/POZ結(jié)構(gòu)域以及羧基端五個(gè)重復(fù)的Krüppel狀鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域。在人類組織中普遍發(fā)現(xiàn)BCL6BmRNA的廣泛表達(dá),尤其在心臟和胎盤中表達(dá)豐富。BCL6和BCL6B的BTB/POZ結(jié)構(gòu)和中間部分均有轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制活性。已有報(bào)道指出,BCL6的370至380氨基酸序列與BCL6B的188至204氨基酸序列有100%的相似性,這17個(gè)氨基酸序列可能是另一個(gè)具有轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制功能的活性結(jié)構(gòu)域,并且負(fù)責(zé)誘導(dǎo)小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞(NIH3T3)凋亡[53]。Xu 等[13]對(duì)兩組不同來(lái)源的胃癌組織樣本進(jìn)行BCL6B基因甲基化狀態(tài)分析,高甲基化率分別為49%(102/208)和66%(67/101),9種胃癌細(xì)胞株中BCL6B均出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)錄沉默或下調(diào),而無(wú)癌胃組織中表達(dá)正常。通過(guò)啟動(dòng)子分析實(shí)驗(yàn)證明BCL6B表達(dá)下調(diào)與該基因啟動(dòng)子甲基化相關(guān)。亞硫酸鹽測(cè)序法分析胃癌細(xì)胞株中BCL6B啟動(dòng)子區(qū)甲基化密集,與癌旁組織相比,早期胃癌組織中BCL6B表達(dá)顯著減少。運(yùn)用聯(lián)合亞硫酸氫鈉限制性內(nèi)切酶分析法和亞硫酸氫鈉測(cè)序法顯示早期胃癌中BCL6B啟動(dòng)子甲基化密集,而正常組織則無(wú)甲基化。對(duì)這兩組來(lái)源不同的胃癌樣本運(yùn)用多元Cox回歸分析顯示,BCL6B啟動(dòng)子區(qū)異常高甲基化與胃癌患者預(yù)后不良顯著相關(guān),Kaplan-Meier生存曲線顯示BCL6B甲基化的胃癌患者有一個(gè)明顯縮短的存活期。BCL6B能介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)外caspase依賴的信號(hào)通路和下調(diào)抗凋亡因子(S100A4和VEGFA),增加細(xì)胞凋亡活性。BCL6B還可以通過(guò)上調(diào)p21和下調(diào)CDK4與PLAUR的表達(dá)來(lái)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖。此外,BCL6B的抗腫瘤功能還體現(xiàn)在誘導(dǎo)腫瘤抑制基因ATM和p53的表達(dá)上調(diào)。這些結(jié)果表明BCL6B是一個(gè)潛在腫瘤抑制基因,其表達(dá)下調(diào)對(duì)胃癌發(fā)生有一定影響,BCL6B基因甲基化可以作為胃癌患者預(yù)后診斷的一個(gè)獨(dú)立生物標(biāo)記物。
Dkk-3基因位于染色體11p15.1,其編碼的蛋白是Dickkopf(DKK)家族成員,該分泌型糖蛋白家族有4個(gè)成員,分別為DKK-1、DKK-2、DKK-3和DKK-4,其中 DKK-1,DKK-2,DKK-4通過(guò)結(jié)合Wnt受體復(fù)合物L(fēng)RP5/LRP6來(lái)抑制Wnt信號(hào)通路,DKK-3則通過(guò)阻止平面細(xì)胞極化信號(hào)通路抑制Wnt信號(hào)途徑。Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路與細(xì)胞增殖和分化相關(guān),異常 Wnt/βcatenin信號(hào)通路激活在消化道腫瘤發(fā)生中起重要作用。目前認(rèn)為經(jīng)典Wnt通路為細(xì)胞外因子Wnt蛋白與跨膜受體Frizzled/LRP結(jié)合,通過(guò)一系列胞質(zhì)蛋白相互作用使β-catenin蛋白逃過(guò)被泛素水解系統(tǒng)降解的命運(yùn),在胞質(zhì)內(nèi)累積進(jìn)入核內(nèi)與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(LEF/TCF)共同作用激活靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄。Wnt通路的下游靶基因多是參與細(xì)胞增殖與凋亡的基因,如CylinD1、c-myc等。一旦Wnt通路被DKK家族抑制,β-catenin蛋白磷酸化然后被泛素標(biāo)記降解,降低了在胞質(zhì)內(nèi)的積累從而抑制下游靶基因的激活。因此Dkk家族基因的功能缺失能激活Wnt信號(hào)通路從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞異常增殖和分化。已有報(bào)道表明,Dkk-3基因的表達(dá)在許多人類癌癥中通過(guò)啟動(dòng)子甲基化被沉默或下調(diào)[54-55]。Yu 等[26]對(duì)胃癌中 Dkk-3 基因進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)和功能分析,在68%(117/173)的早期胃癌樣本中檢測(cè)到該基因啟動(dòng)子甲基化,在癌旁組織中也檢測(cè)到甲基化現(xiàn)象,但前者甲基化程度明顯高于后者。多元Cox回歸分析顯示胃癌中Dkk-3甲基化是一個(gè)與疾病預(yù)后不良顯著相關(guān)的獨(dú)立因素。Kaplan-Meier生存曲線分析Dkk-3甲基化的胃癌患者有一個(gè)明顯縮短的存活期(平均存活時(shí)間為0.76年),而Dkk-3未甲基化的胃癌患者平均存活時(shí)間為2.68年。根據(jù)TNM階段分期顯示,Dkk-3甲基化狀況與Ⅰ~Ⅲ階段胃癌患者較短的存活期顯著相關(guān)。綜合分析,Dkk-3基因通過(guò)啟動(dòng)子甲基化介導(dǎo)的表觀遺傳學(xué)沉默是胃癌中的頻發(fā)事件,該基因的啟動(dòng)子甲基化可以作為早期胃癌中預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)標(biāo)志物。
DAPK基因位于染色體9q34.1,編碼產(chǎn)物為DAPK,是一種受鈣離子和鈣調(diào)蛋白調(diào)節(jié)的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,參與多種細(xì)胞凋亡信號(hào)通路正向調(diào)節(jié),包括 IFN-γ、TNF-α、Fas、p53和TGF-β等,有促凋亡功能[56]。如 DAPK可以通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞黏附功能誘導(dǎo)激活p53依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡途徑,通過(guò)促細(xì)胞凋亡而抑制其遷移。因此DAPK的正常表達(dá)可抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在一些惡性細(xì)胞系或腫瘤組織中DAPK常常出現(xiàn)表達(dá)缺失或下調(diào),且DAPK的表達(dá)缺失與啟動(dòng)子CpG島超甲基化密切相關(guān)[57-58]。Kato等[25]對(duì) 81 例早期胃癌用 MSP 進(jìn)行DAPK甲基化檢測(cè),22.2%(18/81)為異常甲基化狀態(tài),用Fisher's測(cè)試分析DAPK甲基化患者該基因表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)(P=0.0369),而Kaplan-Meier生存曲線則顯示DAPK甲基化的胃癌患者整體生存期更短(P=0.0454),明顯預(yù)后不良。過(guò)去報(bào)道中,DAPK基因在胃癌中的甲基化頻率為30% ~90%[59-64]。因此,DAPK基因甲基化是胃癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中的頻發(fā)事件,可以作為預(yù)后診斷的預(yù)測(cè)標(biāo)志物。
胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展與腫瘤抑制基因啟動(dòng)子異常甲基化密切相關(guān)。研究DNA異常甲基化有助于進(jìn)一步了解胃癌的作用機(jī)制,腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物的發(fā)現(xiàn)則有助于在臨床上尋找一種新的無(wú)侵入性診斷方式,使患者免去一些不必要的檢查和治療。而理想的預(yù)后甲基化生物標(biāo)志物的聯(lián)合使用,可以作為一種有用的癌癥預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè),對(duì)治療方案具有一定的參考價(jià)值。相信隨著甲基化檢測(cè)方法的不斷進(jìn)步和靈敏度的不斷提高,將會(huì)出現(xiàn)更多有效的預(yù)后生物標(biāo)志物并逐步應(yīng)用于臨床。
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